...certify that I am the author of this paper and that any assistance I received in its preparation is full acknowledged and disclosed in the paper. I have also cited any sources from which I used data, ideas or words, either quoted directly or paraphrased. I have added quotes whenever I used more than three consecutive words from another writer. I also certify that this paper was prepared by me specifically for this course. Student’s Signature: Khanya Clark-Robinson Khanya Clark-Robinson Final Paper Kahneman1, Daniel and Tversky, Amos. (1979). “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk.” 1. Big Question The big question of this article is how people make decisions under uncertainty of risks and rewards. Decisions under risks assume that a decision can be quantified as a positive or negative outcome with quantifiable probability. This theory was developed for monetary decisions and the process observations can be included in other fields; fields such as social sciences and policy making. 2. Background Information The standard for analyzing decisions was the theory that quantified the outcome and probability. A reasonable individual will choose the option with the best utility. The probability results should all add up to 100%. The utility theory has a defined logical foundation and it represents a behavior with uncertainty and a variety of decisions. At this time it is the approved method that evaluated decisions in science. Although it is utilized...
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...attitudes, persuasion, judgment, and decision-making, etc.) and marketplace behaviors (e.g. in retail settings, online, post-purchase, etc.). • Research Analysis • Research Methodology • Research Planning • Segmentation strategy • Strategy formulation • Strategy implementation • The Marketing Mix • The role of culture, psychological • Value-based pricing OVERVIEW OF COURSE GRADING The grades earned for the course will be derived using City University of Seattle’s decimal grading system, based on the following: Overview of Required Assignments % of Final Grade Individual Paper: Consumer Behavior Theory and its Application to Effective Product Development 20% Individual Paper: Consumer Behavior and Motivation 20% Individual Paper: Identify and Illustrate How the Socio-cultural Environment Affects Consumer Purchasing Decisions 20% Team Project Paper and Slide Presentation: Consumer Behavior Research Plan 30% Instructor Determined Activities, Participation, and Discussions 10% TOTAL 100% SPECIFICS OF COURSE ASSIGNMENTS The instructor will provide grading rubrics that will provide more detail as to how this assignment will be graded. Individual Paper: Consumer Behavior Theory and its Application to Effective Product Development Students will write a paper and develop a slide presentation identifying, describing and assessing Consumer Behavior Theory models and examine, analyze and reflect on how Consumer Behavior contributes to and influences effective...
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...of Leadership in private sector organizations in Aruba Faculty of Hospitality & Tourism Management Leadership and Management Midterm Report Abstract This paper brings forward the key aspects of the Aruban Entrepreneur. These would be discussed and related to different theories. To obtain these aspects of entrepreneurial activity two local entrepreneurs were interviewed and their philosophies were put into this paper. Beside the key aspects this paper would also discuss entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship, the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth and the common traits and skills of the Aruban entrepreneur. Abstract Content Introduction to the organization Current leadership Scientific analysis and diagnosis of leadership Areas of improvements Recommendations Critical reflections Resources Introduction As part of the Master’s program at the University of Aruba, in the Faculty of Hospitality & Tourism Management Studies, in the course “Leadership & Management”, it is required to submit a paper on the “Evaluation of leadership in private organizations in Aruba”. More specifically, this paper will have an in depth look at the leadership styles within the Aruban businesses and analyze and explained the findings/ observations based on leadership theories. More particular, we will try to uncover the different leadership models that can be applied in order to improve effectiveness and efficiency, overall performance and workplace...
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...MKT 435 All Assignments FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT www.mkt435rank.com MKT 435 Week 1 Consumer Behavior and Marketing Paper MKT 435 Week 2 Porsche Case Study MKT 435 Week 3 Part I Consumer Behavior and Marketing Strategy MKT 435 Week 3 How Attitudes are Influenced MKT 435 Week 4 Part II Consumer and Behavior Marketing Strategy MKT 435 Week 4 Examine a Communication Tool MKT 435 Week 5 Final Consumer Behavior and Marketing Strategy MKT 435 Week 5 Consumer Decision Making Process Analysis --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MKT 435 Week 1 Consumer Behavior and Marketing Paper FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT www.mkt435rank.com Choose a company with which you are familiar. Prepare a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which the interrelationship between consumer behavior and marketing is discussed. Find three specific examples of the company’s marketing strategy and its relationship with consumer behavior. Examples may include mission/value statements, print advertising, website content, press releases, among others. Using these examples, what is your opinion of how the company uses the understanding of consumer behavior to create and implement its marketing strategy? Discuss each example you found using specific information. Include a screenshot or copy of the marketing pieces you examined. Format the paper consistent with APA standards. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- MKT 435...
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...I. II. III. IV. Course Number Title Units Course Description : MBACOG4 : HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN THE ORGANIZATION : Three (3) : The course gives an insight into the intricacies of organizational processes. It is designed to help develop the students’ awareness of their behavior and performance in the workplace as affected by their personalities, skills, potentials, job satisfaction, motivation, leadership abilities, among others. It also promotes an understanding of people and organizational dynamics which would enable the students to adapt and adjust better in the workplace. Additional topics like ethics, performance and commitment, and becoming a better employee would impress on students the ways by which they could become valuable assets to the organization. Different activities which include case studies and reaction papers bring to life the theories and concepts, while honing the students’ analytical, critical and decision-making skills. V. Objectives of the Course: At the end of the course, the business student should be able to: A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cognitive discuss the key concepts of the course. describe the different theories learned. explain the structure and design of organizations. expound on organizational processes and dynamics. describe the role of culture, groups and leaders in promoting and sustaining the quality of employee performance. 6. Discuss the implications of personality, individual differences, values, attitudes, teamwork, ethics, trust and commitment...
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...significant amount of popular, as well as professional attention in the last few decades. It is presently defined as the core factor for new Information Technology economy. Switching costs originates, if a consumer demands a product, or its related accessories(hardware or software), of his own purchases to be compatible with each other this creates economies of scope among his purchases from a single supplier. Whereas network effects arise when a user wants his system to be compatible so that s/he can interact or trade with other users, or switch to the same compatible system, which leads to the creation of economies of scope between different incompatible products. Thus these economies of scope impacts the consumer’s buying and switching behavior between various products. The state of lock-in arises when the switching cost is sufficiently high so that the consumer proceeds using the same product rather than switching to the different product. Lock in is the state where the cost of switching exceeds the benefits of switching. Economics of switching costs is the summation of various types of switching costs including: compatibility costs (and their relationship to network effects), contractual costs, transaction costs, search costs, learning costs, uncertainty costs and shopping costs. One of the vital turning point in the history of switching costs is the Internet and the evolvement of e-commerce which changed the traditional way of trading media content which has magnificently...
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...27, 2011 CJA/204 In the following paragraphs choice theories will be described as well as how they specifically relate to crime. Common models on how society determines which acts are or are not criminal in nature and how they impact choice theories directly will also be made known in this paper. The first topic at hand is choice theories. What are choice theories? According to Wikipedia (2011) “the term choice theory is the work of William Glasser, MD, author of the book so named, and is the culmination of some 50 years of theory and practice in psychology and counseling. Choice Theory posits that behavior is central to our existence and is driven by five genetically driven needs, similar to those of Abraham Maslow: Survival (food, clothing, shelter, breathing, personal safety and others) and four fundamental psychological needs: Belonging/connecting/love, Power/significance/competence, Freedom/autonomy, and, Fun/learning” So in short it is safe to say that choice theories would be perspectives on crime causes states that criminal activities are the after thoughts of a conscious decision or choice. Choice theory is also known as rational choice theory. Rational choice theory is when a criminal feels the need to defy the law even though they know the consequences do not outweigh the benefit of doing so. Choice theory states that there is a central behavior to our existence and this is driven by five needs. These needs consist...
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...Term Paper Critically discuss the theories of motivation. Driving forces to get admission in the University of Dhaka Course: Principle of Management Prepared for Mr. Masudur Rahman Assistant Professor, Department of Marketing University of Dhaka Date of Submission April 16, 2011 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 16 April 2011 Mr. Masudur Rahman Assistant Professor, Department of Marketing University of Dhaka Dear Sir, As per the task assigned by you as term paper, an effort has been made to prepare this presentation paper on “Critically discuss the theories of motivation. Driving forces to get admission in the University of Dhaka” of Principles of Management course. Doing this report has been a very worthwhile experience for me. I have tried to prepare the paper a comprehensive one within given time. Any sort of query will be highly appreciated. There could be some mistakes, if any for some constraints during the process of preparing this report. However, I apologize for all those and beg your kind consideration in this regard. I hope that you would be kind enough to receive this presentation paper and bless me wholeheartedly. Sincerely yours, Mohammad Sharifur Rahman, Student ID No - 41119049 Department of Marketing TABLE OF CONTENTS Parts Page |EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . .. ……………………………… |4 | | ...
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...Introduction In this paper, an assumption that "with higher degree of trust in subordinates, subordinates will have a higher degree of job satisfaction" is made. This assumption is based on the theory of leadership and motivation. According to different level of trust in his subordinates, superiors will apply different types of course in leading and this difference will cause divergence in the subordinates' return. If the returns are intrinsic factors, job satisfaction will be created. If the returns are extrinsic factors, job satisfaction will not change. Job satisfaction has different but similar definitions. Locke (1976) stated that" job satisfaction is a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one job." Latham (1990) believed it is "a pleasing or optimistic psychological state ensuring from the appraisal of an individual's job or job acquaintance." Edwin (1990) defined that is an outcome of stuff member's opinion of how well their job delivers those things that are viewed as important." In the paper, job satisfaction will be simply defined as a sense of happiness or content of an individual towards his job. In this paper, the relationship between leadership and trust will be discussed by Behavioral Theory(both University of Iowa studies and Ohio State studies) and Path-Goal Model first and then the impact of the job satisfaction because of different returns will be discussed by Two factors theory, Maslow's Hierarchy of Need Theory and Job Characteristics...
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...In this paper I will compare and contrast dispositional, humanistic and existential theories of personality. I will also give the basic underlying assumptions of each of these approaches to personality and analyze the characteristics to each of these theories. I will also explain the interpersonal relational aspects that are associated with these theories. According to aboutpsychology.com Humanistic theories of personality stress the basic goodness of human beings and the need to achieve one's full potential. Learn more about some of the major humanistic theories of personality. Comparing and Contrasting When looking at the humanistic and existential theories of personality these theories the individual on a holistic sense. Humanistic and existential theories and dispositional theories are all similar because they all search for an understanding the importance of behavior based on the individuals personal perception of life. All these theories focus on conscious decision making, free will and abilities. According to Abraham Maslow he looked at the humanistic approach to personality as taking full advantage of opportunities available to them and explores new ideas that would improve their life. Maslow also believed that there are many opportunities to people but first they have to be self-actualized. Maslow referred to these qualities in those who are self-actualized, as B-values (Feist & Feist, 2009). Then when looking at the existential theory it highlights...
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...irrationality need to be specified by behavior finance researchers. This is related to how they deviate from the Subjective Expected Utility theory. In order to specify the type of irrationality, researchers have turned to experimental evidence complied by cognitive psychologists on the biases that arise when people form beliefs, and on the people’s preferences, given their beliefs or on how they make decisions, Thaler and Barberis (2002). In this paper, we will concentrate on the extensive literature on the Limits to Arbitrage and explain how the theory was conceived, how it evolved over time and apply a scenario to better explain the research. Limits to Arbitrage Understanding arbitrage opportunities is not the only ingredient needed to make sharp predictions. The level of irrationality need to be specified by behavior finance researchers.This is related to how they deviate from the Subjective Expected Utility theory. In order to specify the type of irrationality, researchers have turned to experimental evidence complied by cognitive psychologists on the biases that arise when people form beliefs, and on the people’s preferences, given their beliefs or on how they make decisions, Thaler and Barberis (2002). In this paper, we will concentrate on the extensive literature on the Limits to Arbitrage and explain how the theory was conceived, how it evolved over time and apply a scenario to better explain the research. Section one Theory In order to examine the limits of arbitrage...
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...Personal Model of Helping Andra Bachan BSHS 312 July3, 2011 Lonnie McCullough Personal Model of Helping This paper will discuss my personal model of helping that I have developed so far in my educational career so far. This paper will cover how and why I have formed this viewpoint, my view of helping, the relationship between the client and participant, techniques or approaches to change, the kinds of problems that can be addressed with my model, and multicultural issues. The limitations and strengths of the model and there populations this model can help will also be addressed in this paper. The personal model of helping that I have developed involves various theories. My model of helping involves the Adlerian theory, existential theory, person-centered theory, gestalt theory, reality therapy, cognitive behavior theory, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and rational-emotive theory. Adlerian theory includes the importance of birth order, takes into consideration the individual’s life style, their social interest, and their personality as it pertains to inferiority and superiority. The goal of the Adlerian theory is to increase social interest, change negative behaviors that are self-destructive, and help increase problem solving skills. In therapy sessions the family dynamics are observed. Often times the family unit assigns the roles the individual plays within the family based on birth order. The eldest child may have most of the responsibility placed on them because...
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...Attitude and its role in consumer behavior Consumer Behavior – MKTG578 DeVry University, Keller Graduate School of Management October 19, 2014 Abstract This paper will address the role of attitude in consumer behavior that is related to belief, which has a significant influence on consumer’s decision making. The paper will also discuss the major factors of attitude and belief that consumer’s tendency respond to certain brand, product, and service. The finding contains in this paper will also present what can attitudes tell marketers about consumer, and what type of information consumer use in making a decision. Moreover, marketer would learn that it is easier to indirectly influence consumer behavior and belief by providing any type of knowledge, such as information and music, to create a good feeling about the product. Most importantly, the basic components that are an effective approach to changing attitude will be found in this paper, which will be very helpful to marketers in term of marketing and repositioning their brand, product, or service. This approach will alter the cognitive structure of a consumer’s attitude that leads them to changes in behavior. Finally, this paper contains an explanation of the link between attitude towards a brand, product, or service and consumer purchasing behavior. Table...
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...Buyer’s behavior In online auctions as opposed to traditional auctions Table of contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Online auctions as opposed to traditional auctions 3 3.1. Advantages online auctions 3 3.2. Risks of auctions 4 3. Buyers decision-making process in auctions 4 4. Type of auction 5 5.3. English auction 5 5. Economic theories 6 6.4. Rational behavior 6 6.5. Effects of irrational behavior 7 6. Conclusion 7 7. References 8 1. Introduction While the Internet has become an essential resource in the global economy, it has not only changed the way consumers think, behave, and make decisions, it has also changed businesses. Since the opportunity of reaching out to a mass-market was created as a result of the Internet and its easy accessibility, businesses are scrambling to take advantage of changes in their markets. An example of one of those businesses is an auction. As a result of the development of sophisticated software that enables businesses to buy and sell on the Internet under secure conditions, the e-business model of auctions, called online auction, has emerged. Online auctions adapt the traditional auctions to the instantaneous advantage of the Internet to reach new markets that were previously cost-prohibitive by reducing transaction costs. Advantages such as the size and scope of the audience are enabling Internet auctions to...
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...Organization Management Journal Linking Theory & Practice: EAM White Papers Series 2006 Vol. 3, No. 3, 210-231 © 2006 Eastern Academy of Management ISSN 1541-6518 www.omj-online.org Effective Empowerment in Organizations GARY A. YUKL University at Albany WENDY S. BECKER University at Albany Psychological empowerment is the perception that workers can help determine their own work roles, accomplish meaningful work, and influence important decisions. Empowerment has been studied from different perspectives, including employee perceptions, leadership behaviors, and management programs. Despite positive rhetoric, programs designed to increase empowerment seldom achieve the benefits promised. Inconclusive and seemingly contradictory outcomes stem from the fact that few companies give employees significant control and access to management information. A half century of research suggests that empowerment strategies can offer real benefits. We outline facilitating conditions for effective empowerment, including characteristics of organizations, leaders, employees, and the work itself. Keywords: Empowerment, Leadership, Teams, Power Sharing Effective Empowerment in Organizations Psychological empowerment in organizations is the perception by members that they have the opportunity to help determine work roles, accomplish meaningful work, and influence important decisions. Over the past several decades an interest in empowerment can be seen in many subject areas within psychology...
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