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Arguement Paper

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Submitted By clayweaver87
Words 1610
Pages 7
Weaver Clayton
Professor Mindy Duffner
English 1030-11CN
3 March 2016
The Chance to Live Again Therapeutic cloning has the potential to treat several degenerative diseases, thereby defective genes could be replaced and help improve the lives of millions. However, cloning in the human sense has had a difficult start. DNA cloning has permitted the development of modern biology, in particular within the last forty years. In this time frame the world has passed from theories to actually cloning genes. Subsequently, The University of Utah Health Sciences did a study on the history of cloning:
Mitalipov and colleagues were the first to use somatic cell nuclear transfer to create a human embryo. …In this experiment, researchers took a skin cell from a patient and fused it with a donated egg cell. Key to the success of the experiment was the modification to the culture liquid in which the procedure was done and to the series of electrical pulses used to stimulate the egg to begin its division. Following the cloning controversy of 2004–2005, in which South Korean scientists falsely claimed to have used somatic cell nuclear transfer to create embryonic stem cell lines, the scientific community demanded much stronger evidence that the procedure had actually been successful. (Learn. Genetics)
Subsequently, many states in the US began to prohibit the use of therapeutic and reproductive cloning. Regardless, cloning should be decriminalized, with the stipulation that serious regulations be put into place. People, often too caught in the moral implications of cloning never take the time to learn the scientific process. Moral implications are thoughts and actions of people that result from opinion that society is unjust. In Lou Hawthorne’s “A Project to clone Companion Animals,” he discusses the premise of commercializing cloning, through the company Genetic Savings & Clone. Their company’s goal is to take what knowledge they have accumulated and transfer it into the revitalizing of endangered species or service animals (230). This provides evidence that cloning has far reaching potential. Rusnak and Chudley in “Stem Cell Research: Cloning, Therapy and Scientific Fraud” feel that certain properties of stem cells make them extremely attractive. One property they have is a form of regeneration, which is the ability to replicate into identical daughter cells. Also, stem cells have the capability to turn into almost any other type of body cell (302). It is well known that physicians hope to take the new found scientific knowledge about stem cell research in order to treat a number of incurable diseases. For this reason, clinicians also have the prospective to raise ethical controversies in the international community due to the possibility of human cloning if the embryos are implanted in the womb (303). However, this is not necessarily bad. Green mentions in “Building Baby from the Genes Up” the process of preimplantation genetic diagnosis. This happens to be the action of screening embryos for diseases and implanting the healthiest (176). All of these together form a strong case for cloning, which they believed could be instrumental in developing therapies for diseases ranging from Alzheimer's disease to diabetes. Many believe there is a certain amount of success in the world at large. One of the first examples of mammalian cloning to become so well known throughout both scientists and nonprofessionals is Dolly the sheep. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is the initial step in the process of cloning; it is the procedure that was used to create her (Rusnak & Chudley, 303). Nevertheless, in the case of mammalian or more specifically pets there is other concerns. Hawthorne alludes that cloning of a companion is far more of an issue on the basis of health problems in. Hawthorne states “roughly 20% of cattle clones who survive long enough to be detectable in utero go on to exhibit some sort of health problem” (231). This shows that the process of cloning is in its beginning stages. That being stated it is impeccable how advanced cloning is at this point. Granted, in “DNA Cloning: The History of the Future” growing tissues in a research laboratory is most common form of cloning. Those newly produced tissues are used to grow healthy tissue to replace injured or diseased tissues. There are many preclinical studies demonstrating the effectiveness of gene and cellular therapy. Despite, when switching to the clinical trials showed mixed results (Mandrich, 4). Ultimately, this allows for a different view on the subject matter. Beyond what is being practiced some have thoughts on the premise of theoretical immortality. It is common knowledge that with the increasing medical data being accrued it is often associated with the quest to expand the natural human lifespan. In “Two Concepts of Immortality” Pasquale indicates that almost all stem-cell researcher’s ultimate goal is to cure disease. In spite of, it being difficult to distinguish regenerative therapies from just creating a new body part every time it begins to age (Pasquale, 75). This puts cloning into the sense of creating prosthetics on a whole new level. Oppositely, it is stated within several sources that some researchers believe that age is held within the stem cells. Also, if at some point scientists were able to implement younger cells into an existing body that aging process could be halted all together. Associated with this is the concept of organ replacement. Nevertheless, there is a limited organ availability, which allows for advancement in therapeutic cloning to close the gap. Not to mention, the immune system incompatibilities. This is accompanying the rejection process. As well as, technological limits at this point in time (Pasquale, 76). It is possible to say that it is allowed to overcome the limits in nature. When we speak of the manipulation of some pre-zygotal material elements drawn in the living process. Many believe there is a certain amount of moral ambiguity when referring to cloning. If it is believed that cloning is unnatural therefore it is immoral then can it be said that Cesarean operation is also wrong since it is not the natural way of giving birth? One portrayal of this belief comes from the article “Biblical Bioethics Essay Concerning Genetically Modified Organisms” the author Sandu portrays his view on a theology basis. He concludes that any form of human intervention in the genetic sense other than natural reproduction is unethical. Admittedly, to take something into consideration to be immoral or not, the ends and the means must be taken into deliberation. Evaluating the technology of cloning, a question must be answered: Is the technology used in cloning a universally acceptable method in science. That is, are all species allowed to be cloned without exception? Sandu’s answer to this question would be no. He mentions “[the only acceptable use genetic modification is] natural hybridization that means the mixture by partners genomes mating. We could force this mixture, when mating is possible, putting the genomes together, on another way discovered by science, but mixing what God allowed to mix naturally” (Sandu, 13). As on a technological basis Hayes’s article “Genetically Modified Humans? No Thanks” he references how in the wrong hands genetic modification could cause serious harm (182). While conflict between morality and science can occur in the context of a single cultural code, it more often changes based on location. Cloning continues to be a relevant controversial issue in society today, as many states included decriminalization and legalization proposals on their ballots. It provides the possibility of curing several detrimental diseases. The sciences behind cloning are still in it beginning stages yet, allow for vast improvement. Moreover, there has been several aspects of success and error along the way. As a final point, many ethical dilemmas have arisen but, it is the future of science. It can be very difficult to know which side to support, partially due to the media propaganda, some of which even contradicts itself. However, immortality or even the continuation of human life span is ponderous. But even so, legalization is likely the result of many wealthy and influential organizations that have a financial interest in this issue, from the pharmaceutical companies who stand to lose profits from legalization, the governments who stands to gain from taxation. It seems that those with a vested interest in the legalization or continued criminalization of cloning will pull whatever strings necessary to sway public opinion to their side. Still, what gives someone else the right to hinder the chance to live again?

Works Cited
Green, Ronald M. “Building Baby from the Genes Up.” Contemporary & Classic Arguments. Ed. Sylvan Barnet Hugo Bedau. 2nd ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2014. 177-183. Print.
Hawthorne, Lou. "A Project to Clone Companion Animals." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 5.3 (2002): 229. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 Feb. 2016.
Hayes, Richard. “Genetically Modified Humans? No Thanks” Contemporary & Classic Arguments. Ed. Sylvan Barnet Hugo Bedau. 2nd Ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2014. 181-183. Print.
Mandrich, Luigi “DNA Cloning: The History of The Future” Cloning & Transgenesis, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Italy, Mandrich, Clon Transgen 2013, 2:2 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2168-9849.1000106
Rusnak, A. J., and A. E. Chudley. "Stem Cell Research: Cloning, Therapy and Scientific Fraud." Clinical Genetics 70.4 (2006): 302-305. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 Feb. 2016.
Sandu, GH. "Biblical Bioethics Essay Concerning Genetically Modified Organisms." Scientific Papers: Series D, Animal Science - The International Session Of Scientific Communications Of The Faculty Of Animal Science (2010): 12-14. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 Feb. 2016.
University of Utah Health Sciences. The Internet Classics Archive, Learn.Genetics, n.d.. Web. 1 Mar. 2016. ‹http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/›.

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