...research directions to which significant energy consumption can be achieved. INTRODUCTION There is an urge on environmental grounds to decrease the energy requirements of radio access networks as there is a vast increase in the number of mobile subscribers, the progress to higher-datarate mobile broadband, and the significant addition of information technology to the overall energy loss of the world. In the Information Technology Industry mobile phone communication contributes to a major proportion of the total energy consumed. The main reasons for the Mobile VCE Green Radio Program are to reduce to expenditure costs and carbon emissions for wireless cellular network. The Green Radio program aims to achieve a hundred times reduction in power consumption over present designs for wireless communication networks and this reduction is to be achieved without any change in the quality of service undertaken by the network users. The Green Radio project seeks to attain energy reduction from two different viewpoints. The first is to explore substitutes to the present cellular network structures to reduce energy consumption. The second is to...
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...------------------------------------------------- Influencing Group Communication Management March 9th, 2014 Abstract This Paper will describe the five bases of power and will identify which power bases are formal and which is personal to help explain how power bases affect communication in an organization. Working in any organization, a person may experience at some time or another, either one or all of the five bases of power, which fall under the heading of Formal Power and/or Personal Power. Formal Power is comprised of three main bases; Coercive Power, Reward Power and Legitimate Power and is based on the individual’s position and the level of authority related to that position (Robbins & Judge, 2009, p.452). An example would be the General Manager of a company having the full authority to make important operational decisions. Personal Power, on the other hand, consists of two main bases of power; Expert Power; base on an individual’s skill and expertise and Referent Power which is influenced based on possession by an individual of desirable resources or personal traits. (Robbins & Judge, 2009, p.453). For a better understand how the five bases of power affect communication in the workplace, this paper will define each base separately. Coercive Power is a formal base of power, which relies mainly on fear. Managers and/or supervisors can use this type of power in the workplace, by threatening poor performance reviews, demotion, and reduction in working hours or in...
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...Bases of Power Within a Company: Apple Incorporated Gena Baker-Smith Phoenix University Abstract This paper will outline and describe the bases of power within an organization. I will point out which powers are formal and ones that are personal. The five types of power are coercive, legitimate, referent, reward, and expert. These “Bases of Power” have been used since they were established in 1959 by two sociologists. There will also be a summary as to how these different types of powers are communicated within a company/organization. In Apple Incorporation, I am sure all five of the types of powers are present within the company. I hope to present you the reader of this paper how they are communicated throughout the company. When one thinks of power they think about having the ability to change things or the way people think or act. Some of these changes can be positive and some can be negative depending on the person and the situation at hand (Merchant 2010). In 1959, American sociologists John French and Bertram Raven established “The Bases of Power” that exist within companies (Merchant 2010). The five types of powers are legitimate, coercive, referent, reward, and expert; some of these are formal and others are personal (Merchant, 2010). According to referenceforbusiness.com, the bases of power are methods that managers and leaders of an organization utilize to influence their employees. Also stated on referenceforbusiness.com authority must be a factor...
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...WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK COVERAGE: DEMONSTARTING POWER SAVINGS AND LIMITATIONS WITH MINIMIZED COVERAGE BY SIDNEY I. RUBEY A thesis submitted to the Graduate faculty of the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Computer Science 2011 This thesis for Master of Science degree by Sidney I. Rubey has been approved for the Department of Computer Science by ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Dr. C. Edward Chow, Chair ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Dr. Terrance E. Boult ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Dr. Xiaobo Zhou ----------------------------------------- Date Abstract This paper explores the competing issues of coverage efficiency and power available in wireless sensor networks. Specifically, a shortest distance routing protocol is implemented, and total network system lifetimes are determined using a variety of small percentages of the available system nodes. Using a network simulator developed in Java, wireless sensor nodes are simulated, and power consumption algorithms are included in each node that take into consideration all aspects of power consumption in the operation of the node. Simulating different coverage schemes on the same network system, same initial power sources, and routing protocol, an increase of overall system lifetime of 900% is demonstrated...
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...Evolution of leadership definition Name Institution Evolution of Leadership Definition Introduction Leadership is a social phenomenon that has been examined historically by both contemporary and classical western and eastern writers and thought leaders, perhaps due to the fact that it is a universal activity for animal and human kind spices. This paper is a historical analysis of how the definition of power has evolved and how leadership conceptually differs from power. The paper argues that leadership is conceptually different from power. Body (a). Leadership Most leadership definitions have tended to lean into any of the following three principles or is multifaceted to acknowledge the multiple principles. • Internal qualities of a leader • Leaders behaviors • Leaders traits and context (b). Power This section will demonstrate that Power is different from the person exercising it by describing sources of power. Conclusion Power and leadership are conceptually different. Essay There are many definitions of leadership and power that have been constructed just as there are leadership theories (Day & Antonakis, 2012). The first attempt to define leadership was done through internal qualities of a leader which scholars believed were what differentiated between leaders and followers. This attempt examined the physical, personality and mental characteristics of leaders with an assumption that leaders were born and not made (Avolio, Walumbwa & Weber...
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...The Role of Leadership in Shaping Organizational Culture Douglas E. Kronk Walden University Abstract Leadership’s role in shaping a healthy organizational climate has many facets. Both leadership and organizational culture are difficult concepts to define, as many researchers have chosen to define each in various ways. For the purposes of this paper, I examine leadership as a process that guides both leaders and followers to a common goal, that being a shared culture that binds the members together in a healthy and productive climate. I present several leadership factors that play an important role in shaping a healthy organizational culture. The Role of Leadership in Shaping Organizational Culture One of the most critical roles of a leader is to create and maintain a healthy culture in his or her organization. This needs to happen at all levels of an organization, so the responsibility rests with all levels of leadership, from the most senior executives down to the first line supervisor. Culture represents the organization’s personality and has a critical influence on both employee satisfaction and organizational success. While every organization has a culture, it is often misunderstood by the members of the organization due to various interpretations between departments or divisions, both laterally and hierarchically. While some variation may be necessary to meet business demands in larger organizations, it is important for all organizations, both large...
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...A review on Power Bases application to Sri Lanka’s context Introduction This paper is based on Organizational Behaviour module and the topic considered for the paper is a review on Power, Politics, and Influence application to Sri Lanka’s current issues by Shamindra Hettiarachchi. The initial chapter of the paper discusses, what is all about Power, Politics, and Influence, the reasons why power required and the power dependency module. Then the other chapter briefly describe power typology, such as Power as decision making, by Steven Lukes,1974, Power as knowledge, by Michel Foucault, 1980, Powershift, by Alvin Toffler, 1990 and the Power bases, by Raven, 2008. Out of all the power typologies Bertram Raven (2008) power bases are discussed in detail with their current issues to Sri Lankan’s context. They are, Legitimate Power, which is the power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization, Reward Power, which is compliance achieved based on the ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuable, Coercive Power, which is the power base that is depend on fear, Expert Power, which is influence based on special skills or knowledge, Referent Power, which is influence based on possession by an individual of desirable resources or personal traits, Informational Power, which is influence based on the information an individual control. Each power base is described briefly and discussed in detail to the...
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...The Effect of French and Raven Power on knowledge Acquisition, Knowledge Creation and knowledge Sharing: An Empirical Investigation in Lebanese Organizations Dr. Silva Karkoulian, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon Miss Yasmina Osman, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon ABSTRACT It has been documented that not much is known about the kinds of French and Raven powers that foster the acquisition, creation and sharing of organizational knowledge. This study extends the French and Raven power literature to the Lebanese Organizations and provides an empirical evidence of knowledge acquisition, knowledge creation and knowledge sharing. Results from the regression analysis of this study show that expert power is positively and significantly associated with knowledge acquisition, knowledge creation and knowledge sharing. INTRODUCTION In the second half of the twentieth century, knowledge management proved to be a new managerial reform suited to the rapidly changing environment. Managers were encouraged to consider and treat their employee’s knowledge as a crucial source for the success of their organizations (Huseman and Goodman, 1999; Stewart, 1997; Sveiby, 1997). Many scholars have focused their attention on knowledge management. Grant (1996) argues that a source of organization’s competitive advantage is when organizations apply a great deal of effort to develop new knowledge and technology. This new knowledge and technology...
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...spreading smart phones require a relatively high data rate, which eventually causes more power consumption. Recent studies are trying to develop a new technique for reducing the power consumption in cellular networks and making it more environment friendly, with taking the efficient power transmitting to the user on their consideration. The first mobile network consisted of only one base station; currently there are more than 4 million base stations worldwide to satisfy the huge demand on the mobile networks. On average each base station is using about 25MWh per year, which is about 60 percent of the total power consumption of mobile network (NAHAS et al., 2012). The focus of the proposed project is to increase the energy efficiency of the mobile networks without decreasing the quality of service of the mobile networks; it is combining and improving of suggested mechanisms to improve the existing mobile networks and hopefully to be implemented on future networks. B. Problems to be addressed The main issue that faces the decreasing of the energy in cellular networks is that more than 55 percent of the whole power consumption in the mobile operator happens in the base stations (BS’s) (VADGAMA & HUNUKUMBURE, 2011). The base station is the part of the network that is wirelessly connected to the user’s mobile phones. The consequence of reducing the power transmitted by the base station is reducing the coverage area and the...
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...spreading smart phones require a relatively high data rate, which eventually causes more power consumption. Recent studies are trying to develop a new technique for reducing the power consumption in cellular networks and making it more environment friendly, with taking the efficient power transmitting to the user on their consideration. The first mobile network consisted of only one base station; currently there are more than 4 million base stations worldwide to satisfy the huge demand on the mobile networks. On average each base station is using about 25MWh per year, which is about 60 percent of the total power consumption of mobile network (NAHAS et al., 2012). The focus of the proposed project is to increase the energy efficiency of the mobile networks without decreasing the quality of service of the mobile networks; it is combining and improving of suggested mechanisms to improve the existing mobile networks and hopefully to be implemented on future networks. B. Problems to be addressed The main issue that faces the decreasing of the energy in cellular networks is that more than 55 percent of the whole power consumption in the mobile operator happens in the base stations (BS’s) (VADGAMA & HUNUKUMBURE, 2011). The base station is the part of the network that is wirelessly connected to the user’s mobile phones. The consequence of reducing the power transmitted by the base station is reducing the coverage area and the...
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.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications of WSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Security Threats in WSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Cellular Automata 4.1 Reversible Cellular Automata 5 Deployment issues in WSN with specific focus on authentication 5.1 5.2 Authentication of Cluster Head and Base Station . . . . . . . . . Authentication of Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13 13 14 15 15 15 16 6 Schemes as well as Supporting claims 6.1 6.2 6.3 Cloning attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Replay Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Man-in-the-middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Conclusion List of Figures 1 2 3 4 5 Wireless sensor Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Components of Sensor Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WSN with three types of sensor nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elementary CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reversible Cellular Automata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 6 7 10 11 The Term Paper Based on ”Hybrid security approach for nodes authentication in wireless sensor network using cellular automata” by Herve Kabamba Mbikayi November 11, 2014...
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...Organizational Behavior & LeadershipFive Bases of Power – Task 3Tammy LydeenWestern Governors UniversityDecember 17, 2011 Within an organization leaders and managers use their power in order for their employees toreach the organization’s goals. There are five bases of power which can be broken down intotwo groups: formal power and personal power. Along with the five bases of power there is alsothe power of dependency which states that Employee B depends on Employee A if Employee Bhas goals and needs that Employee A can fulfill. Dependency can be increased when theresources that are being controlled are important, scarce and non-substitutable. Formal Power A formal power is based on an employee’s position within the organization. Coercive Power – A coercive power requires forcing an employee to do something thatthey do no want to do. This power can cause an unhealthy behavior and employeedissatisfaction in the workplace. The most common threat is the threat of being demotedor fired. Although the most common threats are being demoted or fired the marketingmanager also uses a coercive power when they tell the employees that their yearlyevaluation and bonus can be effected if they do not work over the required 40-hour work week. Employee 1 needs to work the extra hours so that they can achieve the yearly bonus and take a vacation that would not be affordable without the end of the year bonus. Reward Power – A reward power is when the leader uses their ability to administer...
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... These factors are type of market structure, competitive strategies, customer base, and strengths and weaknesses. The success of a company depends upon these factors and if they format their business strategy to work within the different types of markets, if they can build upon their strengths and minimize their weaknesses, and provide the consumers with what they want. Market structures change depending on the condition of the market and the competition, in order for an organization to be successful, it has to be able to transform it business strategy to conform to market demands. Business strategies are decided after analyzing the market the company will compete in, competitors within that market and the consumer base. The organization that I chose to discuss is NV Energy. I will discuss the type of market that NV Energy operates in, why this market was chosen, How this company might work with other competitors in this market, and competitive strategies that could be used. NV Energy Nv Energy is the local power company established in Las Vegas Nevada. The type of market structure that Nv Energy operates in is called a Monopoly,in the case of NV Energy it is a public utility which is overseen by the government and allowed to operate as a monopoly. In a monopoly market structure a single company owns all or the majority of a market. In this case Nv Energy is a utility company which provides power to all of Nevada. In a monopoly market structure there is little to no competition...
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...|[pic] |Course Syllabus | | |School of Business | | |BCOM/230 Version 3 | | |Business Communication for Accountants | Copyright © 2012, 2010 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course introduces students to the foundations of communication in a business accounting setting. Students are exposed to various topics related to interpersonal and group communications within the context of applications to the accounting field. Students will develop skills in the forms of written communication, including memos, e-mails, business letters, and reports. Other topics include communication ethics, collaboration, information utilization, critical thinking, and professional competence and values. Policies Faculty and students will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document...
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...Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 49, No. 4 , 1993. pp. 227-251 The Bases of Power: Origins and Recent Developments Bertram H. Raven University of California, Los Angeles The history and background of the analysis of the basis of power is examined, beginning with its origins in the works of Kurt Lewin and his followers at the Research Center for Group Dynamics, particularly the early research by John R. P. French. The original French and Raven (1959) bases of power model posited six bases of power: reward, coercion, legitimate, expert, referent, and informational (or persuasion; Raven, 1965). Since then, as the result of considerable research, the model has gone through signiJicant developments. A more comprehensive model is presented here that reviews the following: various motivations of the influencing agent; an assessment of available power bases in terms of potential effectiveness, time perspective, personal preferences, values and norms; consideration of other strategies such as manipulation; utilization of various preparatory and stage-setting devices to strengthen olte’s power resources; implementation of the power strategies; assessment of effectiveness of influence attempt and its positive andl or negative aftereffects; use of various ameliorative devices; and review, reconsideration, and another round of influence strategies. The overall model is examined in terms of its applicability to various settings including hospital infection control, patient compliance...
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