...Chemistry and molecules of life -Homeostasis- The maintenance of an internal environment -Energy- The ability to do work -Metabolism- Chemical reactions in a cell that allows it to use energy -Element- A chemically pure substance that cannot not be broken down -Matter- anything that takes of space -Atom- smallest unit of an element -Proton- positively charged particle inside nucleus -Electron- negatively charged particle around nucleus -Neutron- uncharged particle inside nucleus -Nucleus- core of an atom -Covalent Bond- strong bond from the sharing of electrons between two atoms -Molecule- atoms together by covalent bond -Organic Molecule- carbon based molecule with at least one C-H bond -Inorganic Molecule- lacks carbon and C-H bond -Carbohydrate- organic molecule made up of sugars -Protein- organic molecule made up of amino acid -Lipids- organic molecule that repels water -Nucleic Acids- organic molecule made of nucleotides DNA/RNA -Macromolecules- organic molecules made up of living organisms (carbohydrates,protiens,nucleic acids) -Monomer- one chemical subunit -Polymer- molecule made up of individual subunits -Monosaccharide- monomer of a carbohydrate -Amino Acid- monomer of a protein -Nucleotide- monomer of a nucleic acid -Cell- basic structure of living organisms -Phospholipid- lipid that forms a cell membrane -Phospholipid Bilayer- double layer lipid that characterizes biological membrane ...
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... A theoretical approach to describe the mechanisms of the isomerization and reduction of a double bond, involved in the lanosterol conversion to cholesterol was undertaken. Also, the 14α-demethylation and 4α-demethylation in this biosynthesis were studied, and some similarities were found between the two; however they are different and their mechanisms have not been explained yet. Ab initio calculations were performed in order to prove these mechanisms. Two different characteristics involved in this biosynthesis were explained, namely (i) the stability of each molecule during this reaction using total energy, hardness and dipole moment, and (ii) the explanation of proposed mechanisms [Steroid Biochemistry and Pharmacology, 1970, p. 57] of the two different reactions, using frontier orbitals and atomic charges. For this sequence of reactions, the hardness and dipole moment indicate the hydro-solubility of the molecules, which means that carrying properties change through cell membrane. It is possible to explain the reaction mechanisms using frontier molecular orbitals theory and the atomic charge. The localization of highest occupied molecular orbital, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital and the flow of atomic charge are in agreement with reported mechanisms [Steroids 8 (1966) 353; Medicinal Natural Products, 1997, p. 218; Biochemistry of Steroid Hormones, 1975. 1. Introduction Cholesterol is the main sterol in animal tissues and is an important constituent of...
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...displayed by elements in biological systems - Apply the octet rule - Practice converting molecular formulas into molecular structures - Be able to visualize and draw three dimensional molecular shapes Introduction: The octet rule states that most elements will share or exchange valence electrons in order to achieve a similar electron arrangement to the nearest noble gas. This concept is extremely important because it explains why elements bond to form compounds such as water, electrolytes, DNA, proteins and other biologically important substances. In this lab we will be focusing on a small palette of biologically important elements and studying how they covalently bond. In covalent compounds, the behavior of these elements tends to be consistent and predictable. Group Electron Arrangement Number of Bonds and Lone Pairs 1A 7A 1 bond and no lone pairs H X 6A X = F, Cl, Br or I O O O 6A Version: 3/22/16 S 1 bond and 3 lone pairs in biological systems Oxygen generally has 2 bonds and 2 lone pairs, but may have one bond and 3 lone pairs in anions such as hydroxide, or 3 bonds and 1 lone pair in cations such as hydronium. Sulfur has 2 bonds and 2 lone pairs in biological systems. Page 1 of 8 Molecular Structures 5A N Nitrogen generally forms 3 bonds with 1 lone pair, but may form 4 bonds with no lone pairs in cations. N 5A 3- O O P O O 4A C Si In biological systems, phosphorus generally...
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...Chemistry 105 Spring, 2013 Unit 2 Summary 4/25 Outcomes: 1. To review air quality issues related to fossil fuel consumption and the limitations of this resource. 2. To define energy, work, heat, and temperature in scientific (thermodynamic) terms, and how the terms calorie, nutritional Calorie, joule, and kilojoule are related. 3. To describe the First Law of Thermodynamics as the conservation of energy, and the interplay of kinetic, potential, heat and work energy. To describe and apply the Second Law of Thermodynamics from several points of view: randomness, chaos, probability, distribution of matter and energy, energy efficiency. 4. To know that we measure energy only through change, such as with a calorimeter. 5. To use potential energy diagrams to represent changes that take place in reactions 6. To use the terms endothermic and exothermic to describe the entry or exit of heat from chemical systems (and that the opposite change must take place in the surroundings). 7. To know that energy changes in reactions come from changes in chemical bonds, and how they can be estimated from differences in bond energies of bonds broken vs. formed. 8. To express and interpret these changes in potential energy diagrams and apply these skills to the combustion of fuels. 9. To view and describe recent trends in energy source utilization. 10. To give specific details on the composition of coal and its impacts on environmental quality. Assignments: Read §4.1 – 4...
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...minerals in this food item. Minerals- Calicum- 100mg Iron- 0.37 mg Potassium- 59mg Sodium 71mg Vitamin C 60mg Niacin 1.99mg Vit B-6 0.201mg Vit B-12 0.59uG Vit A- 3501 IU 5. Are there other important nutritional components of this food item? If so, list these. If not, say so. B. Water: 1. How much of your food item is water? 2. Provide one reason why water is important for life. To adequately answer this question, it will be necessary to explain a reason for water’s importance based upon its chemical and /or physical properties. C. Biological Molecule: 1. State the most abundant category of biological molecule in your food: carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins. 2. Describe the structure of this type of molecule, and its primary function(s). This section willnot be a one sentence answer. In order to adequately “describe” an entire category of biological molecules, you will need to briefly review their basic molecular structures and functions. D. Recommendation: After identifying the nutritional components, discuss WHY you would or would not recommend this food item as part of a healthy, nutritious diet. Be sure to use references and guidelines such as the Food Pyramid and Recommended Daily Allowances to support your...
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...Observations on the Characteristics of Diffusion A Scientific Paper Submitted to Professor Christina Barazona College of Science and Mathematics - Department of Biological Sciences Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology Andres Bonifacio Avenue, Tibanga, 9200 Iligan City, Philippines By Janna R. Andalan August 2013 ABSTRACT The Experiment conducted involves diffusion. The point of this experiment was to know the characteristics of diffusion and to formulate hypothesis based on diffusion. It has also a purpose to see whether the diffusion is dependent on distance, rate and molecular weight of the substance. The estimation of distance is predicted by getting the average of the substance. Rate is predicted by subtracting the final diameter to initial diameter and dividing it by time. It is determined that there are three things which influence the movement of molecules such as kinetic energy, nature of the environment and size of the molecules. By this, we know which dye diffused at the fastest rate by measuring the diameter of the colored area immediately after adding the substance to the agar plate. After one hour of measuring the methylene blue by 15 minutes interval, the substance moved immediately in 0min until 45minutes, the remaining minutes remains the same. While on the potassium permanganate, the substance moved from 0minutes to 1hour. These happened because they had different molecular weight and also the size of the substance...
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...Halogen bonding, XB, is the product of a non-covalent interaction between a halogen X and a negative site B (e.g., Lewis base). The halogen, X, is usually part of an R-X molecule where R can be another halogen, an organic or an inorganic electron-donating-group. Halogen bonding (XB) is in some ways analogous to hydrogen bonding (HB). In the latter, a hydrogen atom is shared between an atom, group or molecule that “donates” and another that “accepts” it.[1-3] In halogen bonding, it is a halogen atom X that is shared between a donor R and an acceptor Y. Thus the two forms of interaction can be illustrated by: HB : R_H…Y XB : R_X…Y Because of their high electronegativity; halogen atoms in halo-organics are classically considered as sites of high...
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...Thus, resulting in the formation of a white smoke in the glass tube moving closer to the side of the heavier substance Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). The agar-water gel set-up consisted of a agar-water gel in a petri dish. Potassium Permanganate (KmnO4), Methylene Blue (C16H18N3SCl) had a drop in each well. Methylene Blue, having the heaviest weight, diffused slowly. Therefore, the heavier the molecular weight, the slower the rate of diffusion. Introduction Many interesting biological facts but usually, when modifications or experiments are tried, the investigator has some reason for doing so. A substance in the gaseous or liquid state consists of molecules or atoms that are independent, rapid, and random in motion. These molecules frequently collide with each other and with the sides of the container. In a period of time, this movement results in a uniform distribution of the molecules throughout the system. This process is called diffusion. Diffusion is a process of equalization which involves movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Materials and Methods Results Methylene Blue(MW: 320g/mole) | Potassium Permanganate(MW : 158g/mole) | Time(min) | Distance (mm) | Rate(mm/min) | Time(min) | Distance (mm) | Rate (mm/min) | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 15 | 16 | 1.06 | 15 | 32.67 | 2.178 | 30 | 16.3 | 0.5 | 30 | 36.67 | 1.23 | 45 | 17 | 0.38 | 45 | 40.3 | 0.89 | 60 | 16.67 | 0.28 | 60 | 43.67 | 0.72...
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...Computer Networks 53 (2009) 2753–2766 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Computer Networks journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/comnet Molecular communication options for long range nanonetworks Lluís Parcerisa Giné *, Ian F. Akyildiz The Broadband Wireless Networking (BWN) Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science devoted to provide new opportunities in a vast range of areas. In this paper, different techniques are proposed to enable the long range interconnection of nano-machines, deployed over distances from a few centimeters up to several meters. Long range nano-communications will enable the development of applications that could not be implemented using other techniques. The usage of both short-range nano techniques and long range micro techniques are not practical or are unfeasible for a huge application scope. Biologically inspired research provides promising features to long range communication, such as very low power consumption and biocompatibility. In this paper, several bio-inspired techniques are discussed following a twofold taxonomy divided according to whether a fixed physical link is required for signal propagation or not, i.e., either wired or wireless communication. In the first group, pheromones, spores, pollen and light transduction are discussed. In the second group, neuron-based...
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... The breakdown of one structure will ultimately affect the function of others. The medical field of gerontology deals with examining the biological changes of aging, both passive and active, that occur at the molecular and cellular levels. This paper will seek to explore those changes, and the affect that they have on the process of aging. Aging as a passive process involves the breakdown of structures and the resulting slowing of functions. At the molecular level, passive aging is seen as the degeneration of the elastin and collagen proteins of connective tissues. These proteins are primarily responsible for the smoothness and firmness of young skin. Consequently, when these proteins breakdown, the skin will sag, and the muscle will lose its firmness. Another sign of passive aging is the breakdown of lipids at the biochemical level. As aging membranes leak during this lipid degeneration, a fatty, brown pigment known as lipofuscin accumulates. As this happens, the mitochondria, or the "powerhouse of the cell" begins to break down, thereby decreasing the amount of energy that is being supplied to the cell. This cellular degeneration may be set into action by highly reactive chemicals known as free radicals. These molecules have an unpaired electron in the outermost valence shell. This causes the molecule to grab electrons from other molecules, setting into motion a chain reaction that destabilizes them, and causes death of the cell. These free radicals are the normal by-product...
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...Mass Spectrometry is the measuring of individual molecules or atoms that have been converted into ions to determine their molecular weight, identify unknown materials, and study molecular structures. Using a series of steps, Mass Spectrometry can be useful if you would like to identify molecules in a mixture, detect impurities in a sample, and analyze a purified protein. Mass spectrometry is in essence a method used for weighing atoms or molecules. A mass spectrometer determines the mass of a molecule by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of its ion. Ions are generated by inducing either the loss or gain of a charge from a neutral sample. Once formed, ions are directed into a mass analyzer where they are separated according to the mass-to-charge ration and finally detected. The results of molecular ionization, ion separation, and ion detection process can provide molecular mass and even physical information, all detected by an ion detector. The analyzer, detector of the mass spectrometer, and the ionization source are maintained under high vacuum to give the ions a coherent chance of travelling from one end of the instrument to the other without any interference from air molecules. Mass spectrometry can be very precise, depending on the ionization source. Essentially there are eight ionization methods. One of the most commonly used is the electrospray method. During standard electrospray ionization the sample is dissolved in into a fine aerosol. Because the ion formation...
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...experiments. Pauling then went off to college at Oregon Agricultural College, which is now called Oregon Stae University. In college he mainly studied how the chemical and physical properties of substances are like to the structures of atoms and molecules of which they are composed. During his senior year met his present wife, Ava Helen Miller. Pauling received his Bachelors degree on June 5, 1922, from OAC. Then he attened The California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. He received his doctorate summa cum laude with highest honors in chemistry, in 1925. After college he went to Europe for the next two years, for studying in the new field of quantum mechanics. The science of quantum mechanics is about the idea that particles can sometimes act like waves, and waves can sometimes act like particles that have zero mass. In 1927 Linus was named assistant professer on California Tech´s staff theoretical chemistry. Soon after he was amde a real professer an the university for chemistry. He left in 1963. Next he started with chemical structure. He started by figuring out the structure of many inorganic compounds.The Pauling attempted to understand the rules that control the molecule. He next went on to anticipate that the chemical and physical properties of atoms and ions. Then in 1930 he studied the structure of amino acid and small peptides. On April 6, 1931 he published his first major paper. It was called ¨The Nature of the Chemical...
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...Chemistry 1. 5 points of the particle theory: * 1. All matter is made up of tiny particle with empty spaces between them * 2. Different substances are made up of different particles * 3. Particle are always in constant random motion * 4. Particles of a substance move faster as the temperature increases * 5. Particles attract each other 2. Changing state from solid to liquid to gas: * form a solid when the forces are strong enough to form a rigid shape * they gain energy when heated and begin to move faster, when they can no longer hold each other, this forms the liquid state * if they are continued to be heated the particles literally fly apart 3. The difference between pure substances and mixtures: * pure substance: contains only one type of particle * element: a pure substance that can not be broken down into a simpler chemical substance by any physical or chemical means * compound: a pure substance composed of 2 or more different elements that are chemically joined * mixture: contains 2 or more types of particles * mechanical mixture: a mixture in which you can distinguish between different types of matter * solution: a uniform mixture of 2 or more substances 4. Difference between quantitative and qualitative properties: * quantitative property: a property of a substance that is measured and has a numerical value, such as temperature, heat and mass * qualitative property: a property of a substance...
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...around the glass closer to the side of the heavier substance (HCl, M = 36.4611 g/mole; dAve = 10.8 cm). The agar-water gel set up was composed of a petri dish of agar-water gel containing three wells. Drops of potassium permanganate (KMnO4), potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and methylene blue were simultaneously introduced to each well. Methylene blue, having the largest molecular weight, displayed the smallest diameter (18 mm) and diffused at the slowest rate (0.3668 mm/min.). Thus, the higher the molecular weight, the slower the rate of diffusion. INTRODUCTION A substance in the gaseous or liquid state consists of molecules or atoms that are independent, rapid, and random in motion. These molecules frequently collide with each other and with the sides of the container. In a period of time, this movement results in a uniform distribution of the molecules throughout the system. This process is called diffusion (Everett and Everett, n.d.). Diffusion occurs naturally, with the net movement of particles flowing from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Net diffusion can be restated as the movement of particles along the concentration gradient. 3 According to Meyertholen (n.d.), there are several factors which may affect the rate of diffusion of a substance. These factors include the size of the particle or the molecular weight of the substance, temperature or availability of energy...
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...Chapter 10 Outline The Shapes of Molecules Introduction Whether we consider the details of simple reactions, the properties of synthetic material, or the intricate life-sustaining processes of living cells, molecular shape is a crucial factor. 10.1 Depicting Molecules and Ions with Lewis Structures Lewis structures, also called electron-dot structures or electron-dot diagrams, are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule. A Lewis structure can be drawn for any covalently-bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds. Using the Octet Rule to Write Lewis Structures The octet rule tells us that all atoms want eight valence electrons (except for hydrogen, which wants only two), so they can be like the nearest noble gas. Use the octet rule to figure out how many electrons each atom in the molecule should have, and add them up. The only weird element is boron - it wants six electrons. Lewis Structures for Molecules with Single Bonds The atoms share a pair of electrons, and that pair is referred to as a bonding pair. The pairs of electrons which do not participate in the bond have traditionally been called "lone pairs". A single bond can be represented by the two dots of the bonding pair, or by a single line which represents that pair. The single line representation for a bond is commonly used in drawing Lewis structures for molecules. · Hydrogen atoms form one bond. · Carbon...
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