...Exercise 1 3.1 Which barnacle species ranges into the warmest water? Chthamalus montagui 4.1 On average, how many high and low tides will a given spot on the coast experience in a day, and why? On average the coast will experience about two high and two low tides each day. These daily tide cycles are determined by the rotation of the Earth. The Moon's gravitational pull on the ocean, in addition to internal elastic forces within the body of water create the high tide. We experience a high tide as Earth continues to rotate on its axis with this budge rotating as well. The high tide is experienced while facing the moon, the low tide is experienced when we face 90° from the moon. 4.2 What is a spring tide and when does it occur? A spring tide is referred to when gravitational forces caused by the sun are parallel to the gravitational forces caused by the Moon. This effect creates an extra-high high tide and an extra-low low tide, spring tides occur about every two weeks. 4.3 What is a neap did e and when does it occur? When the Sun and Moon are at right angles to one another in-between spring tides the gravitational pull by the sun is perpendicular to those of the Moon making the the ocean water evenly distributed around the planet. During neap tides high tides are at their lowest and low tides are at their highest, these tides occur every two weeks. [ 6.1 ] How many high and low tides are there each day? two high tides and two low tides. [7.1] What is the height...
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...SimBio Virtual Labs® EcoBeaker®: The Barnacle Zone NOTE TO STUDENTS: This workbook accompanies the SimBio Virtual Labs® The Barnacle Zone laboratory. Only registered subscribers are authorized to use this material. Laboratory subscriptions may not be shared or transferred. Student’s Name: _________________________________ Signature: __________________________________ Date: __________________________________ This and other SimBio Virtual Labs® are accessible through SimBio’s SimUText System®. . SimBio Virtual Labs®: EcoBeaker® The Barnacle Zone Background When we tell our kids about different species and where they live, we naturally start talking about weather and the physical environment. Camels are adapted to life in the desert and can go a long time without water. Polar bears live in the Arctic and are adapted to cold with their thick layers of insulation. A polar bear wouldn’t be very happy in the desert, and a camel would have a hard time in the Arctic (though a herd of camels pulling a sled over the ice is an amusing image). The underlying idea is that in order to be adapted to one environment, you necessarily give up the ability to live in other environments. But is this true for most species? Do species live where they do primarily because of their adaptations to the physical environment, or might the other species in the environment also be important? The intertidal zone of rocky coastlines makes an interesting natural laboratory in which...
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...Introduction: Both, Chthamalus and Semibalanus reside in different areas on the rock due to their levels of adaptation to a certain environment, and their interactions with the each other, limit where each barnacle species can live. Methods: In order to prove this hypothesis, it was important to prove that both the Chthamalus and Semibalanus are fully capable of living in the same environment by themselves. This was done by doing an exclusion experiment; whereby Semibalanus was first excluded from the rock for a period of 14 days and then the same procedure was completed for Chthamalus. The end result would measure the range of distribution in meters of each species on the rock (plot). Utilizing the SimUText program, all one has to do to complete this experiment is: Set the WET AND DRY EXERCISE in the upper toolbar Click on the EXCLUDE SEMIBALANUS button in the Exclusions panel on the right. RUN for 14 days. Observe. 3) Click on the EXCLUDE CHTHAMALUS button in the Exclusions panel on the right. RUN for 14 days. Observe. The second experiment that was performed, was to see species interactions. Both species were to be shown living amongst each other on the same rock simultaneously. By running this test, one can measure the amount of each barnacle species residing on the different areas of the rock and visually see the species distribution. The distribution is measured by using SAMPLING tool located in the low toolbar. The measurements were taken by clicking...
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...The essay “I Killed Britney Spears” was written by the London based journalist Jean Hanna Edelstein, in 2008. Edelstein was born in New York, 1981 to an American father, and Scottish mother. She later moved (1999) to London, where she studied economics and political science. She has also lived in Montreal, Berlin. She has an online-based blog, where she uploads a few essays and inputs – inputs that are all backed up by her academic background. Despite the online essays, her first official published book was in 2009. “I Killed Britney Spears” is a (non-fiction) personal essay, with a first person narrator which makes the essay identifiable. Edelstein clearly wrote this essay to highlight a few consequences and flaws in the relationship between fan and idol. Most of these flaws are shown in the age 13-18. These years are filled with the confusion that follows the transition from child to adult. Edelstein might have thought about this particular transition and thereby, intending the text to be read by these confused adolescents. The text “I Killed Britney Spears” was written in 2008, a year of great turmoil for the star Britney Spears. She was fighting over the custody of her children, she had been in rehab and just cut off her hair. All these events generated a lot of public attention. Mostly negative attention. Many of the “Spears” fans (including Edelstein herself) who identified themselves with her, were emotionally hit by Britney’s instability. The intention of Edelstein...
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...Turning it on In order for this to work, you need to eliminate all distractions a write completely stream-of-conciousness. If you don’t go right from your head to the paper, you’ll have to go back and read through old parts of the paper in order to get back into the zone. Checking your email three times is going to cost you much more than a few minutes. Close everything but the word processor and go somewhere quiet, bare and lonely. The content Jojjo felz nadvidad ajksdfa kasjfksdjfs j jfjhf hf jd hdh dfjh d You can’t ask for an extension We’ll assume that you can’t ask for an extension, which is usually the case — but one thing you can certainly do is check the syllabus for other loopholes. Some professors deduct a specific point count per day of lateness. That will definitely be worth considering. But don’t spend too much time deliberating. You can decide to turn it in late while you’re walking to class with your bullshit-backup in hand. Turning it on In order for this to work, you need to eliminate all distractions a write completely stream-of-conciousness. If you don’t go right from your head to the paper, you’ll have to go back and read through old parts of the paper in order to get back into the zone. Checking your email three times is going to cost you much more than a few minutes. Close everything but the word processor and go somewhere quiet, bare and lonely. The...
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...Antidepressants: It can either heal or harm you If you are considering antidepressants, think again. Antidepressants are designed to relieve one’s self from depression on the contrary, it still harmfully affect humans. Studies show that antidepressant users are more likely in peril than those of non-users. Researchers found that it affects all the systems in the body. Antidepressants are not efficient medicine though it may lessen depression to increase the level of happiness. Common antidepressant users blame their anxiety as the root of their medicine dependency. Depression is a dreadful nightmare anyone would ever want to escape. And this is why people use different medicine to overcome this horror. Often, personal problems cause their depression. While not all reasons may be their misery’s fault, certain and various causes may also take place. Famous popstar Britney Spears claimed that she was being prescribed antidepressants at the age of 18. She would take the medicine everytime she feels restless and tired, but then the continuous intake made her mental state even worse. There are times she would wake up feeling depressed. As this horror frightened her, she decided not to take it again. Certain cases lead to different diseases. Even worse, it can lead to death. There are a lot of things you can do to replace this approach. One way is by simply listening to music. Using antidepressants can surely eliminate your burden, but will it last longer than you think? These...
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...genders, to direct their parents to drop them at the respective room while they join the service at church. The program will have to select the volunteer teachers and securities as need per room, so there is enough care, and that the kids have time for kids activities. As the renovations continue the administrator wants to create a series of activities for kids walking trough different zones, but there will be 4 zones, zone 1 for kids worship where all the groups will meet, zone 2 for teaching of the word of God and questions, zone 3 play activity, zone 4 snacks and return to their rooms, but there will be many groups, so time is limited for each zone so every group can enjoy them. So the local church want to create groups of girls from 1 year to 3 years in room G1, girls from 4 years to 6 years in room G2, and girls 7 years to 10 years in room G3, and the same will be for boys, same group ages but the rooms will be B1, B2, B3. The program should give the administrator a set time for each activity keeping boys and girls separated from each other after zone 1, plus time for each group to enjoy zone 2, 3 and 4 while their parents are in the service, which lats...
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...On Friday 10th March, our Year 12 Biology class went to Island Bay to gather data on the quantity of rocky shore tide zone species. Gathering this data we used a transect (rope knotted every meter), a quadrat (50cm x 50cm), a meter ruler, a thermometer, and species information cards to help with clarification. My group and I started our measurements from where the water met the rocks and placed our first quadrat there. We recorded the species count and recorded the temperature, then moved three meters up the transect and placed the quadrat down again. We completed this for 48meters from where the water meets the rocks and recorded the data. Our investigation is to chose two species that we collected data on and compare and contrast the evironmental niches of each of those species. I have chosen to research and investigate the species of Chaemosipho columna (the Acorn Barnacles) and the species of Austrolittorina antipodum (the common...
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...To the honorable judge, In 2/11/2013, 7:49pm, my friend drove me to the Rosemead Bank of America to let me withdraw some money from the ATM to pay my rent, we were in a very urgent situation because I had to pay the money before 8pm otherwise the landlord will kick me out. It was dark that night and the sign was not very clear. just wanted me to get the money ASAP so he parked very close to the ATM, which we did not notice was a handicapped parking zone at all. It took me less than a minute to withdraw the money because it was night and no one was using the ATM. I saw an officer giving him a ticket for the parking violation when I finish withdrawing the money, and half of the car’s body was out of the zone when the officer was giving the ticket, because saw me finish withdrawing and was about to leave with me before the officer came. and I really did not mean to violate the law, we should not park in the handicapped zone even for a second. However, it's the first time ever for him to do that, and he had always followed the law. I actually should pay this penalty if it really occurs, because all of his behaviors were for helping me. Words failed me to express how guilty I feel for, and I just beg you forgive him this only one time. Please give him a chance. Thank you so much for your time to read this statement....
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...physical factors (especially tolerance to desiccation) were most important in setting UPPER limits of species distributions, while biological interactions were more important in setting LOWER limits. 1. More recent studies show that upper limits can also be modified by biological factors, but still many cases where upper limits are related to physical factors. B. A variety of interspecific interactions and other biological processes have been studied to determine how they influence intertidal zonation, as well as distribution within a zone (for different microhabitats). This lecture focuses on those interactions and processes. II. Competition for space A. Example: Vertical distribution of the barnacles Chthamalus and Balanus/Semibalanus. Classic work of Joe Connell (1961) 1. Key observations a) Patterns of larval settlement: overlap in higher zones (see diagram) b) Patterns of adult distribution: Chthamalus higher than Semibalanus; no overlap at sites where both are found c) If Semibalanus is removed/excluded, the lower limit of Chthamalus is extended into the upper-mid-intertidal, but no further. • Why extended?: Semibalanus grows faster and "undercuts" Chthamalus. When removed, C. can grow • Why not go deeper?: Range not extended past the upper-mid-intertidal because of larval settlement patterns. ...
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...translit lines to take samples of the species found in each area as we moved up the shore from low tide to high tide. We investigated the organisms bull kelp, barnacles, moss weed and Limpets to describe the pattern of zonation at the rocky shore. The rocky shore main abiotic factor is tidal movement. The first organism we investigated at the rocky shore was Bull Kelp. Bull kelp is mostly found in the subtidal zone, low tide zone at the rocky shore. Bull kelp have many important adaptations to keep them alive in their habitat, they have a strong foot on them which helps them to clamp onto rocks tightly which prevents them from getting sweeped away from the strong waves and die. They also have little air pockets in their structure which help them to float up to the surface of the water during high tide in order to get sunlight for photosynthesis which gets them their nutrition to stay alive. One of the main physical adaptations that Bull Kelp have that no other seaweed does is their honeycomb structure which makes it supple and the flexibility prevents them from not getting crushed by strong waves in their environment. As Bull kelp get their nutrition and food through photosynthesis, they don't have any competition with other organisms to find prey. Bull...
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...The Study of Interactions between mussels and their Environment, as well as, between different species of intertidal organisms within a particular Intertidal Community By Arlene Reynolds California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA . Abstract. (The relationship between mussels and intertidal organisms within a particular community in the intertidal zone is a great example of the competitive exclusion principle. The alternative hypothesis for this study would be that there is a direct relationship between organisms due to interspecific competition, Introduction: California mussels (Mytilus californianus) are abundant where there is surf along the outer coast. They form massive beds, sometimes several meters across, on surf exposed rocks and wharf pilings in the upper middle intertidal zone and offshore, up to 24 meters deep. Like barnacles, mussels like to gather in dense clusters in the middle intertidal zone. Mussel beds are often large enough to be a home to many other creatures, like snails and worms. California mussel beds accumulate a gritty mixture of sand and bits of shell which provide a home for a various assemblage of animals including a number of polychaete worms, snails, crabs and a blackish sea cucumber. The Ochre sea stars are California mussels' main predator. Ochre sea stars affect the distribution of the mussels because the sea star generally occurs lower on the shore than the mussels and moves up to feed during high tide. Mussels are also eaten...
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...Cancer borealis Cancer borealis ("Jonah crab") is found in the mid- to lower intertidal zone under algae and among rocks. This predator eats blue mussels and other invertebrates. The remains of this crab are often found in the upper intertidal zone, evidence of bird predation. Carcinus maenas Carcinus maenas ("green crab") is found under algae and small rocks, and it eats other invertebrates in the mid- to lower intertidal zones. This crab is native to Europe and is an invasive species. The green crab is smaller than the Jonah crab. Homarus americanus Homarus americanus ("American lobster") is a bottom-dwelling predator and scavenger. The American lobster is found throughout the Gulf of Maine, where it is commercially important. The lobster is found in rocky, subtidal habitats but, rarely, can be observed in lower intertidal pools. Idotea balthica This herbivorous crustacean, an isopod, feeds on a variety of algae including large rockweeds (Ascophyllum, Fucus). It is common in the mid- and lower intertidal zones but is hard to see because its color usually matches the algae it is feeding on. This behavior helps it resist predation by fish. Individuals vary in color from yellow to brown to deep burgundy. Semibalanus balanoides Semibalanus balanoides ("barnacles") are sessile filter feeders. Larvae settle in the spring and attach head down to the rock. They make heavy calcified plates, which protect them from predation and drying stress, and...
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...are of course water, soil, stones, and sand. These composes the abiotic part of the ecosystem along with other factors like temperature, salinity, and one of the most important of all is sunlight. These factors are not independent of each other but instead interwoven to a complex net of relationships. A great number of symbiotic relationships interplay in these ecosystems in order to maintain balance. One of this relationships would be mutualism in which both organisms benefit from this relationship. An example of this relationship is between the clownfish and the sea anemone. Another type symbiosis is commensalism. Commensalism is a form of symbiosis in which only organism benefits without harming the other. The hermit crab and the barnacles that grow in its shell is a good example of commensalism. Predation is also another type of this relationship. In predation one organism is eaten by another. Sharks eating smaller fishes, electric eels that uses electricity to sting their prey are some examples. Sometimes these relationships extend up to the terrestrial ecosystems like when crocodile hunts for zebras and other animals near rivers or when some birds hunt...
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...approximately 8 hours each day (4 hours per tide cycle) when in the MTZ and hence they need to be able to endure this length of exposure. One important physiological adaptation of the L.scobina to help withstand desiccation from exposure is that they can produce a mucus layer around the opening (operculum) of their shell to seal it for a period of time. However, due to their siphon canal- a long tube used to find prey by detecting chemicals in the approaching draft of water (http://www.teara.govt.nz), they are unable to completely close off their shell opening. Therefore this adaptation limits the ability of the L.scobina to withstand exposure to air for only a short period of time. For this reason, they cannot remain in the HTZ near their food (barnacles and shellfish) for an extended period of time when the tide is out, narrowing their realised niche to the MTZ. To aid with preventing desiccation and intolerant temperatures the L.scobina is structurally adapted to have a waterproof shell that helps with preventing water loss. The L.scobina also stay in groups to prevent drying out as this will result in a small loss of water, forming an area of higher humidity around the group. This will then bring forth the outcome of an individual L.scobina losing their water at a slower rate. If each L.scobina stays separate from one another, their openings will be exposed, allowing water to be lost at a faster rate and they are trying to avoid this, thus they stay in groups when exposed. Larger (older)...
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