...I. INTRODUCTION A. Number of cases/Statistic data of the disease A.1 Statistics Accurate pre-eclampsia statistics are difficult to obtain because the condition ranges from extremely mild to severe. Mild cases are sometimes not included in official figures. Furthermore, mild cases may have no effect on pregnancy, which is why the figures for pre-eclampsia as a whole are higher than for those that actually complicate pregnancies. Around 10% of pregnant women develop pregnancy-induced hypertension (high blood pressure) or pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure with protein in the urine).Worldwide more than four million women per year will develop pre-eclampsia, and over 63,000 maternal deaths are due to pre-eclampsia. Action on Pre-Eclampsia estimates that every year in the UK pre-eclampsia is responsible for the deaths of six mothers and 500 to 600 babies. A 2005 to 2006 study showed a promising fall in the numbers of women developing eclampsia since 1992, from 4.9/10,000 to 2.7/10,000. This has arisen as a result of the introduction of management guidelines for eclampsia and pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is much more common in first pregnancies, and there is a reduced incidence of pre-eclampsia in the second pregnancy. The risk of women who have had pre-eclampsia developing it again in future pregnancies is 16 percent, and 25 percent if they suffered from severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia or they delivered pre-term. This rises to 55 percent if their baby was delivered before...
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...Abstract: The aim of this study is to explore and evaluate the process of discovery, development, future trends and potentials for artificial blood vessels as a medical device and promising technology in cardiovascular treatment. This is the technology that will provide great health benefits to the patients and is more cost effective then traditional methods like coronary bypass. Coronary heart bypass has a number of disadvantages, for example, procedure can not be carried out if patient has not got a vessel with a sufficient quality standard. Also a coronary heart bypass procedure is a long duration operation and has a higher risk of further infections with additional pain and discomfort for the patients. Use of artificial blood vessels provide a more advantageous type of surgical procedure for patients and surgeons, reducing time, risk of infection and pain in...
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...Case Study AP2530 March 23, 2015 Case Study Hypertension Hi my name is and I will be your nurse today. I see that you have been diagnosed with hypertension and I would like to help you understand your diagnosis. Your body is a delicate piece of machinery that works on what is called a negative feedback system. Your body has many checks and balances that keep everything within certain levels. To put this in terms that I think you might understand, when your body needs energy it sends signals that tell you to eat. That is why your stomach starts growling. If your body is low on fluids it sends signals to your brain telling you to drink something. Well the same process happens with blood pressure signals. They are sent from receptor’s that monitor in your body to your control center, which is your brain that make changes needed to keep things at normal levels or homeostatic. Your brain sends instruction to set in motion changes in your blood pressure by your receptors to take action to raise or lower your blood pressure. This is done by the messages telling the blood vessels to widen or narrow and your heart to speed up or slow down. To lower your blood pressure, the vessels get wide and the heart slows. The trouble is if your blood vessels are always going to be widened and your heart is always slowed stress is placed on them. It is like a garden hose that is always left on with the sprayer closed, eventual the hose becomes weak. The same thing happens to your blood...
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...rupture of membranes, placental abnormalities, and increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome. It is pertinent to mention that smoking causes vascular diseases that in turns affect flow of blood through the placenta. Smokers, in fact, look older than they actually are because the blood vessels are partially obstructed and calcified. The complications resulting from placental abruption are more common in smokers. As mentioned above, smoking cigarette includes carbon monoxide. Since carbon monoxide is the replacement for oxygen in the blood during smoking, there are some fetuses that could attempt to compensate for this particular deprivation by creating extra red blood cells for the purpose of carrying extra oxygen. In some extraordinary cases, the blood gets thicker from the proliferation of such cells and ultimately cuts off the supply of blood to critical organs with fatal results. Smoking causes a person's heart to run in overdrive and ultimately there is a shortage of oxygen in heart. Heart then has to work more for maintaining supply to the entire human body. The blood vessels are narrowed causing high blood pressure. Moreover, smoking impacts the cardiovascular system of human beings which also becomes a cause of high blood pressure or hypertension. The effect of high blood pressure is heart related diseases....
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...Case Studies on Cardiac Function This is the first case study that is required for the class. Please submit a paper (doesn’t have to be long; you could even give me bullet-point answers to the questions listed below) that answers all of the questions posed after Case Study 1. I have included an easy second case study which, if you complete it, will be worth extra credit. Answers to the first Case Study are worth 25 points and responding to Case Study 1 is required work for the course. The extra credit, which is not required, will be worth a total of 10 points. Case 1 A.O. is an 89-year-old woman with a long history of systolic heart failure secondary to a large left ventricular infarct when she was in her 70s. She had poor activity tolerance and required assistance with activities of daily living. Even minimal activity was associated with moderately severe dyspnea and exertional chest pain, which was relieved by rest. A.O. also exhibited marked pedal edema bilaterally. She is being treated with digitalis, furosemide (Lasix), KCl, and sublingual nitroglycerin. Discussion Questions 1. Which type of heart failure (left or right sided) is usually associated with dyspnea? Left-sided heart failure is usually associated with dyspnea. What other clinical findings are likely to be present with left-sided heart failure? Other clinical findings that are likely to be present with left-sided heart failure include radiographic cardiomegaly, abnormal apical pulse and...
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...Capstone Project: Case Study #3 Hypertension Kaplan University 14 October, 2014 Hypertension Hypertension is commonly known to many people as high blood pressure. Hypertension is a condition in which the arteries in the body have elevated blood pressure. When heart beats, it will pump blood throughout the body your body from your arteries. The blood pressure stems from the force of blood that pushes against the blood vessel walls. When an individual has elevated blood pressure, the harder the heart has to work to pump blood. The normal range for blood pressure is below 120/80. “The 120 in the blood pressure represents the systolic measurement, or the peak pressure in the...
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...Ever since Richard W. Eckstein reported evidence of anastomoses, or the fusion of previously detached blood vessels in the body, researchers have sought to explain the exact mechanisms that allow this phenomenon to occur (Eckstein, 1957). When a patient experiences ischemia, there is often a biological response to deliver oxygenated blood to the myocardial region being cut-off through an alternate pathway by means of collateral circulation, or more specifically in this case, coronary collateral circulation. If this alternate route did not exist, the cardiac tissue would die (Seiler, 2003). New blood vessels can be formed from preexisting ones in collateral circulation pathways through the process of angiogenesis. It is thought that in order...
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...strokes was also compared against aspirin and reducing alcohol consumption. A background on ischemic strokes Ischemic strokes account for around 80% of all strokes, making them the most common type 1. The brain has a network of blood vessels that supply it with the oxygen and nutrients, importantly glucose, which it needs to work efficiently, as well as to remove waste such as carbon dioxide. A stroke is ischemic when the artery supplying...
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...1 INTRODUCTION This chapter introduces the literature survey related to the influence of acceleration on the pulsatile blood flow and the characteristics of blood and the main handling is the effected of external body acceleration to the flow of blood in the human artery, showing the results that gained and considering the conclusions revealed from those studies. In the normal situation, blood flow in the human blood vessels based on the normal functioning of heart. The heart pump produce the pressure gradient throughout the blood vessel. This consist of two components, one is constant or non-fluctuating and the other is fluctuating or pulsatile. (V.K.SUD AND G.S.SEKHON) The pulsatile flow...
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...is better understood as a complex system which includes capillaries, vessels, cells, organs, ducts, lymph nodes and valves which all contribute to linking different structures together in order to transport excess fluid from the body tissues to the bloodstream and permeate pathogens from the blood (2, 3). Figure 2. Figure 1. The lymphatic vessels form a major element of the lymphatic system and are extensively distributed in most areas of the body excluding the central nervous system, bone marrow, bones, teeth, eyeball and avascular tissues such as cartilage (1,3) as illustrated in Figure 1. The lymphatic vessels themselves initiate as lymphatic...
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...nearly every part of the body and has been linked to conditions like hypertension, and diabetic neuropathy. Recently there has been a significant increase in the number of cases of Diabetes mellitus within the United States alone the number of cases has dramatically increased over the last decade. This increase does not only affect the U.S. but a majority of the world. The increase has been seen in both type one and type two. Many of the areas have correlating health issues associated with Diabetes mellitus. It is most prevalent in the North...
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...Journal Entry 1 for Case 426: Blind Infant Case Study, November 30th, 2014. A patient has signed up for a case study for their family and their new born child who has born blind. It has been established that the child is blind as a result from Retinopathy of Prematurity. For those unaware, it is a result from the abnormal growth of blood vessels in the retina. According to the reports from the Maternity ward, the tests came up as clear, but after closer inspection they saw the retina had completely detached, Diagnosing the Child with Stage Five ROP. The Child has since been released and is otherwise healthy. The family is just the Mother and Father, so we won't be analyzing any siblings at this point, but the parents did indicate they may try for another child within a year or two. The Mother is a stay-at-home mom after leaving her job for the pregnancy, and with this diagnosis does not plan on returning to work for an extensive amount of time. The father works in IT for Ford, and is able to work from home often. They have...
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...There are many blood disorders that affect the lives of many people. Some are genetic while others are the consequences of disease and poor diet. There are three different blood disorders that stem from theses causes: sickle cell anemia, thrombocytopenia, and iron deficiency anemia. Each of these blood disorders are diagnosed, treated, and have different prevention methods. Sickle cell anemia causes normal round red blood cells to become crescent shaped. Normal red blood cells can easily move throughout the body’s blood vessels and supply the body with the adequate amount of oxygen enriched blood. But crescent or sickle shaped red blood cells often get stuck in the blood vessels blocking the vessels and causing the stop of oxygen from getting to the bodies organs, tissue, muscle, and bones. Sickle cell anemia is caused by an inherited genetic trait by both of the parents of the affected child. If the child only inherits the sickle cell gene from one parent then the child is said to have the trait but not the disease. However, the child that has only the trait is considered a carrier of the disease and can pass the gene to his or her children. Most people are diagnosed with sickle cell anemia when they are born by having a simple blood test that most hospitals require at birth. Antibiotics are the first course of treatment and it is given to children between the ages of two months to five years of age. Parents are also encouraged to have their children’s routine childhood immunizations...
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...leak into the tissue space and cause edema. The other cause of edema is when the tiny of a blood vessel (capillaries) is leak the fluid into the surrounding tissue, the excess of the fluid able to cause tissue to swell. In another side, the force from the blood vessel and force from outside the blood vessel cause the liquid to be a drain or the blood vessel no more able to maintain equilibrium leading to a fluid...
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...Blood Viscosity Earlier, More Accurate Prediction of Cardiovascular Event Risk Pushpa Larsen, ND [pic]Ralph Holsworth, DO, recently shared a story with me about a patient he had in Colorado many years ago. He was an intern in a Denver hospital when he admitted a patient diagnosed as having a blood clot in his leg. Dr Holsworth started him on low-molecular-weight heparin subcutaneous injections concurrently with warfarin sodium. He worked the patient up for congenital thrombophilias, cancer, hypothyroidism, and other conditions, and consulted with hematology-oncology on the case. When the patient’s prothrombin time–international normalized ratio exceeded 2.0, Dr Holsworth was instructed by hematology-oncology to discharge the patient. A few minutes later, Dr Holsworth’s pager buzzed. His patient had just collapsed in the parking lot. He rushed down to the emergency department, where cardiopulmonary resuscitation was in progress and assisted in the code. The patient was pronounced dead after several attempts at resuscitation. A mandatory autopsy revealed that the patient had a major pulmonary embolism, resulting in his sudden death. It was not until several years later that Dr Holsworth learned of the role of whole blood viscosity (WBV) in the formation of thrombi. Dr Holsworth recalled that his aforementioned patient had been discharged with normal vital signs and laboratory test results that provided no indication of the evolving danger. Dr Holsworth later became one...
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