...In the first class lecture we focused on theories of attachment. We discussed two prominent researchers of developmental attachment: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. From Bowlby’s monkey experiment we understand the main keys of attachment: warmth and responsiveness. From their research we can begin to understand the importance of a secure base for development. Infants are motivated to seek proximity to caregivers as a survival tool. Closeness to parents improves infant survival, emotional health and organization of mental processes. There are four distinct labels in which attachment styles are categorized: secure, insecure avoidant, insecure ambivalent, and insecure disorganized. The attachment style adopted by the child is surprisingly not...
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...the clear-cut attachment phase, a toddler starts to become very familiar with their mother, or primary caregiver. This usually begins from the ages 18 months to two years of age. A child may cry as soon as the mother leaves the room. This is known as separation anxiety that may occur within this age level. Separation between the mother and child showed different behavior responses. Separation occurrences have increased within different behaviors. Infant-mother attachment is related to separation anxiety (Bowlby, 1960). Therefore, a child may cling way more to their familiar caregiver and start to fear new people or places. A child’s behavior depends more upon the child’s disposition and the present circumstances (Berk, 2014, p. 196)....
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...This is a summary of the article Helping Caregivers Foster Secure Attachment in Young Children. By Jackson, Kate. July/August 2017 issue. Vol.17 No.4 P.24. https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.socialworktoday.com_archive_072417p24.shtml&d=DwICAg&c=o14_68DQy6cMJf5D8ZSrZQ&r=GQ72mivC9ePfR-j-Z0lhZwCyoGJPYO2EX53Q1oNIHBk&m=QKOBAz8owlNUXsl8PqCsecqGJgIe6BrxUprk77JH7_Q&s=NU8jiXxM9YkUHDMzdb5vAgTvoQKwJLXpE7WBkCwHjQE&e= Introducing ABC In the introduction Jackson begins the article by stating, “an innovative evident-based intervention is helping social workers who work with at-risk parents, foster or adoptive parents, and other caregivers”. Jackson addresses that there maybe problems with attachment for children who sufferer form being neglect or maltreated. That child may disregard their caretaker. Absence of appropriate nurturance may result in insecure attachment affecting both physical and behavioral health of a child. Defining ABC...
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...My attachment-related anxiety score was 1.44, which indicates low anxiety, and my attachment-related avoidance score was 1.06, which also indicates low anxiety. I could not agree more with these scores, as I am in love with my best friend. My husband I and I have been together 7 years and 7 months, and happily married for almost a year. I couldn’t imagine life without Ryan, and I appreciate the fact that he loves me for who I am. I have no worries in my mind that I will be rejected, nor do I feel uncomfortable discussing anything with Ryan. Our relationship is indeed secure, and I am looking forward to our future with one another. My interpretation of the scores is that Ryan and I have established a strong and secure relationship, and...
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...people who are or have been important to them) have affected their development?’ Abstract John Bowlby’s theory of attachment asserts that in childhood attachments are formed between the infant and the caregiver. It also asserts that these attachments form the basis of adult relationships. This qualitative thematic analysis of an interview with Chloe attempts to show how early attachments form a framework of later development. This study shows some support for Bowlby’s theory of the continuity of attachment behaviour but also shows that the nature of attachments can change throughout life in particular due to adult relationships and life experience. Introduction The field of developmental psychology is concerned with understanding how our mental outlook can change over the course of a lifetime. It considers both the effects of cultural and environmental factors and the internal motivations of the individual. One of the main area of research is understanding the degree of continuity in how behaviour is formed and to what degree it can be influenced by past experience. In the area of human relationships, Attachment theory (as cited in Wood et al., 2007) explores how relationships develop. Bowlby (as cited in Wood et al., 2007) proposed that we have a basic biological drive to form an attachment to a ‘mother figure’ at birth. The nature of the attachment gives rise to a ‘internal working model’ in the mind of the child that has three components, a model of the self, the...
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...Attachment Paper Life Span Human Development Lela Lambe 10/25/15 Kristin Scott-Grove Introduction: Attachment is a strong, affectionate bond we have with our mother. Also, with special people in our lives during a lifetime. Attachment leads us to experience pleasure when we interact with time. Besides, to be comforted by nearness in times of stress. Lasting emotional connection that connects people to another within space and time. Attachment is a strong emotional and social bond of trust between the child and parents. That is very important for social and emotional development. In childhood, particular the first couple of years of life, attachment relationships help the immature brain use the mature functions of the parent’s brain to develop important capacities related to interpersonal functioning. The baby’s bond with their attachment caregiver. Offer experience-dependent neural avenue to develop. Particularly in the frontal lobes where the capacities are wire into the developing brain. Attachment Theory devised by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth to account for the impact of early separation and trauma on the child. Has revolutionized our views of development, psychopathology, and clinical work. Is the most prominent theory today regarding early socio-emotional development. The empirically based and support the research. The child is highly motivated beginning birth to form and maintain attachments to a few caregivers. Healthy attachments have successful...
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...Describe and evaluate cultural variations in attachments. Attachment is an affectional bond that one person or animal forms between itself and another specific individual, for example a child and its mother. Attachment has been said to vary depending on different cultures.A test was conducted by Ainsworth & Bell (1970) on the attachment on children. 100 middle-class American infants and their mothers took part in the study. A method of controlled observation was developed. This involved observing infants with their mother during a set of predetermined activities, known as the strange situation. Firstly, the mother and child are introduced to the room. The mother and child are left alone and the child can investigate the toys. A stranger then enters the room and talks with the mother. The stranger gradually approaches the infant with a toy. The mother leaves the child alone with the stranger, and the stranger interacts with the child. The mother returns to greet and comfort the child. The child is left on its own, the stranger then returns and tries to engage with the child. Finally the mother returns, greets and picks up the child. The stranger then leaves inconspicuously.This test was conducted to observe children’s attachment with their mothers. The Findings showed that 66% of the children were securely attached. This was shown as the infants tended to explore the unfamiliar room; they were distressed when their mother left and were easily comforted when she returned...
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...June 10 – unit 1 Memory 1. Secondary memory Long-term memory B Recognition Rehearsal loop C Central executive Sensory memory A Short-term memory 2. One strategy for memory improvement is an acronym, which is a mnemonic (verbal). An acronym is a word that is produced from the initial letters of the sentence/phrase needed to be remembered. For example, the word “Lol” is said to remember the phrase “laughing out loud”. Mnemonics can also be visual, for example, loci which derived from the Greek meaning of ‘place’. This strategy is simply associating parts of the material needed to be remembered with places, for example, different rooms in your house. So trying to remember the components of the working memory model you could mentally imagine a ‘central executive’ sitting in your bathroom. 3a. There will be a difference between the amount of numbers adults (aged between 30 – 40) can immediately recall compared to children (aged between 5 – 15) 3b. The experimenter used independent group design because the independent variable being tested was age and therefore required two age groups. 3c Age group Mode Children 6 Adults 7 3d. The frequency distribution shows that on average adults recalled more correct digits than children. 3e. These results do support other research because brain capacity is said to increase with age and we develop strategies such as chunking (Miller) also increasing with age. 4. An experiment by Peterson and Peterson was conducted...
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...feeling safe and valued in order to have a healthy emotional development. This early emotional development involves developing relationships with others, which build the foundation for young children to develop their ability. Instead of feeling anxious about the possibility of being abandoned, children feel secured enable them to start exploring their environment and becoming independent. The very first relationship is usually built between a baby and a primary caregiver, usually the mother or mother substitute. This relationship is of particular significance as it develops the attachment, which is vital as the foundation of developing subsequent relationship (MCI, undated). "The propensity to make strong emotional bonds to particular individuals [is] a basic component of human nature" (Bowlby, 1988, p3) Attachment is described as “an enduring bond” (MCI, undated) and further elaborated by the attachment theorist, John Bowlby. He famously stated “what is believed to be essential for mental health is that an infant and young child should experience a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with his mother (or permanent mother substitute – one person who steadily ‘mothers’ him) in which both find satisfaction and enjoyment” (Bowlby, 1953). Bowlby was very much influenced by ethological studies in general, especially by Harry Harlow’s research with monkeys and Konrad Lorenz’s study of imprinting (McLeod, 2007). Harlow’s...
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...RESEARCH SHOWING DIFFERENCES IN STM+LTM:4 Shallice and Warrington reported the case study of K.F. who as a result of an accident had a reduced STM of only one or two digits and a recency effect of one item. Yet his LTM for events after the accident was normal, supporting the idea of separate short and long-term stores. DESCRIBE THE WMM:4 Baddeley and Hitch proposed the Working Memory Model (WMM), the basis of their model was that the STM was not just one single store but in fact is made up of several components. The first element to their model is the central executive (CE), which coordinates all the information the memory working memory system, receives. It decides where to send incoming information, which is received from the senses or the LTM and has to do this efficiently as it has limited capacity. There are three slave systems, which operate under the CE, one of which is the Phonological Loop (PL). The PL stores any information, which the individual hears, like an inner ear, and uses the inner voice to silently repeat the information the individual has heard or seen (maintenance rehearsal). Another slave system is the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which is used for planning spatial tasks and temporarily storing visual or spatial information. The final slave system is the episodic buffer Information from the CE and the LTM can be stored in the episodic buffer to create a complete memory, which can then be transferred to the LTM for more permanent storage. OUTLINE RESEARCH...
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...Paula Vizcarra COM 220 18 April 2011 The Possibilities of Making a Romantic Relationship Successful the Second Time Around INTRODUCTION: Oprah Winfrey said, “As you become more clear about who you really are, you’ll be better able to decide what is best for you – the first time around.” Unfortunately, this is much easier said than done. Every individual has their own perspectives on romantic relationships and every couple establishes their own set of rules. The question is: which rules are the right ones? What is the secret to getting it right the first time, and is it healthy to go for round two if you don’t? Cosmo experts seem to disagree with Oprah and give their readers a list of steps to follow that will supposedly allow a second time around to be successful. DESCRIPTION: Cosmopolitan Magazine offers their advice on whether or not getting back into a relationship with your ex is a good idea with an article called, “Can a Relationship Work the Second Time Around?” The writer mentions that when a couple decides to go for round two, people usually respond with negative feedback like, “yeah, that’ll last” (Miller). This is true, however, experts say that as long as three main rules are followed, it has the potential to work. These three rules are to (1) go slow, (2) touch on the past, and (3) ultimately move on. The first step consists of making sure a second chance is what you want and what is best, not what you think you need because you don’t want to be...
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...UNRESOLVED GRIEF AND CONTINUING BONDS: AN ATTACHMENT PERSPECTIVE Much of the contemporary bereavement literature on the continuing bond to the deceased (CB) has emphasized its adaptiveness and given limited attention to when it may be maladaptive. The attachment literature on disorganized– unresolved attachment classification in relation to loss, or ‘‘unresolved loss,’’ is informative in identifying CB expressions that are indicative of failure to integrate the death of a loved one. In this article, an important linkage is identified between a prominent indicator of unresolved loss that involves a lapse in the monitoring of reasoning implying disbelief that the person is dead and the clinical writings of J. Bowlby (1980) and V. D. Volkan (1981) on maladaptive variants of CB expression. The aim is to highlight the value of the attachment literature on unresolved loss in clarifying the conditions under which CB is likely to be maladaptive. There is increasing agreement among bereavement theorists and practitioners that an ongoing attachment to the deceased can be an integral part of successful adaptation to bereavement (Klass, Silverman, & Nickman, 1996). This position, commonly known as the ‘‘continuing bonds’’ perspective, is counter to that presented by Freud (1917=1957) in his classic work ‘‘Mourning and Melancholia,’’ in which he proposed that successful adaptation to loss required the bereaved to detach his or her psychic investment in the deceased...
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...Running Head: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL ASSESMENT OF ANTWONE 1 Assignment 2:Biopsychosocial Assessment of Antwone Fisher Robert LeVeille October 16, 2013 Professor Rogers BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL ASSESMENT OF ANTWONE 2 Biopsychosocial Assessment of Antwone Fisher Identity Client- Antwone Fisher Age- 24 years Ethnicity – African American Occupation- Seaman with US Navy Referral: Captain Reason for referral: Anger and repeated fighting Background: Antwone was born on 8th of august, 1976 in a correctional facility home for women in Ohio State. Antwone does not know the reason of his mother, Eva mae’s imprisonment. Antwone, never saw his father, Edward Elkins who was killed before Antwone’s birth. In fact he came to know about his father’s last name very recently. After his birth, Antwone was sent to an orphanage by state social services. Antwone states that his mother never came to see him. He says how he always wanted to see his mother and used to fantasize about her but never tried to search her. After spending two years in the orphanage, he was sent to a foster home of Mrs. Tate in Cleveland. In his new home, he experienced some very bitter things. He was beaten and burnt and was also sexually assaulted by Mrs. Tate and Nadine, her relative. Antwone was accompanied by other kids who also faced similar things in the home of mrs. Tate. He was often beaten, tied up in a dark basement. He remembers that how Mrs. Tate, An ardent Christian in BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL...
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...Outline and evaluate research into cross cultural variations in attachment. There are three main experiments that deal with the hypothesis of cross cultural variations in attachment by using the basis of the Strange Situation test. Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) these two men created a meta-analysis which is where they collect already completed experiments and compare them too each other on a specific topic. This allows researchers to get a better look at overall trends and identify possible relationships that might exist, by doing this they may be able to identify trends that could not be seen in smaller-scale studies. They used 32 studies from 8 different countries that all used the strange situation procedure to study attachment. Using a meta analysis (statistical technique) they calculated the average percentage for the different attachment styles (e.g. secure, avoidant and ambivalent) in each country. The found that secure attachment was the most common type of attachment in all cultures. The lowest percentage of secure attachments was shown in china and the highest in Great Britain. Takahasi (1990) their aim is to prove if the Strange Situation is a valid procedure for cultures other than American middle class, white children and their mothers. They used 0 middle class Japanese mothers and their children and they were all observed under the strange situation directions. By doing this they found that they had very similar securely attached percentage to Ainsworth...
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...Influence of early attachment relationship on development Introduction: It is understood, through lifespan psychology, that the psychological development of an individual is a process that continues throughout an individual's life, this development consists of both internal and external dynamics. The well theorised theme of attachment forms the basis of this study. Attachment focuses on the formation of early relationships and their influence on later developmental outcomes. The social constructionist perspective explores "how knowledge about sex and gender has been constructed within particular historical and social contexts" (Wood et al 2007) this perspective assumes that the knowledge comes from social contexts and is evidenced predominately by an individual's use of language. This study explores the paradigm of attachment from the social constructionist perspective. The paradigm of attachment is concerned with a "strong, ongoing emotional bond between two people" (Wood et al 2007) and suggests that attachment is fundamental to emotional, social and cognitive progression. Bowlby, an attachment theorist purports that attachment is a survival instinct in infancy, and once established it remains relatively fixed throughout life. Positive attachments created in vertical relationships, that is an "attachment to someone who has greater knowledge or social power - a typical example is a child's relationship with a parent or a teacher" (Wood et al 2007) forms a secure foundation...
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