...processes that we cannot control that can greatly impact the environment. Volcanoes are natural manifestations of hot, fiery power which is centered deep within the Earth. These formations are essentially vents on the Earth’s surface where molten rock, debris and gases from the planet’s interior are emitted. When the magma and gas underneath the surface of the Earth start to build up in large amounts together, it pushes this energy up to the surface which then will result in an eruption of lava, ash and rocks into the air. When the combination of magma and gas is smaller, the explosion that it creates is much smaller. Instead of fiercely erupting from the ground, the lava, ash and rock more or less seeps out of the vent. After the material spewed during eruptions has collected and hardened around the vent over a period of time, it will form the mountain-like mounds that we so frequently associate with volcanoes. As for how long it takes for these mounds to form, depending on how strong and the duration of the eruptions, it can take only weeks or up to a few million years (Volcanoes). Typically, it can be dangerous living close to an active volcano. Most of the time, it will affect civilizations nearby negatively. When a volcano erupts it shoots out lava, which can reach up to 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit. This lava can come racing down into towns and has the potential to destroy everything in its path. The rocks that can emerge from a volcano when it erupts can also be devastating...
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...2007 Vol.2 No. 6 Utility bonanza from dust F ly ash is one of the numerous substances that cause air, water and soil pollution, disrupt ecological cycles and set off environmental hazards. environmental dangers. Both in disposal, as well as in utilization, utmost care has to be taken, to safeguard the interest of human life, wild life, and environment. FLY ASH FLY The combustion of powdered coal in thermal power plants produces fly ash. The high temperature of burning coal turns the clay minerals present in the coal powder into fused fine particles mainly comprising aluminium silicate. Fly ash produced thus possesses both ceramic and pozzolanic properties. When pulverised coal is burnt to generate heat, the residue contains 80 per cent fly ash and 20 per cent bottom ash. The ash is carried away by flue gas collected at economiser, air pre-heater and ESP hoppers. Clinker type ash collected in the water-impounded hopper below the boilers is called bottom ash. The World Bank has cautioned India that by 2015, disposal of coal ash would require 1000 square kilometres or one square metre of land per person. Since coal currently accounts for 70 per cent of power production in the country, the Bank has highlighted the need for new and innovative methods for reducing impacts on the environment. The process of coal combustion results in fly ash. The problem with fly ash lies in the fact that not only does its disposal require large...
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...Fly Ash For Cement Concrete Resource For High Strength and Durability of Structures at Lower Cost Ash Utilization Division NTPC Limited A-11, NFL Premises Sector–24, Noida–201301 OUR VISION A world class integrated power major, powering India's growth, with increasing global presence OUR CORE VALUES Business Ethics Customer Focus Organizational & Professional Pride Mutual respect and Trust Innovation & Speed Total Quality for Excellence ,uVhihlh fyfeVsM ¼Hkkjr ljdkj dk m|e½ NTPC Limited Vh- ’kadjfyaxe v/;{k ,ao izcU/k funs’kd T. SANKARALINGAM Chairman & Managing Director (A Govt. of India Enterprise) (Formerly National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.) dsUnzh; dk;kZy;@ Corporate Centre MESSAGE I am happy to know that Ash Utilization Division is publishing a book named “Fly Ash for Cement Concrete”. Among several informative and useful insights contained in the book is the fact that mixing of ash gives higher strength and durability to concrete. NTPC has been imparting thrust to ash utilization strategies, preparedness and implementation. The Company has developed necessary infrastructure facilities in all its coal based stations to make good quality ash available to users. Technology demonstration and awareness programmes are also being carried out. There is greater awareness of ash usage among the industrial users as well as the end users. I am glad that ash utilization by NTPC during the year 2006-07 was 53% against MoU target of 42%. Off...
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...trolls, giants, gnomes, and talking animals. Since folktales usually mirror the values and culture of the society from which they originated, a fairy tale can be a folk tale. In essence a fairy tale can also be a subgenre or genre of a folktale. Up until 1450 folktales were passed on orally, so not all folktales were the same. Because Folktales have been told by so many different people there were many different versions. In 1450 the printing press was invented and the folk stories were written in books. People around the world began to put more of their efforts in recording their cultural history by collecting regional folktales into books. That’s how our wonderful folktales from the 17, 18th, and 19th centuries emerged. There are three distinct folktales that reveal aspects of how a culture idealizes women. Those folktales are “The Ash Girl”, “The little glass...
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...Super Volcanoes assignment Ash fall contaminated water supply Shut down Power Cut off food supply Old faithful, Volcanic Not cone shaped volcanoes one of the largest volcanoes in the world, A few kilometers below that power everything in the park red hot molten rock. Thermophiles, all life began in spots like this 3 /12 billion years ago. 12 feet is conservative estimate, an eruption is coming. Hidden volcanoes restless caldera. 1 in 600,000 that a super eruption may occur build up of water hydrothermal. 6.9 10 kilometers below the surface. Tectonic activity rather than volcanic, 85 kilometers by 45 kilometers. 640,000 thousand years a super eruption the area could contain Tokyo. 8 kilometers deep, Seismic tomography. 5 cm of ash combined with rain can destroy roofs, 1 cm of ash can stop airports. Ash is incredibly abrasive and if inhaled can form a liquid cement like substance in your lungs. 1 mm of ash can ground airplanes. You can’t tell when and you can’t tell how big. Mount st Helens erupted horizontally. BEI 8, BEI 5, BEI 2. 1,000 feet from the last eruption. Harmonic tremor is surefire way of knowing it is coming. 1500 cubic kilometer. A small eruption could trigger a destabilization of the magma chamber. Red and Gray eruption red magma flows from the ground very slow moving you can out run, a gray eruption is magma is under to pressure and turns into foam and gas twice the speed of sound. 50 kilometers up to 100 million tons of pumice and rock 1000 times...
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...the other as the experimental. The set-ups are as follows: Set-up 1 and 2 with one unripe mango in each and ashes; 3 and 4 with four pieces of banana in each with ashes; 5 and 6 with just one mango in each; and 7 and 8 with just four bananas in each. The ripeness of the fruits was defined by the color of its exocarp and its growth rate. Results show that the set-ups containing banana and ash ripened faster compared to the ones without ash and that there was no significant difference in all set-ups of the mangoes. The researchers concluded that wood ashes are effective in hastening the ripeness of banana but not mangoes. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The most essential elements for the production of fruit are nitrogen potash, phosphoric acid, and lime. Wood ashes contain potash, carbonate of lime and a small amount of phosphoric acid, which are plant foods. Potash a component of wood ash that constitutes a large portion of it is an essential constituent in the growth of fruits and is also associated with the development of the flavor of the fruit. Phosphoric Acid another component of wood ash is vital to the development of the tree and the proper ripening of the fruit. Lime is not in itself a fundamental element but assists in liberating plant food. (Greene, 2002) One of cultures one...
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...Abstract The aim of the Project is to find out the geo-engineering properties of fly ash, which can act as a stabilizer to many soils in geo-engineering field. The project describes the use of local fly ash in construction industry in a way to minimize the industrial waste. Their been serious shortage of natural material, which are used in Highway or Earth dam construction. Due to soil excavation, deforestation occurs which affects the bio-diversity. Industrial waste such as fly-ash, slag etc can be effectively used in soil stabilization. Several geo engineering Labrotory experiments were performed on fly ash to determine its properties, which may be used in road construction, earth dam construction, soil stabilization etc. If these materials can be used in highway or dam construction, it will be a great effort in minimizing the industrial pollution. Fly ash was collected from captive power plant from the dump pad of Rourkela steel plant. These are stored in air tight container after being oven-dried. Experiments such as determination of compaction properties, CBR analysis, Un-confined compressive strength test, permeability etc are done in order to determine the geo-engineering properties of fly ash, which can taken account in the construction field. A brief comparison is made between fly ash and other soil properties which are used as sub-grade, base in Highway construction. Introduction Electricity is the key for development of any country. Coal is a major source of...
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...Electricity has become a luxury we expect in life. We flip our light switches, charge our cell phones, and turn on our TVs with no thought as to how we our able to enjoy this so called luxury of power. As with most luxuries in life, electricity bears a cost. Yes, monthly we are billed for our household usage by the kilowatt, but there are other costs we’ve neglected to consider. Duke Energy, the largest electrical power holding company in the United States, plead guilty to nine violations of the Federal Clean Water Act in a hearing held this past May, which culminated in a fine of $102 million. The violations resulted from a spill of about 39,000 tons of coal ash due to a collapsed pipe under a coal ash dump that coated 70 miles of the Dan River near Eden, North Carolina with sludge. Coal ash is the inorganic residue left behind when pulverized coal is burned to produce electricity. Coal ash is one of the largest types of industrial waste generated in the United States and in 2012 the nation’s coal plants generated nearly 10 1milloin tons of it. A little less than half of coal ash produced in the United States is recycled into products like concrete, pavement or wallboard. However, the rest is stored, in over 2,000 storage sites across the country, in landfills, quarries or ponds that, over time, accumulates to potentially millions of tons of coal ash that contains some of the world’s deadliest toxic metals: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury and selenium. These contaminants can...
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...Physics Submitted by: Christine Siatan Edbal Cajilig Laura Coronel Tristan Yapchiongco Japeth Mendoza Ericka Dizon Gabriel Cabacungan Jetrix Jose Abstract Dried leaves are the main material in the project. The purpose of doing the project is to find an alternative if the ordinary is not available. And the researchers need to find a sufficient and a good alternative so people will not buy charcoal, instead they will do it on their house and cook their own food using this dried leaves charcoal. Flour, water and dried leaves are the main materials of the dried leaves charcoal. To make it: First, burn a three plastic bags of dried leaves until it turn into ashes. Then, put it on a container and put a half cup of water (depends o how many ashes). Put flour and mix it carefully after that mold it to any shape and get the blower or put it on a hot surface. After it dries. The charcoal is now ready to be used. The researchers found out that dried leaves charcoal is a good alternative if the ordinary charcoal is not available. And both the charcoals produce same heat but don’t fire up at the same rate. But both of it can cook food, has the same color of fire and has any size. But you need many dried leaves charcoal to cook food Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction I. Background of the Study II. Statement of the problem III. Significance of the Study IV. Scope and Limitations Chapter 2: Related Literature Chapter 3: Methodology I. Materials...
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...After being consumed in finding out all he could about Ash’s affair, Roland that he is truly an expert on Ash. This belief is so strong that he considers Ash to be a part of him. However, Roland decides to reflect and think back to the day when he first found the letters in the library. He recalls what has transpired since and how his perspective has changed. Despite having analyzed it multiple times, he reads the book by Vico again. Accordingly, Roland “gains an almost mystical understanding of how it is possible to know a work of literature without imposing subjective meanings on it,” (Polvinen). He realizes that every reader has a different understanding of an author’s work, and that their interpretations could have no meaning to all the other readers. Nevertheless, he also recognizes that a piece’s context could change and expand with each additionally reading. Roland uncovers a secret of literature: readings can appear “wholly new….followed by, almost immediately, by the sense that it was always there” (Byatt 512). He concludes that interpretation of literature is dependent on perspective, which is different with every person. Yet, he concedes that some things are hidden between the lines, waiting to be found, analyzed and shared with the world, like the affair between Ash and...
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...Volcanic Materials and Health Concerns Introduction: Basic Geology of Volcanoes A volcano can be a mountain like structure or a wide sloping hill that opens downwards to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When a break in the earth’s surface allows molten rock material to come up from the earth’s core, a volcano is formed. Volcanic eruptions can cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. These eruptions can also trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rock falls. Examples of volcanic mountains are Mount St. Helens, Mount Fuji, and Pinatubo. (Kusky, 2010). The earth’s crust is made up of huge slabs known as plates. Plates fit together like a jigsaw puzzle and float on the mantle. They are in constant motion, either towards each other or away from each other. Plate tectonics is considered to be the main theory currently used by most Earth Scientists to describe motion within the outer-most layer of the sold Earth, which is also known as the lithosphere. It is this movement that induces friction that causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Volcanism is associated with two of the plate boundary types, divergent and convergent margins. Volcanoes are formed when two tectonic plates meet; the heavier plate slides underneath the light plate and melts down to become magma. This mixes with trapped gases and steam in the magma chamber (Gates, 2009). Pressure from surrounding rocks forces the...
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...1. What is a volcano? A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in the surface or crust of the Earth or a planetary mass object, which allows hot lava, volcanic ash and gases to escape from the magma chamber below the surface. 2. How is volcano formed? Volcanoes form when hot material from below rises and leaks into the crust. This hot material, called magma, comes either from a melt of subducted crustal material, and which is light and buoyant after melting, or it may come from deeper in the interior of a planet and is light and buoyant because it is very hot. 3. What are the kinds of volcano according to shapes and activity? A. Kinds of volcano according to shapes: a. Shield volcanoes - broad, shield-like profiles, are formed by the eruption of low-viscosity lava that can flow a great distance from a vent. They generally do not explode catastrophically. b. Lava domes - are built by slow eruptions of highly viscous lavas. c. Cryptodomes - are formed when viscous lava forces its way up and causes a bulge. d. Volcanic cones or cinder cones - result from eruptions of mostly small pieces of scoria and pyroclastics (both resemble cinders, hence the name of this volcano type) that build up around the vent. B. Kinds of volcano according to activity e. Active Volcanoes - volcanoes that in general have been active for a certain period of time. f. Dormant Volcanoes - dormant volcanoes are assumed to be inactive for...
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...Questions Chapter 1. 3. How do you think the principle of uniformitarianism accounts for occasional catastrophic events such as meteorite impacts, huge volcanic eruptions, or great earthquakes? Principle of Uniformitarianism is defined as the concept that the Processes governing the Earth system today have operated in a similar manner throughout geologic time. Throughout history we have seen that there have been other similar CA strophic events such as meteorite impact that has been said to have wiped out the age of Dinosaurs along with Huge Volcanic Eruptions. The earth is changing as year goes by, however the earths geology stays the same or similar as the past. 5. In what ways do geologic processes affect your daily life? There are many ways that the Geologic Processes affect my daily life, for example, for the past couple of months we have seen non-stop rain, which increases flooding chances, which could result is landslides, and cause catastrophic events to happen. This could impact travel conditions cause major roads to be closed. Other things that could affect daily life is an eruptions of volcanoes or even earthquakes, because this could results is mass chaos and/or death. Chapter 2 2. When a volcano erupts, spewing forth a column of hot volcanic ash, the ash particles are tiny fragments of solidified magma that slowly fall to Earth’s surface, forming a layer of sediment. Would a rock formed from cemented particles of volcanic ash be igneous or sedimentary...
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...VOLCANOES ABSTRACT: * WHAT IS A VOLCANO? * HOW ARE VOLCANOES FORMED? * DIFFERENT STAGES OF VOLCANOES * VOLCANOES ERUPT * PLATE TECTONICS * DIFFERENT TYPES OF VOLCANOES * LAVA TEXTURE * PYROCLASTIC * LAHAR * PUMICE * RING OF FIRE * WHAT IS TSUNAMI? * VOLCANO SAFETY TIPS * PLAN FOR A VOLCANO * DURING A VOLCANO * AFTER A VOLCANO * VOLCANOES DESTROYS VOLCANOES CREATE * REFERENCES VOLCANOES WHAT IS A VOLCANO? A volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur. Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rock falls. The word volcano is derived from the name of Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy whose name in turn originates from Vulcan, the name of a god of fire in Roman mythology. The study of volcanoes is called volcanology. HOW ARE VOLCANOES FORMED? Volcanoes are formed when magma from within the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the surface. At the surface, it erupts to form lava flows and ash deposits. Over time as the volcano continues to erupt...
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...safer alternative for polishing their leather shoes but few people didn’t realize that they have everything they need in their homes already. Various substances have been used as shoe polish for hundreds of years, starting with natural substances such as wax and tallow. Modern polish was introduced early in the 20th century and some products from that era are still in use today. The purpose of this study is make an alternative shoe polisher and to conduct an investigation/experimentation on how to use used cooking oil and banana peels in a very convenient, practical and useful way. This study is used to lessen the chemical use in the society and to maintain a greener environment. B. Statement of the Problem General problem: This study seeks the feasibility of used cooking oil and banana peels extract as an effective shoe polisher. Sub-problems: 1.) How to make the solution. 2.) Does the kind of banana peels affect the effectiveness of the product? 3.) How long will the shine on the shoe last? C. Hypothesis The used Cooking Oil and Banana peels extract can be used as an alternative shoe polisher that is non-toxic and safe to use. D. Significance of the Study This study aims to use used cooking oil and banana peels as a shoe polish rather than just throwing it...
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