...CRITICAL REVIEW LITERATURE ARTICLE 1 TITLE ( CITATION) | Family Socioeconomic Status and Self-Reported Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Black and White American Adolescents | RESEARCH QUESTIONS | Indicators of Socioeconomic StatusSexually Transmitted Disease PrevalenceMaternal EducationMaternal OccupationHousehold CompositionAdjusted Household Income | OBJECTIVES | The objective of this study was to assess associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and adolescent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) stratified by race and gender. | TYPES OF STUDY | Cross-sectional study | SAMPLE SIZE | 4 family SES indicators and STD reports for black and white 7th through 12th graders were examined. | RESULT | STD reports were higher for adolescents not living in 2-parent homes, and lower income was only associated for black males. | MAJOR FINDINGS | Measures indicating lower SES were more consistently related to STD among blacks. Family structure, maternal occupation, and, to a lesser extent, maternal education were associated with STDs among black females and males. For black males, the association of STDs with maternal education and occupation were not statistically significant; however, the magnitudes of the point estimates were comparable to those of black females, suggesting important, but imprecise, effects. In contrast, only nontraditional family structure was associated with STD among white females. Income was generally a poor indicator of STD risk in all groups...
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...The effects of poverty The effects of poverty are serious. Children who grow up in poverty suffer more persistent, frequent, and severe health problems than do children who grow up under better financial circumstances. * Many infants born into poverty have a low birth weight, which is associated with many preventable mental and physical disabilities. Not only are these poor infants more likely to be irritable or sickly, they are also more likely to die before their first birthday. * Children raised in poverty tend to miss school more often because of illness. These children also have a much higher rate of accidents than do other children, and they are twice as likely to have impaired vision and hearing, iron deficiency anemia, and higher than normal levels of lead in the blood, which can impair brain function. Levels of stress in the family have also been shown to correlate with economic circumstances. Studies during economic recessions indicate that job loss and subsequent poverty are associated with violence in families, including child and elder abuse. Poor families experience much more stress than middle-class families. Besides financial uncertainty, these families are more likely to be exposed to series of negative events and “bad luck,” including illness, depression, eviction, job loss, criminal victimization, and family death. Parents who experience hard economic times may become excessively punitive and erratic, issuing demands backed by insults, threats, and...
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...sign of ignorance. But, in all of its successes, social justice has failed to cure the black community of poverty—the problem to which black Americans’ disproportionate crime rate can ultimately be attributed. The statistics for black crime do not indicate that is some innate aggressiveness in blacks; rather, the statistics point to a number of significant factors that contribute to and account for the disproportionate crime rate of black Americans. Centuries of racism have landed black Americans in a seemingly inescapable trench of poverty. This trench was dug deeply by a number of racist institutions:...
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...Amanda Germain Mrs. Leeker ENG111 2/25/14 Poverty and Homelessness: An Annotated Bibliography. “Black Parents Demand ‘World-Class’ Education, Too.” Washington Informer. 20. Mar 2013. ProQuest. Web. 15 Feb. 2014. In the article ‘World-Class Education’, it said that education need to be affordable for the community of African American. Some African American children are dropout which had damaged the community. Without education, the middle class people would not be able to sustain their family which can lead to society loss. Parents need to back their children education and to avoid them from dropping out of school. The source wants the middle-class to educate themselves so that they could have greater life for themselves and their family. It pressure parents and children to get educated. I would use this article for my research paper because it explain how lack of education lead to poverty and homelessness. It also discussed the importance of education in the African American community and how it can prevent poverty and homelessness. This source is credible because it demanded quality education for the middle class and African American. The author had written many articles about education in the middle-class communities. Many of these articles could be find in the education database at the Nova library. Doak J. Melissa. Ed. “Money, Income, and Poverty Status.’ Minorities: Race and Ethnicity in America. 2012. Detroit: Gale, 2013. Information...
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...suffer disproportionately from preventable diseases and deaths—(Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health, 1994). This statement from the Office of Minority Health not only captures the tragic problem of health related issues of African Americans, it also applies to the social welfare problems of these children and their families. Each year over 2,000 children die at the hands of their parents or caretakers (U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995). Abuse and neglect in the home are considered one of the leading causes of death for children four years of age and younger and the largest number of child abuse fatalities is due to severe head trauma. Homicide statistics are only part of the grim reality, with near–fatal abuse and neglect accounting for more than 18,000 permanently disabled children, and approximately 142,000 serious injuries (Baladerian, 1991). Findings from the report, A Nation’s Shame: Fatal Child Abuse and Neglect in the United States, indicate that African Americans are overrepresented in both fatalities and near–fatal injuries (U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995). Research shows that child deaths from physical trauma are most frequently caused by angry, out–of–control males. Mothers are more likely to be responsible for deaths caused by severe neglect (U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995). However, researchers 31 cannot account for the large numbers of cases of homicide against African American...
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...Race and Poverty: Factors of the African American Achievement Gap Abstract The proposed action research study will pinpoint factors that contribute to the African American academic achievement gap. These factors impact not only the lives of families in the African American community but continues a vicious cycle of generations of poverty that hinders our country’s ability to effectively compete economically and also threatens America’s capacity to provide social equality for all. The participants in this study will comprise of parents and students of highly concentrated poverty - low academically performing African American public schools. Thirty two parents and thirty two students from eight low performing-poverty schools in the research study will be interviewed and surveyed online. Collected information and data will be researched employing qualitative and quantitative practices. Introduction There was a time when children of color were denied the hope and expectation of equal education because of racial isolation and discrimination in America’s education system. Although it’s been well over 50 years since Brown –vs.- The Board of Education which established equal education for all, today we are still faced with large racial disparities in reading and math proficiency between African American children and their thriving white contemporaries. This purpose of this study is to illustrate the connection that occurs between race and poverty with the academic...
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...Discussion Forum 2 Discussion Forum 2: Cultural Experiences In Discussion Forum 2, post your response to the following discussion question. Reply to at least two classmates’ responses by the date indicated in the course Calendar. Using a blend of your own experiences, supported by your understanding of the course readings and key terms integrate the following questions into your discussion board posting. It should be three strong paragraphs of 4 – 5 sentences in each paragraph. Then respond to at least two colleagues with an antithesis question on their posting. 4. Culture defines social roles, religion, family, fashion, foodways, language etc. within a given people group. Describe some aspects of your culture. 5. At times, culture goes against our own belief systems. How do we counteract this? Do we attempt to change it? Can we affect change? 6. Some families uphold particular traditions that we disagree with and constrains us. Define some ways to affirm the...
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...Sociology of Education Unit 04 What patterns of achievement are there for students of different ethnicities? Learning targets: • Different ethnic groups appear to have differing levels of achievement in school. Overall, the ethnicities of attainment are White, Chinese and Indian heritage students. • There has been concern about the achievement levels of certain Black minorities: in particular, African Caribbeans and Bangladeshi students under-attain in schools. • Sociologists have difficulty in measuring the impact of ethnicity on achievement because other factors may be involved. Poverty, class and cultural factors may all form part of reasons why some Black ethnic groups underperform. Key questions (AO1) What is ethnicity? (AO1) What patterns of attainment on the basis of ethnicity are there? (AO2) Is the education system institutionally racist? (AO2) What other social factors may influence ethnic attainment? Summary of key points Ethnicity is a word used in sociology to describe the culture that you belong to. Everyone has an ethnicity. For most people in Barry, this ethnicity or sense of belonging to a culture is Welsh. Some people have more than one ethnicity; they might be Welsh/Chinese or English/African. The majority ethnicity in Britain is white British. People who do not fit into that group are said to belong to an ethnic minority. There are many ethnicities...
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...it can affect children’s lives: research evidence Policy-makers and commentators often blame ‘bad parenting’ for children’s and young people’s troublesome behaviour. What can research tell us about the influence of parenting, especially the parent-child relationships in millions of ‘ordinary’ families? This paper: ■ Summarises findings from seven reviews of existing research that were commissioned by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation to inform its own Parenting Research and Development programme. ■ Considers parenting from the perspectives of mothers, fathers and children themselves, as well as those of black and minority ethnic parents and families living in poverty with restricted access to support services Editor: David Utting August 2007 www.jrf.org.uk Key points ■ Differences in child temperament, among other factors, demonstrate that flexible, adaptable parenting is more likely to be effective than a ‘one size fits all’ approach. ■ The quality of parent-child relationships shows considerable stability over time. Some dimensions of parenting are important in children’s lives irrespective of age, especially whether relationships are warm and supportive or marked by conflict. ■ Warm, authoritative and responsive parenting is usually crucial in building resilience. Parents who develop open, participative communication, problemcentred coping, confidence and flexibility tend to manage stress well and help their families to do the same. ■ Young children’s...
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...of the poor. The view that poverty is due to individual flaws has become more prevalent. While some recognize societal causes for poverty, many others attribute poverty to lack of motivation, hard work, moral flaws, and other characteristics internal to the individual. Additionally, the literature review will show that the general public’s perception of the poor differs from the demographic profile of those in poverty. Understanding current attitudes and perceptions and how they may influence support for programs and policies that affect the poor is an important first step in addressing the issue. When researchers, advocates, and the media individualize the issue of poverty (Bolstrum, 2002c), the public looks for individual causes and solutions rather than systemic ones. Those in the middle class have distanced themselves from the poor, and because of dominant images of the poor as lazy, unmotivated, and not willing to live up to the American ideal of hard work, there is little attachment to the issue (Lott, 2002). Because of these public perceptions, any stated support for policies affecting those in poverty is tenuous. To change the way that many Americans feel about the poor and to garner support for programs and policies aimed at eliminating poverty, it is necessary to first understand what these beliefs are. From there, advocates and policymakers can address these attitudes in an attempt to reshape public opinion and depict the issue of poverty as a societal problem, rather...
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...a significant imbalance in the incarceration rate of males within the U.S.; these differences were among the ethnic groups of Caucasian (white), Hispanic and African American (black). In reference to the number of people incarcerated per 100,000 in their individual group, black males had the highest number of inmates, followed by Hispanic males; however, white males had the lowest number of prisoners (Wagner, 2012). We must ask the question “why”. Why and how is this occurring? The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world; so, is the system that was designed to protect and serve abusing its power. Some factors that can possibly be contributing to this disproportion is socioeconomic status, prejudices within the criminal justice system and power investments. Massive Incarceration: A Racial Perspective Introduction Today the US makes up for about 5% of the world’s population and carries 25% of the world’s prisoners, this 20% difference shows that the US imprisons more people then actually living in the country (NAACP, 2015). This is the highest prison population when compared to other countries. Records show from 1980 to 2008, the number of individuals that have been incarcerated has quadrupled from 500,000 to 2.3 million (NAACP, 2015). During that time frame crime & poverty rates have also increased dramatically, while unemployment & educational reading and test scores have declined. This is a major issues that congress and national leaders are...
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...young as six years old that are forced to have sex for the first time, the growing rate of teenagers being sexually active and sex trade. In this paper will discussing how teenage sex is effecting our youth in the Black community where we are raising teenage daughters and how a village in Malawi has a ritual where the take their boys and girls to camp to engage in sexual acts.. These sexual acts are being done in more places than we can think of as well according to our research. In this paper we will discuss how this rite of passage of sexual acts affect the people and what people are doing trying to stop this act from happening. In the Black community we are dealing with a rise in teenage pregnancy the rite of passage of this is the teenagers are being forced to step into adulthood before they are actually ready. In the Baptist community in which they grew up in we were raise to save ourselves for our husbands and then start a family. Usually in the community the teenage mother is forced to drop out of school after the baby is born because she does not have any help from the father and her family simply cannot afford child care. We have seen dozens of young girls have babies early and never get a chance to farther their education and end up on government assistance while raising another generations of children into poverty. In the Baptist faith we are taught that our body is our temple and we should respect it enough and not share it with...
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...mistrusted by those who pay for it and held in contempt by those that recieve it.” Goldmark was certainly not alone in his assessment of social welfare programs. Indeed while the notion of using public funds to help the destitue get back on their feet in a noble concept for left-leaning idealists, in practical application, it has generated more controversy from both sides of the American political aisle than it has addressed poverty in America. This contorvery has become more heated in light of the two recessions and the housing collapse of late 2009. For this research paper, I will be going the history of Welfare in America. The purpose of this research paper is to look at how and why welfare became a policy and how it has changed since its inception. The sources that I have used are from published literature. In conclusion, the reader will have better knowledge on welfare, the history and changes. I first became interested in the subject of Welfare after working for the Ohio Department of Jobs and Family services; where I met with families and processed their eligibilty for: Food Stamps, Ohio Works First (cash assistence) and Medicaid. Unfortuanlty, durning my training as a case worker no history was given, I did not know that AFDC (aid for dependent children) had become TANF (Temporary Aid For Needy Familes). Looking at the names I wanted to know how did policy change when the name changed and when? As I can recall my parents were never on government assistence...
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...Medical Out-of-Pocket Expenses, Poverty, and the Uninsured∗ Kyle J. Caswell† and Brett O’Hara SEHSD Working Paper 2010-17‡ U.S. Census Bureau Washington, D.C. December 29, 2010 Abstract The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance argued that the current official U.S. poverty measure should be updated to capture changes in the population’s healthcare costs and needs; families with sufficiently high medical out-ofpocket (MOOP) expenditures may be ‘poor’ even though they are not counted as such. This research offers three distinct advances toward achieving the NAS recommendations as they concern MOOP spending. Firstly, this paper uses the newly collected MOOP expenditure data from the CPS ASEC, and analyzes its quality vis-` -vis alternative sources. Secondly, a poverty estimates that incorporate the MOOP spending data from the CPS ASEC are produced in such a way as to be consistent with the NAS recommendations. These direct estimates are an improvement over previous estimates, conditional on obtaining high-quality data, because modeling MOOP expenditures from other surveys is not needed. Third, this paper investigates how the distribution of MOOP expenditures, and the poverty estimates, change when it is assumed that the uninsured have the spending patterns of the insured. The main results are: 1) the new MOOP expenditure data is high quality; 2) incorporating observed MOOP expenditures increases the incidence of poverty across the population by approximately...
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...inequality and poverty Wilfred I. Ukpere and Andre D. Slabbert Faculty of Business, Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT), Cape Town, South Africa Abstract Purpose – This paper contends that there is a positive relationship between current globalisation, unemployment, inequality and poverty, which paves a vista for further academic discourse. Design/methodology/approach – As a meta-analytical study, the paper relied on secondary data. It is a qualitative study, which is based on conceptual analysis, theory building and “emic” perspective (authors’ viewpoint). Findings – A relationship between current globalisation, unemployment, inequality and poverty should be investigated further. Unemployment increases levels of inequality and poverty within society. Although bequeathed with various names and definitions, the logics of current globalisation seem to have exacerbated the problem of global unemployment, the corollary of which is endemic inequality and poverty. Practical implications – Increases in income inequality and poverty over the past decades, can be attributed to globalisation. Therefore, within the domain of unemployment, inequality and poverty in the era of globalisation, renewed problems of global competition, job termination, wage reductions, labour immobility and technological displacement of workers, have accelerated the rate of global unemployment, the corollary of which is endemic inequality and poverty. Originality/value – The originality of this paper is that...
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