... * ------------------------------------------------- Version List ------------------------------------------------- Recent History * ------------------------------------------------- 2006 13.386 New 2006 c 253 s 1 * ------------------------------------------------- 2013 Subd. 3 Amended 2013 c 82 s 3 * ------------------------------------------------- 2012 Subd. 4 New 2012 c 292 art 4 s 1 13.386 TREATMENT OF GENETIC INFORMATION HELD BY GOVERNMENT ENTITIES AND OTHER PERSONS. § Subdivision 1.Definition. (a) "Genetic information" means information about an identifiable individual derived from the presence, absence, alteration, or mutation of a gene, or the presence or absence of a specific DNA or RNA marker, which has been obtained from an analysis of: (1) the individual's biological information or specimen; or (2) the biological information or specimen of a person to whom the individual is related. (b) "Genetic information" also means medical or biological information collected from an individual about a particular genetic condition that is or might be used to provide medical care to that individual or the individual's family members. § Subd. 2.Private...
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...MEDICINE Personalized Medicine and Modern Genetics Technology: “Introduction” In today’s world DNA sequences are frequently and constantly improving, modern instruments can analyze DNA by the millions within a twenty-four hour period (Mader, 2010, P.178). Because of technology, these instruments have been made available now and in the future for the use of personalized medicinal products. This paper provides an overview of how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine, and to give examples two or more specific benefits of personalized medicine: a discussion of its drawbacks and limitations of the approach to human medicine. “Modern Genetic Technology and Personalized Medicine” Modern technology is constantly growing in our world, for us to understand how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine and the importance personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is the tailoring of medical treatment for an individual with the unique characteristics for each patient. This approach is a scientific breakthrough for us to understand how a person’s unique molecular and genetic profile makes them susceptible to certain diseases. This same research is increasing our ability to predict and recognize which medical treatments will be safe and effective for each patient (Consumer Health, 2007). The Human Genome project of 2003, enlighten our understanding of the genetic component of disease that...
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...scientists the ability to read nature’s genetic blueprint of a human being. Those scientists and medical professionals who were excited about the HGP saw clearly how genomics would advance medicine. Genomic findings have advanced the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. “Already, doctors can better categorize some cancers by examining the constellation of genomic changes in an individual tumor rather than simply establishing the anatomical origins of that tumor; this refined categorization will often lead to more appropriate treatment” (Nov. 2011: Human Genome Project Produces Many Benefits, n.d.). Medical treatments for common medical issues are also benefiting from the HGP. Some medications can be effected by gene variants that compromise the effectiveness of the medication while other gene variants can heighten the effectiveness. “Testing the patient’s genome first can make the treatment more effective by minimizing the risk of prescribing the wrong dose” (Nov. 2011: Human Genome Project Produces Many Benefits, n.d.). What the HGP did when it achieved its goal of identifying all the genes in human DNA, and determining the sequences of the chemical base pairs was to open the field of behavioral genetics. Some argue that the HGP would cause people to be less tolerant and accepting of the differences people have. Others argue that people would seek to control the traits their children would have. Still others argue that discrimination would exist in the workforce, in the...
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...1. Introduction Genetic profiling for the public has been around for a few decades but it has already changed many people’s lives. However, though it has many benefits an ethical issue arises should someone have the duty to disclose their genetic information to someone who may be at risk. In this essay, the issue of disclosure will be discussed, it will be broken down into 3 main topics: the advantages and disadvantages of genetic profiling; disclosing genetic information to family members and finally disclosing genetic information in the work place. This essay will then prove in its conclusion that there though there are ethical objections to disclosing genetic information there is a greater moral duty to show information. 1.1. Definition of genetic profiling Genetic profiling is also called DNA and genetic finger printing. According to the glossary of the National Human Genome Research Institute (n.d., n.p) the definition is “Genetic testing is a laboratory test to look for genetic variations associated with a disease. The results of a genetic test can be used to confirm or rule out a suspected genetic disease or to decide the likelihood of a person passing on a mutation to their offspring.” 2. Genetic Profiling and Ethics 2.1 Advantages of genetic profiling and ethics Even though genetic profiling is still relatively new, its positive outcomes can already be seen in the world around us. A layman’s example would be the use of genetic testing to discover the...
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...Genetic testing a medical test carried out to identify changes within genes, proteins or chromosomes. Genetic testing is done on participants who are known to be at risk or a particular genetic condition or disease. This information can be seen within an individual’s family history. This test is useful to determine the change people passing on or developing a genetic disorder. Genetic testing is voluntary. The three main types of genetic testing include; Molecular genetic tests, chromosomal genetic tests and biochemical genetic tests. Genetic screening is a test carried out primarily on unborn children (embryos) to identify a current genetic disease or early detection of a genetic disease. This test is available to a transection of people...
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...individual patient are advanced using genetic or any other vital pieces of information. The emergence of personalized medicine has helped in the reduction of costs, time, and the rate of failure of pharmaceutical clinical trials, has eliminated trial and error inefficiencies in the diagnosis of diseases, and has aided in the prescription of effective drugs and averted those that pose dangerous side effects to patients. This essay explicates the manner in which genetic technology may contribute to personalized medicine, examples of the benefits of personalized medicine, and drawbacks of personalized medicine. Modern genetic technology has played an instrumental role in leading to personalized medicine. It has led to in depth understanding of the impacts of genetics in a given disease. The understanding of the impacts of the disease has helped in the development of personalized medicine, as practitioners are able to identify the correct prescription for different diseases. Modern genetic technology has also led to personalized medicine by helping practitioners understand the significance of genes in the normal development of human beings. Duke Medicine (2011) points out that these are easily linked with the certain diseases affecting human beings hence the development of personalized medicine. Practitioners are able to identify the different diseases affecting human beings before they get to their worst states with the use of modern genetic technology. Personalized...
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...Institutional Affiliation: Introduction Integration of genetics into public health is essential in predicting patient risk for common diseases. Genetic research creates new information and technology that will assist in improving population health. Most of the ailments arise from the interactions among the environmental factors, human factors as well as genetics. Public health genomics will assist in disease prevention and health improvement to individuals who are at a higher risk due to their genetic makeup (Khoury, 2000). Health professionals by applying genetic research are everyday coming up with new discoveries in areas like birth defects, heart diseases and cancer improving health services for the public (Brand A, 2006). However, there is no need to allocate significant resources on genomics for public health. Resources Spent On Genomics for Public Health Significant resources should not be allocated to genomics for public health. This is because genetic research is not necessary beneficial to all individuals. It mostly applies to specific persons due to their genetic makeup. Pubic health sector can prioritize by establishing which genetic research will be most beneficial to the population as a whole. The rest of the diseases are left out since their effects are not adverse. There is also the risk of possible misuse of genetic information (Laberge, 2004). Newborn genetic screening discovers treatable genetic disorders in newborn babies. Newborn screening for phenylketonuria...
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...“Inappropriate genetic testing can threaten individual autonomy, privacy, and confidentiality and lead to various types of genetic stigmatization and discrimination without any commensurate benefit for the individual tested,” (Brandt; Rauf, 2004). When Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway (BNSF) tested their employees without the employees knowing about it, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) stepped in and cited that BNSF violated the employee’s equal rights through discrimination and the employee’s rights of privacy. These actions “raise serious concerns that such testing could pose a significant threat to workers' privacy, autonomy, and dignity. Thus, defining the ethically, legally, and socially appropriate and inappropriate uses of genetic testing in the workplace,” (DEHS, 2001) presents a major breach in a workers legal right to privacy. One hundred and twenty-five BNSF employees filed on-the-job injury claims citing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) for “years of repetitive activity such as wielding a wrench or operating a jackhammer,” (Lehrer, 2001; UNK, 2001). While investigating these claims, BNSF medical doctor required further testing of 20 employees (UNK, 2001). The medical company pulled blood for genetic testing without telling the BNSF employees what kind of test that they were performing, (Mahanna, 2001; Schafer, 2001; BNSF, 2002; Lehrer, 2001; Lewin, 2002). One employee refused to submit to the tests and BNSF threatened to terminate his job (Lewin;...
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...Zero-Tolerance Harassment policy. Introduction To prevent and eliminate misconduct, it is good business practice for Pomodoro, Inc. to implementing a zero-tolerance policy for harassment of any sort. Background U.S. Law requires employers to maintain a work environment that is free from harassment. According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) (2013), “Harassment is unwelcome conduct that is based on race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information. Harassment becomes unlawful where (1) enduring the offensive conduct becomes a condition of continued employment, or (2) the conduct is severe or pervasive enough to create a work environment that a reasonable person would consider intimidating, hostile, or abusive. Anti-discrimination laws also prohibit harassment against individuals in retaliation for filing a discrimination charge, testifying, or participating in any way in an investigation, proceeding, or lawsuit under these laws; or opposing employment practices that they reasonably believe discriminate against individuals, in violation of these laws.” It is important that our employees have the right to work in a professional and safe environment and that we provide them with guidance in accordance with current laws. Problem Statement Harassment is counterproductive for business and employees. It can hurt productivity and morale, make it harder...
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...Genetic screening. Genetic screening is contrasted with genetic counselling in three different ways: it is a pro-active rather than reactive, this means that make a genetic screening is going to create a situation, in this case is going to create questions and answers; the second contrasting way is that genetic screening involves the offer of genetic testing, according to this, make a genetic screening is always done by consent of the individual and has to be presented as an offer to do it, this point, also carries the issue of informed consent that all the client has the right to know, because the field of genetic counselling is new, a lot of people may have little knowledge and no experience of the condition and the way they are doing the test; but in some cases and in some countries, there are tests that have to be compulsory, the last one is that the testing is aimed at a whole population rather than individuals and their immediate families; this is one of the principal objectives, because when someone is doing a test about any disease, is necessary to have a consensus among a big group like a family, to get enough data to work and recollect all useful knowledge about the disease. We have four types of genetic screening programme: Newborn screening, Carrier screening, prenatal screening and Susceptibility screening. The first one in use as a way to treat disorders, and with this early diagnosis can generates and improves the outlook for an affected individual. These kinds...
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...Genetic and Reproductive Sciences Abstract This paper is based on genetic and reproductive science and their benefits and limitations regarding individuals, families, and society. The paper covers the screening and treatment for diabetes and what methods are used to prevent it development. The paper also contains information regarding In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and its benefits for individuals and families. The use stems cells and its advantages and disadvantages are also mentioned. Analyze the benefits and limitations of genetic and reproductive sciences for individuals, families, and society. The benefit of genetic science for individuals is that it can determine if the person has a possible genetic disorder and give them a better chance at preventing the disorder from becoming active, monitor the disorder, or treat the disorder. For example, diabetes is a genetic disorder that can be discovered through genetic testing. Lifestyle changes such as exercising and lowering their body mass index (BMI) can prevent someone for developing diabetes, and the testing can monitor diabetes if a person develops it. Diabetes can also be treated by the use of insulin and dieting if monitored correctly. The limitation of genetic science for individuals is the emotional outcome of the test results. Some people may get upset and begin to feel guilty, depressed, or even become anxious once they receive their results (Cho, et al., 2012). The benefits of genetic science...
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...explaining how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine; discussing the benefits of personalized medicine; and discussing the drawbacks and limitations of personalized medicine. Explanation of how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine. In order to understand how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine, we need to first understand what personalized medicine is. Personalized medicine is the ability to determine an individual’s unique molecular characteristics and to use those genetic distinctions to diagnose more finely individual’s disease, select treatments that increase the chances of a successful outcome and reduce possible adverse reactions. Personalized medicine is also the ability to predict an individual’s susceptibility to diseases and thus to try to shape steps that may help to avoid or reduce the extent to which an individual will experience a disease. With that being said, the advancement in technology has made it possible for doctors and geneticists use a person’s DNA to find out what kinds of diseases are in their future; thus making it possible for them to make a stepping stone to prevent them. “The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 opened the door for better understanding of genetic components of disease that will shape the future practice of medicine. The Human Genome Project detailed the map of our DNA sequence allowing researchers to develop tools to further explore genetic variation across...
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...DNA sequences and can tell if you have inherited certain diseases. Some different reasons for using genetics test are testing for cancer, alzheimer's, liver disease, kidney failure hormone deficiencies and mental retardation. Overall the are more than a 1000 different DNA test available. The positive aspects of gene testing is that it could save a persons life and possibly help prevent future illnesses. Some downsides of DNA Test are sometimes they can be inaccurate. The results are not always 100% right because things such as contamination or error can change the results. These type of test may also affect someone emotionally because they were unaware they had a an illness. The risks of prejudice, social stigmatization, anxiety and stress may prevail over the advantages of the test to begin with. Discrimination in the system is a known factor and has been going on for a long time. People are discriminated every day due to age, culture, creed, gender, sexual orientation and religion. The GINA (Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act) was put in place to prevent insurance companies as well as employers from being bias towards individuals based on the information genetic testing supplies. There may possibly still be some sort of discrimination in the healthcare system but there have been things placed in order to prevent this unfair treatment. The Mental Health Discrimination become official this year on February 28, 2013. These are some step that have...
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...history and instrumental in protecting the rights of individuals from employment discrimination. Title VII of the legislation was designed to protect U.S. employees. This Title also established the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission with the intent to protect U.S. employees from discrimination as the body to enforce the provisions of the law. Equal employment opportunity was further enhanced in 1965 with Executive Order 11246 which prohibited federal contractors from discriminating against employees on the basis of race, sex, creed, religion, color, or national origin. Equal Employment Opportunity has been an effort to provide African-American, women, and other classes of individuals in society who did not have access to the same employment opportunities in both the private and public sector. The issues explored related to equal employment in the public sector are: • Oversight and Coordination • Scope of “Protected Classes” • Monitoring and Reports • Enforcement Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1974 The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) provides oversight and coordination of federal equal opportunity regulations, practices, and policies. Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1974, brought all state, local, and federal government agencies covered under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Federal laws for workplace and employee discrimination are enforced by several federal agencies. Employees may not be aware of their...
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...decisions about people management; 3. the central involvement of line managers; 4. Reliance upon a set of ‘levers’ to shape the employment relationship. In today's litigious workplace environment, being on top of legal issues that directly affect individual employees and organization is critical to the success of the HR profession. In this study, we will critically analyze and evaluate legal issues as it affects the functions of HRM in Nigeria and USA. LEGAL ISSUES AND HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE USA In the USA, some laws regulate various aspects of employee-employer relations. These laws, which are relatively stable, facilitate the work of HR managers. Examples are: 1. The Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1964 forbids discrimination in all areas of employment. The law is to ensure that employment decisions are made on the...
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