...Bipolar Disorder Research Paper Evaluating Bipolar Disorder History of the Disorder Bipolar Disorder, formally known as “manic-depressive disorder,” is one of the oldest disorders that dates back to the second century. Aretaeus, who lived in the ancient city Cappadocia in Turkey, was the first to find and connect symptoms of mania and depression. Jules Farlet connected depression to suicide in 1854 and led to the term “Bipolar Disorder.” He found that moments of depression were linked to heightened moods and saw that there was a difference between this and simple depression. In 1875, these findings led to the term of “Manic-Depressive Psychosis.” He also later found a genetic link with this disorder. Francois Baillarger found and explained the depressive phase of the disorder and then received its own classification as a mental illness because of this finding. Emil Krapelin created the term manic-depressive after a study focusing on the how manic states effect depression. After fifteen years, the disorder was accepted and became a big theory of the 1930’s. An article, published in The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorder in 1952, showed that there was a genetic link in the disorder and that there is a chance that manic depression can run in the family. The 1960’s saw many cases of people with the disorder that were being institutionalize and were barely helped because Congress refused to treat manic depression as an actual illness. The 1970’s saw laws and standards...
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...Bipolar Disorder Pamela Anderson Rasmussen College Author’s Note This assignment is being submitted on 02-16-14 for Jennifer Carlstrom HS 280 Abnormal Psychology course. Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder resembles a person taking a ride on a roller coaster with many ups and downs in their moods. A person with Bipolar disorder is characterized with having a tendency to fluctuate between manic and depressive episodes. This paper will define each type of bipolar disorder, will show the main difference between each type and will explain how the fluctuation between manic and depressive episodes play a part in distinguishing between both types of bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is classified into two types, bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. Bipolar I disorder has the following diagnostic criteria: “A presence or history of one or more major depressive episodes, a presence or history of at least one hypomanic episode, there has never been a manic episode or mixed episode, the mood symptoms from A and B are not better accounted for by schizoaffective disorder and are not superimposed on schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder or psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, the symptoms causing clinically significant distress or impairment in; social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning” (Barlow & Durand, 2012, p.221). “Bipolar II has these same criteria except the individual experiences a full manic episode” (Barlow &...
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...Bipolar disorder was once known as manic-depressive disorder, and has caught the interest in scholars dating back to ancient Greece. Yet it still remains a mystery in many ways. Hypomania, with its euphoria, energy, and productivity, has been described as a powerful elixir, and here is no other psychiatric condition in which people report craving the return of symptoms. But with this, Amazing work has come from people with bipolar disorders, like Vincent Van Gogh, Martin Luther, Amy Lowell, and other Brilliant people. Although mania can be powerful and alluring, bipolar disorders is one of the most sever of psychiatric disorders. Kraepelin (1921) has described this illness more than 80 years ago. He noted the types of symptoms, pattern of episodes,...
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...Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive disorder has been around for a long time, some said as far back as 300 to 500AD. Most people who were diagnosed with bipolar back in that time were considered or thought of as being crazy or being possessed by the devil’s spirit. In the Middle Ages those that were afflicted with mental illness were thought to be guilty of wrongdoing, since there disease was a manifestation of wrongdoing (Stephens, 2014). The treatment or punishment for those that had bipolar and that were thought of as being “crazy “, was to chain them up or to restrain them, or cut the person to let the blood drain out of the body. People who had bipolar were also given potions and electric eels were placed around the skulls of the person. There have even been times where witchcraft was used to “try” to cure those that that were ill. The ancient Greeks and Romans used waters from northern Italian spas to treat agitated or euphoric patients, and later the Greeks and Romans believed lithium salts were absorbed into the body as a naturally occurring mineral (Stephens, 2014). Now, bipolar disorder is treated differently, when treating a person for bipolar, the individual is given a doctor and a therapist who understand the disorder. There may also be group or family counseling sessions that may need to be done as well. Treatment options that there are today versus the old ways have changed drastically. Patients are now hospitalized if...
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...Criterion B and C task Bi Polar Disorder Bi polar disorder, also known as bipolar affective disorder and in the past as manic depressive illness is a disorder characterized by extreme swings in mood – varying from periods of elevated, overactive, excited behaviour – known as ‘mania’ or ‘hyponia – to periods of deep depression. However, in between these severe mood swings, there are stable periods. The amount of time during which you are stable varies depending on the severity of the disorder. The disorder is rather common, and one in every 100 adults are diagnosed with the condition at one point in their life. Although Bipolar disorders most often develop between the ages of 18 and 24, it is not restricted to that period of time, and can occur at any age. Individuals from all backgrounds are all equally likely to develop bipolar disorder. In the periods of Hypomania, Some people are prone to seeing or hearing things that others around them don't (visual or auditory hallucinations) or unusual, unshared, beliefs (known as delusions). During a period of mania a person suffering from this disorder feels or acts abnormally happy, energetic, or extremely irritable, they make ill-advised and poorly calculated decisions with little to no regards regard to the consequences. In addition, it sometimes causes them to be less aware of the bodies need, such as not feeling hunger, and the need for sleep is also reduced. During the ‘low’ periods of depression there may be crying...
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...RUNNING HEAD: Personality Disorders: Making a Diagnosis Personality Disorders: Making a Diagnosis Anya Dobbs Walden University September 27, 2015 Given the stigma and often-times lifelong courses of mental disorders, I would like to have more time and information from this patient in order to make a definitive diagnosis, but based on the information I have, I would likely diagnose him with Schizoid Personality Disorder, 302.01. “Schizoid personality disorder is a pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression” (APA, 2013, p. 645). The patient in question displays almost every symptom that is characteristic of the disorder, based on the information he has provided. Criterion A states the patient must display at least four of seven symptoms displaying “a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of context” (APA, 2013, P. 652). Based on what the patient provided, his symptoms did begin by early adulthood as he mentioned his behaviors while in college and they are present in a variety of context- school, work, personal, and familial areas of his life. Five out of seven of the criterion symptoms apply to the patient: Criterion A1 states, “Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, including being a part of the family” (APA, 2013, p. 653). The patient expressed how he came to see the therapist...
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...selected from the movie was Annie Wilkes (Kathy Bates). Her Diagnoses according to Axis were as follows: Axis I: 295.70, Schizoaffective Disorder, Bipolar Type Axis II: 301.22, Schizotypal Personality Disorder Axis III: None Axis IV: No support system, problems with legal issues, no interpersonal relationships According to the behaviors exhibited by Annie the criteria associated with her diagnosis of Schizoaffective Disorder are: 1.An uninterrupted period of illness during which there is a major depressive episode, a manic episode, or a mixed episode, concurrent with symptoms that meet criterion A for schizophrenia 2. During the same period of illness, delusions or hallucinations persisting for over 2 weeks in the absence of prominent mood symptoms. 3. Symptoms meeting criteria for a mood episode are present for a substantial portion of the total duration the active and residual periods of the illness. 4. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a drug of abuse, a medication, or a general medical condition. 5. Bipolar subtype: if the disturbance includes a manic or a mixed episode (or a manic or a mixed episode and major depressive episodes) Annie’s obsession with Paul Sheldon indeed contributed to her initial behaviors of keeping him hostage at her home. The additional behaviors associated with schizoaffective disorders were introduced as she read his book and the character she liked was killed off her mood changed. She also did not...
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...A Cultural Review of Bipolar Disorder Jasmine Matlock Abnormal Psychology In my analysis I will be depicting the cultural views on Bipolar Disorder. In short, Bipolar Disorder formerly known as Manic-Depressive disorder is the elevation and downfall of two extreme moods. This is to include moods that are too high- mania, and moods that are that are too low –depressive. Many get confused as to what is considered manic. It is not just excitement or a temporary euphoric feeling but rather an extremely happy or enjoyable state of being that is prolonged for hours, days, or weeks if not treated. This would seem like a good thing to someone who would be unaware of the situations in a manic state of mind, however, under manic episodes people have the potential to be very inappropriate and lose their sense of otherwise clear judgment. This can obviously affect the average daily living of an individual who can fall victim to symptomatic irritability or out be of control with their inflated self esteem and decreased sleep. On the other end of the spectrum you have the depressive episodes, where you are filled with feelings of total loss and emptiness. Periods of normal feelings known as euthymic moods are commonly intervened between the two extremes. Not whole heartedly recognized in other countries, Bipolar disorders are not uncommon. However people can go through their whole lives without proper treatment systems or even a proper diagnosis. In The United States we are very...
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...Abstract Paraphilic disorders affect people from every race, sex, age, nationality, religion, social and economic status. These disorders can be prevalent in the life span of an individual or during particular stages of an individual’s life. The time of onset for any particular paraphilic disorder could indicate different etiologies and interventions. This paper will examine the various paraphilic disorders listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). The term paraphilia means any intense and persistent sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation or consensual sex among two adults. The different disorders will be examined along with...
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...Mood DISORDERS Mood DISORDERS are defined by the presence of mood EPISODES Types of Mood DISORDERS • depressive (major depressive disorder, dysthymia) • bipolar (Bipolar I/II disorder, cyclothymia) • secondary to GMC, substances, medications _ mood EPISODES represent a combination of symptoms comprising a predominant mood state • types of Mood EPISODES: major depressive, manic, mixed, hypomanic MOOD EPISODES Major Depressive Episode (MDE) A. at least 5 of the following symptoms present for 2 weeks, one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest • M ood - depressed • S leep - increased or decreased (if decreased, often early morning awakening) • I nterest - decreased • G uilt/worthlessness • E nergy - decreased or fatigued • C oncentration/difficulty making decisions • A ppetite and/or weight increase or decrease • P sychomotor activity - increased or decreased • S uicidal ideation B. symptoms do not meet criteria for mixed episode C. symptoms cause significant social or occupational impairment/distress D. exclude if substance-induced or due to a GMC E. symptoms not better accounted for by bereavement (a constellation of depressive symptoms meeting criteria for a MDE appearing within 2 months of the death of a close relative) Manic Episode A. a period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood lasting at least 1 week (or less if hospitalized) B. during this period three of the following symptoms (four if mood is only irritable; mnemonic...
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...Mania Mania, the presence of which is a criterion for certain psychiatric diagnoses, is a state of abnormally elevated or irritable mood, arousal, and energy levels. In a sense, it is the opposite of depression. The word derives from the Greek "μανία" (mania), "madness, frenzy. In addition to mood disorders, individuals may exhibit manic behavior as a result of drug intoxication (notably stimulants such as cocaine or methamphetamine), medication side effects (notably steroids), or malignancy. However, mania is most often associated with bipolar disorder, where episodes of mania may alternate with episodes of major depression. The criteria for bipolar do not include depressive episodes and the presence of mania in the absence of depressive episodes is sufficient for a diagnosis. Regardless, even those who never experience depression experience cyclical changes in mood. These cycles are often affected by changes in sleep cycle (too much or too little). Mania varies in intensity, from mild mania (known as hypomania) to full-blown mania with psychotic features including hallucinations, delusion of grandeur, suspiciousness, catatonic behavior, aggression, and a preoccupation with thought and schemes that may lead to self neglect.. Naturally, since mania and hypomania have also been associated with creativity and artistic talent, it is not always the case that the clearly manic bipolar person will need or want medical assistance; such people will often either retain sufficient...
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...Psychological Disorders Psychological disorders can be very serious, and in most cases are very serious. As many as 450 million people suffer around the world from mental illnesses, including various anxiety disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders and more. Psychological disorders can be mentally debilitating and even lead to self-harm and suicide. These disorders and illnesses are nothing to joke about and should be taken seriously. Psychologists point that while someone may have a disorders, they shouldn't be looked at as they're disorder. For instance a child with autism should not be referred to as an "autistic person". Instead we should say "people with autism" because there is so much more to people than their disorder. We are all still humans, regardless of the disorder or illness that some of us may have. Psychological disorders may not always be noticeable to friends, family and/or their surroundings as we may not be able to see their disability. Psychological disorders are often referred to as invisible disabilities, because even though someone may have one, they're often able to hide it from you. I think the majority of people that choose to hide their mental illnesses is due to the fact they don't want to be looked at as "crazy". I, myself, have an anxiety and mood disorder and I can say I choose to hide this from most people because I don't want to be looked at as "a crazy person" or mentally unstable, even though that may very well be the case. I think the...
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...ADHD Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Joselito B. Diaz, MD, FPNA College of Rehabilitation Sciences Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Characterized by a pattern of diminished sustained attention and higher levels of hyperactivity-impulsivity in a child, older adolescent or adult, more than expected for that age and developmental level Subtypes: Predominantly inattentive presentation Predominantly hyperactiveimpulsive presentation Combined presentation Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Inattention manifest behaviorally as wandering off task, lacking persistence, having difficulty sustaining focus, and being disorganized and is not due to defiance or lack of comprehension Hyperactivity refers to excessive motor activity when it is not appropriate; in adults may manifest as extreme restlessness or wearing others out with their activity Impulsivity refers to hasty actions that occur in the moment without forethought and that have high potential for harm to the individual Desire for immediate rewards or inability to delay gratification Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Establish that the patient has either inattention or hyperactivity/impulsivity or both that has persisted at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with their developmental level Several symptoms that caused impairment presented before the age of 12 Clear evidence...
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...Psychotraumatology Institute Introduction to the Theoretical Model The Psych traumatology Evaluation approach to this client’s evaluation and therapy has been successfully used to treat Anxiety Disorders. 2 In this case study, the client has Post Traumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD]; which is one of the most complex mental health diagnosis on the IC10 scale in the Anxiety Disorder category. This case study presents the lead clinicians application of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and (CBT) methodology. The application of the CBT model called Rational Emotional Behavioural Therapy (REBT) will be applied. 3 The client’ has a history of substance misuse disorder, separate but included with his post traumatic stress disorder the acronym (PTSD) will be used thereafter, this is the second component of his “dual diagnosis disorder”. REBT is an effective behavioural therapy model for addressing the developmental history model of addictions (drug and alcohol) treatment; and Psychodynamic Therapy aspect of counselling theory and practical application. In REBT, the application of the Psychoanalytic method, the client’s historical awareness of his potentially progressive disease and its distortions in thinking [denial] is addressed through the application of ABC’s of irrational thinking. 4 The lead clinician will assist the client with an REBT problem self-assessment; and application of the Model mental health chemical dependency treatment. 5 In this case...
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...INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY of the CARIBBEAN SAVANNA-LA-MAR CAMPUS COURSE: Guidance and Counseling / Psychology (year 3) Borderline Personality Disorder TERM PAPER IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT of the COURSE: Abnormal Psychology PRESENTED TO: MS. Loi Perry PRESENTED BY: Kerese Mckenzie ID#: 1220654 Date: March 24, 2016 The current diagnostic criteria set for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is taken from the American Psychiatric Association’s DSM-5 (APA, 2013). Patients must meet five of nine criteria in order to be diagnosed with BPD. Patients who partially, but incompletely, meet this criteria set may be considered to have borderline personality traits or features. Although not fulfilling criteria for the full disorder, such a formulation may nonetheless be useful in guiding treatment decisions. Borderline personality disorder is said to be one of the most misunderstood diseases. According to John Grohol, it is a condition marked by a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following: 1. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. Note: Do not include suicidal or self-mutilating behaviour, as it is covered in Criterion 5. 2. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation...
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