...Chloroplast- Site of Photosynthesis Stroma Thylakoid- Expanded Membrane Stroma Lamellae-Unexpanded Membrane Chlorophyll a & b- green (absorb light energy) Carotene- Orange Kanthophylls- Yellow Granum-Stack of Thylakoids Photosynthesis- Light Production 6CO2+6H2O light C6H12O6+6O2 Carbon Water Glucose Oxygen Dioxide (Sugar) Golgi Bodies Golgi apparatus Dictyosomes Vesicle Substance to be secreted from the cell Cell Wall synthesis in dividing plant cells cellulose. Vesticles- Single Unit membrane bound structure. 1. Lysosomes- Suicide bags- contain hydrolytic enzymes 2. Peroxisomes- Breakdown H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide) or other peroxides Cytockeleton- Consists of three types of fibers or filaments. 1. Microtubles- 25 nm thick (nonometers) 2. Intermediate Filaments- 8-10nm thick 3. Microfilaments- 7nm thick Function-Holding cellular organelles together and the movement of organelles Organelle- Small organ Plant vs. Animal Cells 1. Cell Wall (Plant) 2. Central Vacuole (Plant) 3. Chloroplast (Plant) 4. Centrioles (Animal) Eukaryorotic Cells- Cells with a nucleus Prokararyotic Cells- Bacteria 1. No Nucleus, but have Chromosomes 2. No Organelles- Mitochondria, Chloroplast 3. Have Ribosomes- Smaller than Eukarote 4. Have Cell Wall 5. Photosythetic membranes 6. Flagella and/or phili mobie Cell Junctions Plasmamembrane...
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...Darwin’s take on evolution. The mechanism he proposed for this was called natural selection, which is another way of saying unequalled reproductive success. First, he observed overproduction and competition. Next, he observed individual variation. Finally Darwin concluded unequalled reproductive success, or those best suited for the surroundings survived. 3. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? A hypothesis is an uncertain answer to a question, therefore untrue, and able to be tested. Another way to look at it is a judged explanation. A theory has a much broader scope than a hypothesis. An element is a substance than cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reaction Chapter 2: Chemistry for Biology • What is the difference between and element and a compound? An element is a substance than cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reaction. Compounds are substances that contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio. 2. Draw a picture of an atom. Label the nucleus, protons, neutrons and electrons 3. What is a covalent bond? A covalent bond forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons. 4. Why does ice float? In liquid water, hydrogen bonds all the time, coming apart and coming back together again. Ice floats because as water is cooled down, stable hydrogen bond hold the molecules apart, therefore making ice less dense than liquid water. Chapter 3: The molecules of life ...
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...Mitosis of Cancer Multi cellular organisms, like humans are made up of billions of cells. These cells need to divide and copy themselves for a variety of reasons. The most common form of cell division is called mitosis. This is used for growth and repair. During the mitosis process a cell makes an exact copy of itself and splits into two new cells. The cell cycle has built in checkpoints that allow problems to be corrected before the cycle advances. Certain proteins, the products of “checkpoint” genes, can monitor weather a cell’s DNA has been copied completely or weather it has been damaged. Such proteins interact to delay or stop the cell cycle while simultaneously enhancing transcription of genes involved in chromosome repair. If this process goes uncorrected it can cause the cell to self- destruct. When checkpoint gene mutates so that its protein product no longer works correctly its production fails. Leaving the cell to either make too much or too little of its product. When too many of the checkpoints fail the cell will eventually lose control over the cell cycle. The problem with this is the checkpoint malfunctions are passed along to the cells descendants. This process is called a neoplasm. It’s an accumulation of cells that lost control over how they grow and divide. Mitosis is closely controlled by the genes inside every cell. Sometimes this control can go wrong. If that happens in just a single cell, it can replicate itself to make new cells that are also out of...
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...Bio 101 Review Sheet Test #1 (Chapters 1-3) Chapter 1 1. Cell is basic unit of life 2. Hierarchy of life figure 3. 3 Energy categories and examples of each Producer-plants and some microbes Consumer-humans and other animals Decomposer-fungi and other animals 4. Energy transfers are not 100% efficient – why? Cant capture all of the energy supplied by one source a. Where does all energy for biology come from? sun 5. Homeostasis- state of internal consistency or equilibrium 6. 2 types of reproduction asexual and sexual b. Benefits to sexual reproduction benefit of tremendous variation 7. Adaptation inherited characteristics or behaviors that enables an organism to survive and reproduce successfully in a given environment c. How it contributes to natural selection and evolution individuals with the better combinations of genes survive and reproduce 8. Evolution change in genetic makeup of a population 9. Why it’s important to take all your antibiotics so all of the bacteria can be eliminated, some of the bacteria can become stronger. 10. Taxonomy classification of life’s diversity 11. What our species name is homo sapiens 12. Order of taxonomic categories – mnemonic device! Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species 13. 3 domains bacteria, archaea, eukaryote d. Basic differences e. What our domain is f. What domain universal ancestor likely is in archaea ...
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...Decide were to apply ACL and in which directions. There for I will place the access list on F0/0 of 2811 the nearest port of 182.64.0.0 R1>enable R1#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z R1 (config) # access-list 101 deny ip host 182.64.0.0 182.62.0.0 0.0.0.0 R1 (config) # access-list 101 permit ip any any R1 (config) # interface fast Ethernet 0/0 R1 (config-if) # ip access-group 101 in R1 (config - if) # exit R1 (config) # Now I will block host to network R1 (config) # access-list 102 deny ip host 182.64.0.0 182.62.0.0 255.255.255.255 R1 (config) # access-list 102 permit ip any any R1 (config) # interface fast Ethernet 0/0 R1 (config-if) # ip access-group 102 in R1 (config - if) # exit R1 (config) # Block all telnet R1 (config) # access-list 104 deny ip host 182.64.0.0 182.62.0.0 0.0 0.0.0.0 eq23 R1 (config) # access-list 104 deny ip any any eq23 R1 (config) # access-list 104 permit ip any any R1 (config) # interface fast 0/0 R1 (config-if) # ip access-group 104 in R1 (config - if) # exit Block all ftp traffic R1 (config) # access-list 103 deny ip host 182.64.0.0 182.62.0.0 0.0 0.0.0.0 eq23 R1 (config) # access-list 103 deny ip any any eq23 R1 (config) # access-list 103 permit ip any any R1 (config) # interface Ethernet 0/0 R1 (config-if) # ip access-group 103 in R1 (config - if) # exit Reference Cisco. (n.d.). Configuring Commonly Used IP ACLs. Retrieved from http://www...
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...For Liquid samples: 1. Put the liquid samples on slides. 2. Keep the slides overnight at room temperature or heat at 55-60oC for 1hr. 3. Stain with Erythrocin. (Keep slides inside beaker containing erythrocin for 20-25 mins) 4. Counter stain with Fast green. 5. Observe the slides under microscope. Erythrocin Stain 210ml Fast Green Stain 100ml Erythrocin 4g Fast Green 5g Acetone 20ml Glacial Acetic Acid 50ml Phenol 10ml Water 50ml Water 180ml Observations: At 1000x magnification, Cells observed with a Pink Head and Purple Lower body are sperms. The sperm cells are significantly smaller than epithelial cells. The tail is however not visible. Chapter 5 Investigation Of Murder Cases For conviction of a culprit in murder cases, it is necessary that the investigators can provide concrete reports that: 1. The samples were not planted at the crime scene after the death/murder of the victim at some other place. 2. The culprit was present at the sites of murder, when it took place. 3. The weapon recovered from the suspect/accused/scene of crime was the same as that was used for murder. DNA analysis of the crime scene can help establish all these facts. The following steps are involved in the forensic investigation of murder crimes: 1. Cell Lysis: Evidences containing samples of both victim as well as the culprit may be present at the crime scene. These evidences may include cigarette butts(containing saliva), weapon used (may contain blood stains of victim and epithelial cells...
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...Adrian Howley Classical Argument Reporting earthquakes are very critical to studying the behavior of tectonic plates. The very first recorded earthquake occurred in the year 1831 B.C. and is currently known today as the 526 Antioch Earthquake. The area affected was Antioch, China (located between the Syria and Turkey regions). Not much is known about how the report was formed. However, this historic report did include information about how the aftershocks lasted for twelve months. Other details from this report indicate that the death toll is around 250,000 to 300,000 casualties. Scientists today can only prove that the earthquake occurred between May 20 and May 29 (date translated from B.C. to Calendar Year). The first instrument to measure the seismic waves of earthquakes was invented by Charles F. Richter at the California Institute of Technology. (Bellis, 2013) He introduced his new instrument called the Richter scale, to the world of science. His invention allows scientists today to study the mechanics behind earthquakes and locate the epicenter to which the natural disaster originated. The largest earthquake recorded by the Richter scale was measured on May 22, 1960 at a magnitude of 9.5. The quake resulted in 1,886 deaths, 2,000,000 homeless, and $1,175,000,000 total in damages. (“The Largest Earthquake”, [PDF file]) If we want to see these large numbers slide down to zero, the impossible will need to be challenged by science. Skyscrapers are buildings consisting...
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...Building the Burj Khalifa: Main: Chronological order 200 Mechanical, electrical and plumbing: air conditioning (temperature), 300 Safety – (getting everyone out) refuge rooms 300 Elevators– mention of transition from steam to motor and latched systems and electrical brakes and coping with load 100 Spire 100 Maintenance - Broadcast and communications floors, Mechanical Floors Conc: How it has progressed engineering and enabled more (buttress structure). Future plans – The kingdom Tower in Saudi (1km into the sky) Building potential: Space elevator, new arising problems, strength of materials, what that would mean and enable if possible. Throughout history, progression and advancement in technology has fundamentally separated us from our evolutionary antecedents, enabling a life of greater comfort, extravagance and an increased ability to procreate and sustain ourselves. This improvement is especially apparent in the world of architecture and civil engineering, where there has been an unremitting ambition to surpass the existing boundaries, particularly with regards to height. The most renowned early example of a structure where height was key are the Pyramids of Giza where elevation was crucial in order to radiate power and divine authority. The tallest pyramid, standing at 146.5m, was built more than 4500 years ago, and remained the tallest manmade structure for the next 3800 years, until the 1300s when Lincoln Cathedral was built topping it by only 13.5m [1][2]...
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...western hemisphere. High building consists of approximately 104 standard floor is 541 meters. This building was opened in November 2014. One World Trade Center (Freedom Tower) looks like a pyramid when viewed from the road surface near to the building, as seen in the image of the building. https://timedotcom.files.wordpress.com 7. Taipe 101 (509m) This building is located in Taipei, Taiwan. Height of the building is 509 m with the total floors are 101. In many cases, the building is recognized as one of the most advanced skyscrapers in the world. One of the superiorities of this building is having a fiber-optic and internet connection satellite which can reach speeds of 1 gigabyte per second. Besides, the elevator building also was fastest than Burj Khalifa, 63 km/hour means that to reach the 89th floor, it only takes 39 seconds. The building was already used in 2004 has a sophisticated tools that can stabilize the building from the force of earthquakes and hurricanes. http://www.taipei-101.com.tw/ 8. Shanghai World Financial Center (492m) The tower is located in Pudong, Shanghai, China and has a height of 492 m with the floors total 101. The top floor is 474 m and was built in 1997-2008. The most distinctive of this building is the trapezium aperture at the top. Aperture with a diameter of 46 m it functions for reducing the pressure of the wind. And the uniqueness of this building if we observed it looks like a giant corkscrew. http://www.maersk.com/ 9. International...
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...Photography Photography * Transforms the passing moment of a three dimensional event into a frozen instant reduced in size on a flat piece of paper. * Transforms a three dimensional composition into two dimensional. Uses of Photography in the Philippines * Portraiture * In the Philippines, the first forms of photos were of the size of calling cards called cartes de visite (4” x 2 ½”) and the tarjeta (3 ½” x 5 ½”) used for mailing as a postcard. * In the 1800’s, photo studios sprouted in Sta. Cruz, Binondo and Quiapo. * Life-size photos are hung in living rooms and became status symbols. * Research and Documentation * Photo journalism became a field which shows a visualized history through photos captured in actual events. * Travel and Tourism * Photos are used widely to promote the beauty of the country like photos of colorful festival celebrations, beautiful tourist spots and night life posted in the net and magazines. * Propaganda * Used as an effective communication tool to promote political messages. * Photos are also incorporated in the campaign materials of the government. * Advertising * Photographs are used to sell products, services and personalities. * Billboards and print ads used photographs more than text to sell. * Artists’ tool and art medium * Augusto Fuster is the first painter who used photographs to composed pictures as paintings. * Photographs are also used by artists...
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...SUCCESS QUOTES Your Ultimate Inspirational Guide By Patric Chan “Enrich Your Mind, Unleash Your Potential. Success Begins Within You.” http://www.esuccessmastery.com * Anthony Robbins * Dale Carnegie * Dr. Stephen Covey * Brian Tracy * Jim Rohn * * Napoleon Hill * Mark Victor Hansen * Robert Kiyosaki * Brought to you by : Noel Hynes http://ebookdirectory.com Congratulations on taking the first step toward achieving success!! Why I wrote and compiled this ebook ... Because I know how you feel. The burning desire for success and the determination you have to achieve it. The rich knowledge and resources provided in this ebook had been read personally by me, and I had benefited from it. I guess, all the featured successful men in the ebook don’t have to be introduced anymore as I’ll assume that you would have heard of them. If you do not know about them yet, just type their name in the search engine and you will find them. I will only recommend authors and coaches whom I know from my personal experience who are successful and inspirational. If you sell the product in which you believe in or you have benefited from personally, you will be a very successful person. I’ll always prefer to promote the products/services that I had used, reviewed, joined or read before. We live in abundance of wealth today. There is no limit to our earnings; we have the capacity to earn extraordinary income if we are determined to achieve it. What is most important is how we deliver our...
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...5 BEST PLACES TO VISIT IN THE WORLD | | BURJ KHALIFA, DUBAI * It is a skyscraper in Dubai, UAE. * It is the tallest man-made structure in the world, standing at 829.8 m (2,722 ft). 1)At 828 meters (2,716.5 feet) tall, Burj Khalifa is 3 times as tall as Eiffel Tower and twice as tall as the Empire State Building.2. Burj Khalifa holds the world Records on: tallest freestanding structure in the world, highest number of stories in the world, highest occupied floor in the world, highest outdoor observation deck in the world, elevator with longest travel distance in the world, and tallest service elevator in the world.3. It is said that the weight of concrete used to build the skyscraper is equivalent to 100,000 elephants and the steel used to construct the frame is equal to that of 5 Airbus 380 aircrafts.4. The building design takes after the Greek flower, Hymenocallis. The name is translated as Beautiful Membrane in Greek.5. The building was constructed by a South Korean Company called South Korean company, Samsung Engineering and Construction.6. Burj Khalifa was built at a cost of $1.5 billion, It is supplied with about 250,000 gallons of water daily, and its electricity needs can go up to 360,000 100-watt bulbs burning at once.7. During the peak of construction, atleast 12,000 workers worked on the construction site per day.8. The tip of the sphere of Burj Khalifa can be seen from 95 kilometers away.9. The tower was to be called Burj Dubai but this was changed at...
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...structure. The Burj Dubai, situated in Dubai, will soon be the tallest building in the world, bypassing the previous record holder, the Taipei 101 by almost 290 metres giving it an astonishing 800 metre height. With over 2700 feet, designing and constructing such a vast building has given significant challenges to engineers and designers alike. Since the building can hold up to 35,000 people at once, it is essential that it is strong, comfortable and able to move people up and down it at a steady rate. This essay will explore how the designers and engineers went about solving these issues. One of the key problems the engineers had to overcome was effect of the wind load and how it would affect the building motions due to the extraordinary height of the tower. Wind load is something that must be taken into account for all buildings, but obviously the wind velocity increases the higher you go and since the structure is over 800 metres tall, there is guaranteed to be a large wind force acting on the building. Three different engineering firms: Skidmore, Owings and Merrill who were all working on the project, hired the RWDI (Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin Inc.) a wind and environmental engineering firm to conduct wind studies on the Burj Dubai’s design. The RWDI had worked on a number of previous projects such as the Petronas Towers and the Taipei 101 and its facilities included four boundary wind tunnels. Their job was to minimize the effects of the wind load and building motion of the...
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...Entry 1 (24th September 2012) It's exactly 12:01 am now, and seeing that this is my first entry, I should update a little of myself. I'm currently at Taiwan for a short vacation with my high school friends of about 10years. And they are Lee Sue Ee, Soh Pei Ling, and Chong Yee Wun. We arrived here on Saturday, 22nd September 2012, and so far it has been an hectic journey seeing that we are here on our own for the first time and we did not go through any travel agency. Enough of updating, I just finish my STA assessment and e-mailed it to my group mates to submit later in the morning. I just hope that I did good enough despite my heavy schedule and with little initiative. Oh yes, I am now in my room while the girls are sleeping and the view is just amazingly breath-taking. How fortunate i am that I could do my assignment while looking at this sea view. The sound of the rushing waves eases my mind to relaxation and light music as my background to suit my emotion. The only thing that lack, is a partner to share this spectacular moment. Anyway, I should sleep now. Gotta be up early later for another tour around the north-east Taiwan before heading to the capital city Taipei later in the evening. I will update my entry again later whilst exploring every possibility here. Good Night ! Good afternoon, it was quite a day after waking up restlessly. Breakfast here was amazing, I mean, what more can we ask with such nature phenomenal as our spectacular view. After finishing our...
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...Seven Wonders of 21st Century Architecture You may not be able to name them all, but most people have at least heard of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World. Here’s a list with links: Great Pyramid of Giza, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Temple of Artemis, Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, Colossus of Rhodes, and the Lighthouse of Alexandria . Of the seven, only the Pyramid remains, the rest we know of only through historic documents.[1] There have been other “7 Wonders” lists and in 2007, the Swiss government sponsored a project to create a new list, with selections made by popular vote. Over 100 million votes were cast, and the new 7 Wonders were announced as follows: Chichen Itza (the Yucatan, Mexico pyramid), Christ the Redeemer (Brazil’s enormous statue of Jesus), Colosseum (Rome’s arena of Gladiators),Great Wall of China (you can see it from space!),Machu Picchu (ancient city built on an unbelievably high mountain top in Peru),Petra (Jordan’s city cut directly into the side of a stone mountain ),and the Taj Mahal (India’s majestic temple/mausoleum).[2] But my final Cyber Journey of the semester started not as a stroll through history, but as a trip into the future of arts and Architecture with a look at another “7 Wonders” list – The 7 New Wonders of the 21st Century [3], as selected by Architecture, an online review published by the website Quazen. With no further ado, here are the 7: * Millau Viaduct http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millau_Viaduct ...
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