...Biofuels Environmental Sciences Essay Nowadays, as the problem of greenhouse gases emissions is getting more serious, Carbon-negative biofuels represent the first potentially huge assault on the problem, in ways that are already technically feasible and practicable (Mathews, 2008). Scientists are having their research on how to ease or solve these problems. The topic of biofuels is being more popular in the recent years because it has the most potential to be a significant source of energy. Biomass is providing a surprisingly large amount of the world’s energy – 10% of total global primary energy consumption (Energy Future Coalition, 2007). Advantages of biofuels Safety Biofuels are safe to handle and transport because they are biodegradable, much less toxic than even table salt (ten times), and have high flashpoints of about 300oF compared to gasoline and petroleum diesel fuel (diesel has a flash point of 125 F, for comparison) (Biodiesel Chemical Safety Data – Oxford University). Because of its safety, the number of incidence of severe vehicle fires can be reduced, and its safety making it to be one of the safest of all alternative fuels. Also, biofuels produce fewer by-products than conventional hydrocarbon based fuels after combustion or burning. The conventional hydrocarbon-based fuels will produced a greater output of some noxious by-product, for example, carbon monoxide. That means, biofuels could lead to less localized smog in urban centers (Charles et al). Energy...
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...el Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Scales as a source of BIOFUEL Rsearcher: Jelyne Daryl F. Romero Background of the Study Fuels are substance that give off heat when they burn. Fuel provides our world energy use for heating, cooking, powering ships, cars, and machines and electricity. High prices of gasoline pose a problem to many people. Higher energy costs are flowing down into the costs of other products that we buy. And most people are affected especially the poor people. On the other hand, using the scales of Tilapia as a good source of BIOFUEL, in one way or another, will add to demand for said palm. The use and promotion of BIOFUEL in the country could be a “win-win solution” for both the people and the environment as the world is currently facing a phenomenon called global warming. The use of BIOFUEL will also unlock the country’s dependence on fossil fuels which price depends on the international market. Both Biodiesel and Ethanol are clean, grow-your-own fuels that can be made onsite in villages or local communities from renewable, locally available resources, for the most part using simple equipment that a local workshop can make and maintain. These fuels are among a wide range sustainable local energy options. Others are methane (biogas) digesters that run livestock, crop, and food wastes into cooking and heating gas, charcoal and fuel wood (good fuels unless over harvesting destroys...
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...organisms. Fossil fuels take millions of years to form but are being used fast. Most experts say that it will only take about 50 years for the fossil fuels to be depleted. As it becomes closer to depletion, its price will surely increase as the basic rule of economics states. The only way to cope with low supply but high demand is to increase its price. The Solution: There are many possible alternatives for fossil fuels as source of energy but the use of biofuels is the most favourable since it is cheaper, renewable and degradable or has use compared to other alternatives. Biofuels are fuels which energy is derived from biological objects like plants or animal extracts. They can be in solid, liquid or gas form. Liquid biofuels are used as alternative fuels for vehicles in place of petroleum. The previously known alternative for petroleum is ethanol. But the problem with using ethanol is that it cannot replace petroleum directly. That has been a problem until biodiesel is discovered. Biodiesel is also a biofuel, produced...
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...Biomass: Will It Be Too Late? Susan Bergeron NSCI 280 Nicole Finley Bryant & Stratton 11/24/2011 Biomass: Will It Be Too Late There are wide assessments of biomass energy’s role in expanding our national energy supplies. There are advantages and limitations in the U. S. ethanol industry which research is being done even more than ever because of such high petroleum prices. According to Choices magazine the main advantage of ethanol is cost reducing as a gasoline additive and as a gasoline replacement using E85, which are motor fuel blends of 85% ethanol and just 15% gasoline. The problem is there are not enough corn crops to supply the gasoline demands. Other technologies are needed if bio-energy is going to expand its role in the national energy scene. Biomass processing could become profitable in the future with improvement in technology. The most important benefit of renewable energy systems is the decrease of environmental pollution and using up our current resources. However the role of biomass-ethanol in natural energy supply depends upon the success of fuel processing technologies and the energy price increase. Is there enough public knowledge to help promote and fund the need of modern technology that is needed to supply us with ethanol and biodiesel? “Biomass is a generic term for all vegetable material. It is generally a term for material derived from growing plants or from animal manure. The term modern biomass is generally used to describe...
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...Course: BIOL 443 Professor: Dr. Owen Ward Introduction Global interests in biofuel production as a substitute for liquid transport fuel have grown substantially in recent years, mainly due to concerns over energy security and climate change (Yahya et al, 2012). The most common used biofuels are biodiesel and bio-ethanol, which can replace diesel and gasoline, respectively, with limited or no modifications of vehicle engines (Karthikeya, 2012). These first generation biofuels are typically extracted from food and oil crops including rapeseed oil, sugarcane, sugar beet and corn as well as vegetable oil and animal fats using traditional technologies (Brennan and Owende, 2009). However, the use of first generation biofuels have generated wide-scale criticisms, primarily due to raising competition with food production, increased water consumption, soil degradation, biodiversity loss, their low energy potential and their role in greenhouse gas emissions (Barbosa et al., 2011). A particular concern is that the demand for biofuels could place substantial additional pressure on the natural resources such as arable land. Currently, about 1% (14 million hectares) of the world’s available arable land is used for the production of biofuels, providing 1% of global transport fuels (Beal et al., 2012). However, with a fixed and possibly reducing amount to arable land, increasing the share of land devoted to biofuel production will have severe impact on world’s food supply as well as harmful...
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...Click here to view authors’ intro video International Food and Agribusiness Management Review Volume 14, Issue 3, 2011 Economic Feasibility of a Mobile Fast Pyrolysis System for Sustainable Bio-crude Oil Production Marco A. Palmaa, James W. Richardsonb, Brad E. Robersonc, Luis A. Riberad Joe Outlawe and Clyde Munsterf Assistant Professor and Extension Economist Regent’s Professor and Senior Faculty Fellow c Research Associate d Associate Professor and Extension Economist e Professor and Extension Economist Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University, 600 John Kimbrough Blvd, 2124 TAMU. College Station, Texas, 77843-2124, U.S.A. b f a Professor, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Room 127, Hobgood Building, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, U.S.A. Abstract This paper analyzed the economic feasibility of a mobile bioenergy pyrolysis system using a Monte Carlo simulation model. Pyrolysis transforms any cellulosic materials into i) a bio-oil similar to crude oil ii) a synthesis gas similar to natural gas, and iii) a bio-charcoal substance. The pyrolyzer machine is currently being manufactured and tested with various types of feedstocks including corn stover and energy sorghum. The economic analysis focused on creating an automated process that integrates a transportation logistics cost optimization model with geographic information system (GIS) data. The geographic data provides possible paths for the mobile bioenergy...
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...BIOFUELS 50 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THIS NEW MARKET Ministério das Minas e Energia BIOFUELS 50 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THIS NEW MARKET Presentation T he history of biofuels in Brazil began with pioneering tests carried out between 1905 and 1925 with ethanol. In 1931, the Brazilian Government passed a decree which obliged the mixing of 5% of alcohol in gasoline imported in to the country; seven years later, Decree-Law No. 737 extended the obligation of mixing 5% of alcohol also to gasoline produced within Brazil. In the 60s, the discovery of vast oil reserves in the Middle East lessened the world’s interest in biofuels. However, with the first world oil crisis in 1973, the search for new energy sources restarted. In 1975, Brazil launched the National Alcohol Program (known as Proálcool) – the largest program for the commercial use of biomass for energy purposes in the world. Two years later, Professor Expedito Parente, of the Ceará Federal University, discovered biodiesel made from cotton oil and, in 1980, he registered the first world wide biodiesel patent, now in the public domain. Throughout the world, with the passing of the years and the intermittent energy crises, associated to a greater demand for fossil fuels, new and strong stimuli emerged for the development of production technologies both for ethanol and biodiesel. These two products are starting to have a leading role in the world’s energy matrix and in the international fuel market. Thanks...
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...that, “Algae growth is a natural occurrence in all waterbodies, with some lakes and ponds supporting larger algae populations than others. The rapid growth of algae is a contributing factor for mass cultivation without spending extra resources.” Some species of algae can double their mass within a day. In comparison to traditional fossil fuels and other biofuel sources such as soybeans, there are certain advantages to using algae. One of the major benefits of algae as biofuel is that many algae species, particularly the small species, can be used for the extraction of biofuel. Another advantage is that the yield of oil from algae is almost thirty times higher than the yield of oil from land crops. Marine water as well as wastewater can be used for mass cultivation of algae. Scientist Ningthoujam Sandhyarani states that, “Unlike fossil fuels, biofuel produced from algae are biodegradable, thus reducing the chances of environmental pollution. In case there is spillage of algal-based biofuel in water sources, there are no significant or harmful effects on the ecosystem.” In spite of the many benefits of algae as biofuel, there are some drawbacks. The performance of algal-based biodiesel is lower than...
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...Malunggay's Moringa Oil Seen as Biofuel Source As the Philippines seeks better ways to use its resources in combating climate change, a new discovery by a Filipino biotechnology company based in the U.S. has tapped a wonder plant in the country as a source of biofuel. Malunggay, scientifically known as Moringa Oleifera, which is widely grown in the Philippines and is considered one the world's most useful plants, is found as a good source of Moringa oil. This oil is believed to be a biofuel source. SECURA International announced that malunggay oil is being tapped by the North American Biofuels Inc. (NABI) since January as possible raw material for biodiesel production. As a result, the former is currently growing malunggay in 500,000-hectare farmland to meet the demands of NABI.Since malunggay can easily be grown in the country, SECURA International president Danny Manayaga encouraged the Filipino farmers to take advantage of the situation in meeting the demands of the world for the Moringa oil supply to be used as biodiesel. Manayaga said this business is sustainable since the market is very accessible. Currently, there are 165 marketing companies in the U.S. for biodiesel using soybean oil as raw material. It is expected that in the next 50 years, Japan and Korea will be the biggest markets of Moringa oil for their automobiles that will use biodiesel. Earlier, the Philippine government is endorsing jatropha as a source of biofuel. However, Manayaga said Moringa...
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...green Technology 7 3.1 Solar Energy 7 3.2 Biofuels 15 3.3 Green Building 21 4.0 Conclusion 33 ii Economics of Geography and Environment (G101) Clean Technology: a greener aspect to development SUMMARY In a world of rapid growth, both in terms of economy and population, human beings have sought to influence the environment around them for a better, more efficient and easier life. The resources that we have used up from the environment have often been nonrenewable and in our heedless march to glorious comfort, we have ignored the consequences of the effect that we are having on the world we live in. With the results of our negative impact on nature coming around to haunt us, there have been a rising global awareness and movement to better ourselves. Green technology is a major part of it. Green technology is the application of the environmental science to conserve the natural environment and resources, and to curb the negative impacts of human involvement. The main idea behind green technology is to provide sustainable growth. That is, using resources from the Earth in a renewable fashion. The following report outlines some aspects of green technology and discusses three main ideas: Solar energy, Green Buildings, Biofuels. In the report, it has been discussed how each of these technologies are environmentfriendly, how they are being used globally and what the advantages of use are. Each of these technologies can be used in...
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...The Quest for Biofuels: Issues and Concerns Biofuels have been billed as an important component in the United States bid to become less dependent on foreign energy. As the price of crude oil continues to increase, and as the country sets its sights on becoming less dependent on foreign oil the pressure is mounting to increase the production of biofuels. In addition, the global energy demand is continuing to increase and known petroleum supplies are decreasing (CAST II, 2007); the need for a sustainable substitute for current fossil fuels has become more evident than ever. The rise in costs of traditional energy sources has raised this issue to prominence in many American households as well. Several government agencies and working groups have set goals, targets, and timelines for reducing the use of fossil fuels and the substitution of biofuels to fill the energy demand. This push for the use of biofuels will have dramatic effects on many sectors of the American economy and many new problems and issues will arise that need to be considered. Currently grain-based ethanol production is the primary means by which biofuels are produced in the United States. Corn is the grain of choice in this production system. The annual production capacity of ethanol has increased rapidly in recent years, from 1.7 billion gallons in 2000 to 4.3 billion gallons in 2006 (CAST, 2006). It is also projected that the annual production capacity will increase to 7 billion gallons by 2008 (CAST, 2006)...
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...Biofuels are in no way capable of being a permanent solution to the fossil fuel crisis that is currently facing our country, and our planet. Corn is one of the most widely produced crops in the world, yet the ethanol produced still only accounts for small percentages of the fuel being used by drivers across the world. Most combustion engines are only equipped to handle a 15% ethanol rate. It would be ill-advised to even attempt to further incorporate Biofuels into the transportation industry beyond the point at which they are used now. Disregarding the logistical problems associated with increasing the use of biofuels, the production of Biofuels is much too inefficient, and any further use of them could potentially cause economic problems, in the form of corn based products being forced to raise their prices. Biofuels could never be a permanent solution to the oil issues currently facing our country, and our planet. Because of the amount of labor, energy usage, pesticides, petroleum based fungicides, cultivation, and fermentation costs, among other things, needed to produce Biofuels, the benefit barely outweighs the means used in production. The current corn-to-ethanol production models show that it is unethical to increase the use of Biofuels made from commercially grown crops. It would just not be cost effective enough to merit an increase in the use of biofuels, when there are more ethical ways in which to utilize the crops grown throughout the world, such as battling...
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...Discussion Question: 1. What degree of confidence do you have that Gerritsen, Buck, and Leay will be able to execute their three-point plan? What factors have to come together for the plan to work? What advantages does Aquaflow have in its efforts to execute the plan and continue to grow? Answer: They can truly execute the three-point plan because it can be one of the most competitive player in the market. Some factors to consider to make this plan work is that Aquaflow must use wild algae to help clean up water. They should also try to cultivate mono-cultures or a small number of species although its quit expensive, hard to scale and has significant technical risk. Aquaflow must look to partner in where the ‘fuel’ is a byproduct of the scheme’s overall value and etc. Aquaflow believes it now has a world-leading multi-biomass to biofuels capability and technology offering. This is a robust and highly integrated technology package which can leapfrog other biomass to biofuel technologies because it goes straight to blended fuel stock and avoids intermediate pathways. 2. To what extent did passion play role in the founding of Aquaflow and its early success? Do you think that someone without passion for alternative fuels could have successfully founded the firms? Why or why not? Answer: They show that they are truly dedicated to their work and face all the challenges and risk that will happen. They improved the Aquaflow a lot and make used of their intelligence to build...
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...Learning from the Indian experience and the BioFuels industry in India Rajan K. Paradkar Sr. General Manager Armaco Consultant Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India NOT AN OFFICIAL UNCTAD DOCUMENT Financing BioFuels and Jatropha Plantation Projects Accra, Ghana-November 13, 2006 EXPRESSES THANKS TO YOU, HONOURABLE CHAIRPERSON, FOR THE KIND INVITATION EXTENDED TO DELIVER THIS PRESENTATION AND WELCOMES THE PARTICIPANTS TO THIS WORKSHOP Financing BioFuels and Jatropha Plantation Projects Accra, Ghana-November 13, 2006 Financing BioFuels and Jatropha Plantation Projects Accra, Ghana-November 13, 2006 Financing BioFuels and Jatropha Plantation Projects Accra, Ghana-November 13, 2006 •CDM is a mechanism to monetize environmental value of proenvironmental projects established in response to global climate change. •CDM enables developed countries with high CO2 reduction costs, to meet the shortfall of allowed emissions at a lower cost than achieving the reduction domestically. •To Developing countries, the CDM presents an opportunity to attract investment from developed countries to environmentally sound projects assisting in sustainable development. •Optimum size of the project for CDM financing to be analyzed. This is in terms of CER’s per year (I.e. Certified Emission Reductions OR Tons of CO2 per year). Financing BioFuels and Jatropha Plantation Projects Accra, Ghana-November 13, 2006 Financing BioFuels and Jatropha Plantation Projects Accra, Ghana-November 13...
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...Clean Technology: A greener aspect to development Institute of Business Administration University of Dhaka 1 Economics of Geography and Environment (G101) Clean Technology: a greener aspect to development Clean Technology: A greener aspect to development Prepared for: Dr. A. M. M. Amanat Ullah Khan Professor, Department of Geography and Environment University of Dhaka Prepared by: Ahamed Najeeb Rahman ZR-74 Tasnia Azim Choudhury RH-76 M. Samiul Haque ZR-84 Jidny Rubaiyat Shoummo ZR-85 Zahin Azad Moslem ZR-121 BBA 20th Date of Submission: June 15, 2012 Institute of Business Administration University of Dhaka 2 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 15 June, 2012. Dr. A. M. M. Amanat Ullah Khan Course Instructor Economics of Geography and Environment University of Dhaka Subject: Letter of transmittal for Economics of Geography and Environment course termpaper. Dear Sir, Here is the report which you asked us to submit for the requirement of our undergraduate course- Economics of Geography and Environment (G101). The title of the report is “Clean technology: a greener aspect to development”, which is a descriptive analysis of how Green Technology works and can help the environment. This report has been prepared under your authorization. Without your permission, no part of this report can or will be revealed. This report never has been, and never will be, reproduced for any other IBA course. We sincerely hope that you we were able to fulfil the course requirement...
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