...The autonomic nervous system, ANS for short, is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system; which is responsible for regulation of homeostasis and coordinates the functions of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. The ANS is like the Somatic Nervous System as they both have afferent and efferent neurons; while in the ANS, the afferent pathways originate in visceral receptors and efferent pathways attach to the visceral effector organs. ANS can be further subdivided into two major divisions: the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division. These two subdivisions can work in three different ways: opposite of each other, independently, or together through a more complex process. Depending...
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...The human body is comprised of complex systems, many of which occur automatically or without conscious thought. These involuntary systems allow for maintenance of heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, digestion, excretion, thermoregulation, visual accommodation, and procreation. Automatic or involuntary processes occur due to the actions of organs, hormones from the endocrine system, and neuron communication from the nervous system. The portion of the nervous system that regulates these involuntary processes is aptly called the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS is composed of afferent and efferent neurons that work to communicate messages to and from the brain and spinal cord, also known as the central nervous system (CNS). The...
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...According to an article titled Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System by Phillip Low, MD, he states “…The autonomic nervous system regulates certain body processes, such as blood pressure and the rate of breathing. This system works automatically (autonomously), without a person’s conscious effort.” He also states “…The autonomic nervous system is the part of the nervous system that supplies the internal organs, including the blood vessels, stomach, intestine, liver, kidneys, bladder, genitals, lungs, pupils, heart, and sweat, salivary, and digestive glands… After the autonomic nervous system receives information about the body and external environment, it responds by stimulating body processes, usually through the sympathetic division, or inhibiting them, usually through the parasympathetic...
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...states that the experience of emotion and the accompanying physiological arousal happen at the same time. • Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory states that people’s experience of emotion depends on physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal. • People’s experience of emotion depends on how they evaluate their environment. The Biological Bases of Emotion • Emotion involves activation of the brain and the autonomic nervous system. • Information about emotion-evoking events moves along two pathways in the brain. • The pathway that goes to the amygdala allows people to respond rapidly to events. • The pathway that goes to the cortex allows people to appraise events more slowly. • Researchers use autonomic responses to measure emotion. • The polygraph, or lie detector, is a device that detects changes in autonomic arousal. It is often inaccurate in determining whether or not a person is lying. • Different emotions differ in pattern of brain activation, neurotransmitters released, and autonomic nervous system activity. Expression of Emotion • People worldwide can identify six primary emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust. • The facial-feedback hypothesis states that the brain uses feedback from facial muscles to recognize emotions that are being experienced. • The two...
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...mechanisms that work to precisely control the daily BP of an individual (Guyenet, 2006). Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per minute; it will be determined by the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles each heart beat (stroke volume) and the number of beats per minute (heart rate) (Sherwood, 1997). CO is one of the most important contributors to blood pressure. The capacity of the blood vessels to dilate and constrict will influence their resistance to blood flow (Williams, 2005); this is called peripheral resistance and together with the total amount of blood running in the circulation (blood volume) will also have a direct effect on the blood pressure of an individual (Seeley et al 2008). The autonomic nervous system (involuntary) is the short term controller of BP. It contains nerves that are able to modify the rate of the heart’s...
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...” [1] The term internal environment refers to the area and components inside an individual’s body e.g. this consists of the blood, tissue fluid, body cell contents and all of the metabolic processes that occur. Constant means an ongoing process and too regulate and control. Homeostasis controls a range of conditions and physiological processes in the body such as body temperature, water content and blood glucose concentration. For example the homeostasis concept means that if it detects that the internal body’s temperature is too hot, the body will begin to sweat and loose heat to its surroundings to bring it back to its optimum temperature. Homeostasis works alongside the negative feedback mechanism. Negative feedback system The negative feedback system is a mechanism that occurs and works with homeostasis to help regulate the internal environment. Below is a generalised negative feedback cycle that can be applied to variables in homeostasis. The first stage is detecting a stimulus in the variable. For example the variable could be body temperature and a stimulus is when there is a change or imbalance in the internal environment so this would mean an increase or decrease in body temperature (+/- 37°c). Secondly this change is then detected by a receptor (sensor); a receptor is an organ or cell that can pick up on stimuli such as heat receptors on the skin. Next the receptors send the information (e.g. through impulse) to the control centre which is commonly the brain. The...
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...Case study: The 2000-Meter Row: A Case in Homeostasis Study Questions- At the start: #1. What is responsible for raising Jim's heart and respiratory rate and stimulating sweat just before the race? When the race is almost ready to begin, Jim's nervous system sends signals to his heart causing his respiratory rate to increase. Since Jim's heart and respiratory rate increases this causes him to breathe more rapidly and causes him to sweat to maintain a normal body temperature. #2. Why is the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system active just before the race? When Jim is about to start the race he feels the pressure and the stress of having to do his best which makes his autonomic nervous system more active due to the stresses he is facing. #3. What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary system at this time? When Jim's stress level rises his digestive system feedback starts to occur. Changes in Jim's urinary system are occurring due to him sweating. Since Jim body is stressed because of the race, his Kidneys are working harder. Kidneys play a major role in the urinary system which control a lot of your body functions such as electrolytes, water, and acid-base balances in the body. #4. What is happening to Jim's blood glucose levels just before the race? Since Jim has been constantly sweating, this causes dehydration at the beginning of the race. Jim has been sweating profusely which caused his glucose level to drop. #5. Why is Jim's...
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...1. Is there such a thing as ESP? There may be no topic in psychology quite as controversial, or as fascinating, as extrasensory perception, or ESP. There are three forms of ESP that psychologists study: 1. Telepathy- transfer of information from one person to another without known mediation of sensory communication, 2. Clairvoyance- acquisition of information about places, people, or events without mediation of known senses, and 3. Precognition- acquisition of a future event that could not be anticipated through any known processes of inference. In a study of telepathy, or psi(link is external), for example, participants are seated in two separate rooms; while one “transmits” signals, the other attempts to “receive” them. However, critics argue that many of the effects demonstrated in ESP experiments can simply be explained by faulty methodology and sensory “leakage” in which participants inadvertently give away the answers. The only extra-sensory feature of ESP would be, if this were true, the fact that people who can perform feats involving ESP are actually very good at reading people’s very subtle signals. 2. Why do we dream? Our dreams mystify us and often leave us waking up confused, disoriented, frightened, or perhaps very, very satisfied. Freud, of course, proposed that our dreams represent unconscious wishes that we’re afraid to express in our waking life. The most recent explanations aren’t totally incompatible with this theory. According to the activation-synthesis...
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...Burnout was initially identified in the human services field in the 1970’s but was not really taken seriously until it was identified as an occupational disease by Herbert Freudenberger and then even more so when Christina Maslach elaborated on its consequences in 1976. In the human services field today, it is imperative for the human resources department to acknowledge the fact that human service employees are a great resource and a process must be put in to place to protect them from the work-related stressors which lead to burnout. Factors that cause individual burnout include such things as personality, unrealistic career goals and or expectations. Aspects of the culture in general, along with a declining feeling of community, hindered expectations for the self-actualizing potential of work, and persistent competition, produces an atmosphere contributing to burnout. Organizational norms factors that contribute to burnout include a lack of variable management philosophies and approaches, lack of feedback, pervasive competition, and large amounts of controversy. Factors that lead to burnout in organizational roles include individuals who experience disagreements in expectations, unclear expectations, or work overload; a job with a lack of motivating potential, or has low self-determination. The failure to include key employees such as supervisors or managers in administrative plans or procedures also significantly contributes to burnout among supervisory staff. ...
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...The Last Suffering Ship Reflection Dustin Teuton PHL/251 AUG 25, 2014 Robert DuBose The Last Suffering Ship Reflection The illness has taken its first life and people are starting to panic. By this point the crew has done all they can do to get the repairs done pushing them self to exhaustion. The nurses and helpers are tenting to all the patients and distributing the vaccine as fast as possible and to the right patients. I believe the way they are only giving half doses out and waiting to see who doesn’t show signs of getting better before giving the full dose is working and an affective way to calm more people down. I would try and isolate patients from non-sick passengers as much as possible to help prevent spread. For ship security most cruise lines or any kind of passenger ship should and would have a security team even if its trained crewmembers. They would also have a brig on board the ship for any type of crime that was committed, so in the case of the passengers who are starting to get edgy and wild trying to find the medication on there own and attacking crew members, I would have the security team deal with them in a manner that is stern but professional to show the rest of the passengers that in this case acting like a mad man and attacking crew to find the medication is going to land you a chance card straight to the brig. The captain should be updated by the doc every so often by a runner just to know what is going on with the illness. His main...
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...Unit 2 task 1 – Know the body’s response to acute exercise Grading criteria – P1, M1 Musculoskeletal response to exercise Your skeletal system responds to acute exercise just like your muscles. High intensity physical activity can reduce the risk of bone loss. Regular exercise may provide long-term benefits, especially for skeletal systems in children and young adults. http://www.livestrong.com/article/359456-your-skeletal-systems-response-to-exercise/ Your skeletal system responds to exercise by taking in more calcium. Osteoblasts are cells that bring calcium into bones, they slow down and transport less calcium from your blood to your bones during inactivity, but when exercising it has the opposite effect and increases osteoblastic activity. Exercise that require force through a particular bone strengthens that bone. Myoglobin releases its stored oxygen to use in aerobic respiration. During exercise oxygen is diffused into the muscles from the capillaries more quickly due to the decreased oxygen concentration in the muscles. Exercise helps you increase the density and strength of your bones this enables us to maintain muscle strength, coordination, and balance, which helps to prevent falls and related fractures later in life. Muscles and tendons becomes more pliable when they are warm, this helps reduce the risk of injury, and this is because during acute exercise the muscles contract quicker. These fast muscle contractions generate heat, which makes the muscles more...
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...always produced a similar response. Seyle suggested that there was one internal mechanism in animals for dealing with stress, regardless of the stressor. He termed this internal mechanism the “General Adaption Syndrome” or GAS. Theory- When a stressor appears the body will enter the “alarm stage” where the body detects the stressor (which could be anything like work deadlines, weather, distractions, etc.) through the HPA axis and it prepares the body for fight or flight. This occurs when the hypothalamus has detected the stressor and activates the pituitary gland. This releases a hormone called ACTH which then stimulates the adrenal glands which produce the hormone adrenaline. This then stimulates the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) which stimulates the Sympathetic Nervous System which causes the body to go into “fight or flight”. If the stressor disappears at this point the body will return to normal but if the stressor doesn’t disappear the body goes into the “resistance stage” where the body tries to adapt to the stressor and help the body function as normal. At this point the resources in the body are becoming depleted and so the adrenal glands stop producing adrenaline and start producing cortisol which is used to maintain this prolonged “fight or flight” state. If the stressor disappears now the body returns to normal but if it doesn’t the body enters the “exhaustion stage” where the body can no longer cope with the stressor and starts to break down even if...
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...genes can affect behavior? a. Genes may affect neurotransmitter levels or receptors. b. Genes can act indirectly by making it more likely you will be raised in a particular environment. c. Genes themselves cause behavior without any influence of the environment. d. Genes produce proteins that may make it more likely for a person to become addicted. 3. Nerves from the central nervous system convey information to the muscles and glands by way of the a. autonomic nervous system. b. somatic nervous system. c. sympathetic nervous system. d. parasympathetic nervous system. 4. When researchers try to estimate the heritability of a human behavior, what are the main kinds of individuals they consider? a. Twins and adopted children b. People from non-western cultures c. Newborns and infants d. Uneducated people living in educated societies 5. The sweat glands, adrenal glands, and muscles that constrict blood vessels have input from only the ____ nervous system. a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic c. central d. dorsal root 6. The temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex is the primary target for which kind of sensory information? a. somatosensory, including touch b. the simplest aspects of vision c. gustatory d. auditory 7. Suppose a virus damaged only the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, but...
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...Stress is the general physical and emotional state that accompanies the stress response. Stressors are the specific reasons that stress happen. A stressor is any physical or psychological event or condition that produces physical and emotional reactions. First dates with a girlfriend or an upcoming final exam are examples of stressors. Sweaty palms and a pounding heart are symptoms of the stress response. Every time someone goes through stress there is always a response to it. Responses to stressors however can include a wide variety of physical, emotional, and behavioral changes. Two systems in your body are responsible for your physical response to stressors, your nervous system and your endocrine system. The nervous system is under involuntary control and consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. During stress, the sympathetic nervous system triggers the endocrine system. The endocrine system is made up of glands, tissues,...
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...arousal| 2.|People who become blind eventually experience ________ levels of day-to-day happiness. Those who become paralyzed eventually experience ________ levels of day-to-day happiness.| A)|above-normal; below-normal| B)|below-normal; above-normal| C)|above-normal; above-normal| D)|near-normal; near-normal| 3.|The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to the:| A)|James-Lange theory.| B)|relative deprivation principle.| C)|two-factor theory.| D)|Cannon-Bard theory.| 4.|Test performance is typically ________ when physiological arousal is ________.| A)|best; moderate| B)|worst; moderate| C)|best; very low| D)|best; very high| 5.|As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class, Blair's heart started to pound and her palms began to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous system.| A)|sympathetic| B)|central| C)|somatic| D)|parasympathetic| 6.|Which division of the nervous system calms the body after an emergency has passed?| A)|somatic| B)|central| C)|sympathetic| D)|parasympathetic| 7.|Mentally rehearsing one's resentments contributes to ________ perspiration levels and ________ blood pressure levels than mentally rehearsing forgiveness.| A)|lower; lower| B)|higher; higher| C)|lower; higher| D)|higher; lower| 8.|The feel-good, do-good phenomenon refers to the fact that when people feel...
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