...1. Abstract Coronary Heart Disease and Chronic Coronary Artery Disease are severe diseases that cause the build up of plaque in the artery that reduces the blood flow to the heart and accounts for more than 15 million worldwide deaths each year. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) is a procedure whereby a healthy artery is taking and grafted to the heart to increase the flow of blood. In the early 1900s it became a huge procedure reaching an all time high in the 1990’s. However due to our advances in technology/medicine and the high risk associated with this procedure the number of patients undergoing this procedure dropped by the start of the 2000s. At this point people are now undergoing procedures such as stents instead. Could the development of minimally invasive CABG allow this procedure to become a popular treatment method for these...
Words: 2945 - Pages: 12
...Optimism and Health Paper The article I read dealt with the affects optimism had on coronary artery bypass patients. The average age of the 51 patients used was 48.5 years and they were all men. It set out to prove whether patients who were optimist recovered both physically and psychologically after surgery. To be able to determine those that were optimistic and those that were pessimistic, the researchers had the patients answers questions. The questions were asked six to eight days prior to the surgery. They were question concerning how the patient felt about the surgery, how soon the expected to be back to normal, and what their expectations were. These types of questions were what the researchers used to judge those who were optimistic. The optimist felt good about the surgery and expected a shorter recovery time the pessimist anticipated. The actual physical health of the patients was also documented by the researches. That information was obtained through the patients’ doctors. The second stage of the research question the patients one week after the surgery. They were asked several questions again, this time concerning how they were feeling physically and psychologically. Optimistic patient s felt better in both areas. Pessimist showed a much lower n rate of satisfactory feelings. The researchers also had the doctors answer questions regarding the true physical well being of the patients. Surprisingly, optimists showed better signs of recovery then the pessimist did...
Words: 779 - Pages: 4
...purpose of discussion of pathopharmacological features of a specific disease process, this paper will provide information related to heart disease in the form of coronary artery disease (CAD). A1. Pathophysiology Analysis Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of mortality worldwide and becoming a steadily more investigated problem due to its prevalence. Much research is going into genetic, inflammatory mechanisms and neuro-hormonal factors related to CVD as scientific knowledge evolves regarding complexity of this broad pathophysiology. Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of the subsection of CVD called CAD. This is a form of arteriosclerosis where there is progressive thickening and hardening of the vessel walls of the two major coronary arteries and their branches. The thickening is an accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages inside the wall of the artery leading to the formation of lesions and plaque buildup (McCance, K. & Huether, S., 2014). When the plaque develops on the coronary artery walls the pumping ability of the heart becomes impaired as oxygen and nutrients needed for heart function may be partially or completely impeded. Complete occlusion of a coronary artery or one of its branches leads to a myocardial infarction (MI) evidenced by impaired myocardial metabolism and ischemic tissue death. Depending upon the location or branch of the artery where occlusion takes place, different regions of the heart muscle are affected. This acute...
Words: 4865 - Pages: 20
...The Role of Technology in Rising Health Care Costs. What should or shouldn’t be done. Neha Para, MPH Student 5453-001 US Health Care System University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center December 8, 2010 Abstract Health care costs are a longstanding concern to policymakers. For years, health care spending has been rising faster than the rate of economic growth, raising the question of what factors are responsible for rising health care costs. This paper explores published articles that report results from research conducted on technological innovations in health care and its relation to rising health care costs. The cost increases have a significant effect on households, businesses, and government programs. Health care experts indicates the development and diffusion of medical technology as primary factors in explaining the persistent difference between health spending and overall economic growth, with some arguing that new medical technology may account for about one-half or more of real long-term spending growth. Rising health care expenditures lead to the question of whether we are getting value for the money we spend. On an average, increases in medical spending as a result of advances in medical care have provided reasonable value. An alternative viewpoint holds that although new technologies represent medical advances, they are prone to overuse and thereby excess cost. Most of the suggestions to slow the growth in new medical technology in the U.S. focus on...
Words: 5135 - Pages: 21
...CURRENT DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS 1 Current Diagnosis and Treatment of Atherosclerosis Basher I. Emtebakh Wright State University Laboratory Research 2, Spring 2013 CURRENT DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2 Abstract Atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory process that affects the arterial wall. People of different ages are susceptible to developing the disease. It is considered the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Epithelial injury caused by different risk factors is the initial process of the disease. Nitric oxide liberation, lipid retention, and inflammatory cell proliferation are of significance in the disease pathogenesis. The goal of this review is to better understand the disease process and the role of the atherogenic biomarkers that develop in the affected site during the disease progression. Determining the risk of atherogenic plaque development vulnerability is the main obstacle that faces scientists, followed by making proper diagnosis and choosing treatment. Different imaging techniques, especially the non invasive ones, provide highly useful images to characterize the plaque development. These techniques also contributed to cure many patients at risk of plaque rupture. Prevention and treatment of the disease depend mainly on the proper education of patients and people at risk of developing the disease, and that is done by changing their life style to minimize the risk factors that increase their...
Words: 4999 - Pages: 20
...or more over the ideal body weight. The division of medicine that treats and manages of obesity is known as bariatrics. Obesity has become a key health problem in the United States, therefore Gastric Bypass surgery has become a significant therapeutic option because of its documented efficiency in causing significant weight loss with a consequent improvement in comorbid conditions such as coronary artery disease, hypertension and diabetes. Bariatric surgery is a very invasive medical procedure that can causes dramatic weight loss which is accomplished by decreasing the size of the stomach with a gastric band or by removing a portion of the stomach itself. Weight loss surgery is the most effective and sustainable treatment option for the morbidly obesity as long as the individual is motivated to make the lifestyle changes required (Madura, 2012). Currently, bariatric surgery is the one obtainable treatment for morbidly obese individuals that consistently accomplishes and sustains substantial weight loss, decreases the incidence and severity of obesity-related comorbidities, and improves overall quality and length of life. I propose that insurance companies and primary care doctors should make gastric bypass surgery obligatory for the morbidly obese patients. The purpose of the paper will be to evaluate the pros and cons of coercing...
Words: 1455 - Pages: 6
...1. Introduction This assignment is a critique on the study published in The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) entitled ‘Homocysteine Lowering and Cardiovascular Events after Acute Myocardial Infarction’ by Bonaa et. al (2006) (also known as The NORVIT study). NEJM’s most recent impact factor was 51.296 (in 2006). NEJM boasts the largest paid circulation among medical journals, with close to 200,000 paying subscribers. It is printed weekly in the United States, Canada, the Netherlands, and Japan, and a range of translated articles reaches approximately 140,000 (New England Journal of Medicine.org, 2006). The NORVIT study was designed as a randomized, controlled, double-blind, intervention study. It included 3,749 men and women who had suffered and acute myocardial infarction within the last 7 days. The rationale behind the study was that high homocysteine levels are considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (Bonaa et al, 2006). The aim was to measure how effective lowering blood serum homocysteine levels with B vitamins was in preventing a secondary event. A collaborative meta-analysis published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, states that homocysteine levels are an independent predictor of ischemic heart disease and that studies on disease risk of genetic variants affecting homocysteine may help establish whether homocysteine is causally linked to vascular disease (2002: cited by Bonaa et al, 2006). The meta-analysis suggests that a large...
Words: 3026 - Pages: 13
...Concept Analysis: Healthcare Related Quality of Life Tarren Evans, RN BSN APSU/RODP NURS 5000 March 21, 2015 Quality of Life Concept Introduction The phrase “health care related quality of life” (HRQOL) or “quality of life” (QOL) is often used in healthcare. The perceptions of the meaning can vary depending on who is explaining it. The reason for this selected topic is to research other disciplines and see if indeed significant variations in the meaning exist. The purpose of this concept analysis is to define, research, and analyze if the dissimilarities improve or hinder a patient’s plan of care. This paper will examine the significance of a concept to advance understanding (McEwen, 2014). Literature Review Can quality of life be defined to have a uniformed definition? The first known research on quality of life was published in 1957 that surveyed mental health adults in the USA. The Oxford English Dictionary (2010) defines QOL as “the standard of health, comfort, and happiness experienced by an individual or group”. There are several influences that can alter the definition of QOL. The acronym “HRQOL” is a narrowed term when characteristics relating to an individual’s health status are likely to be affected (Sandau, 2014). The literature review discussed some domains that render the effects on the perception of this concept. A collaborative study done by doctors and nurse practitioners discussed that physical, social, emotional, cognitive, and spiritual...
Words: 2657 - Pages: 11
...Heart Failure Western Governors University Pathopharmacological Foundations for Advanced Nursing Practice Heart Failure It is estimated that about five million people in the United States are living with heart failure with an overwhelming number of 550,000 newly diagnosed cases each year, costing the nation roughly $32 billion dollars per year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Heart failure is a complex, pathophysiological condition in which the ventricles of the heart is weakened and unable to pump effectively to meet the body’s needs for nutrients or has lost adequate filling capacity. Clinical presentations of heart failure depends on which ventricles have failed to pump blood adequately; left ventricular failure, also known as congestive heart failure (CHF) is more common than right ventricular failure (McCance & Huether, 2014). The most common symptoms of heart failure are shortness of breath, fatigue, and peripheral edema. HF is not a disease, but rather a manifestation of a diseased heart. Large number of disorders can lead to heart failure, and with the aging population and many surviving primary cardiac events, it is no surprise that the most common reason for hospitalization in patients older than 65 years old is heart failure (McClintock, Mose, & Smith, 2014). Heart failure has become a major public health problem because it is the only cardiac condition that continues to increase in prevalence (McClintock, Mose, & Smith, 2014)...
Words: 16787 - Pages: 68
...1 Introduction Governments facing scal pressure have increasingly turned to proposals to create or enhance consumer choice for public services (see, e.g., Besley and Ghatak 2003, Blochliger 2008, Hoxby 2003, Le Grand 2003). In health care, choice is a popular reform model adopted by administrations of di erent political orientations in many countries, including the US, the UK, Denmark, Italy (Lombardy), the Netherlands, Germany and Sweden. The belief is that by increasing choice for patients, providers of care or insurers will become more responsive to patient demand, which in turn will drive greater eciency in the delivery and funding of health care. However, whether enhanced patient choice will make hospital choice more responsive to quality is not well established, although the consequences of poor quality in health care can be dire. Patients' health can be severely compromised by poor quality care, including, as we show below, an increased risk of death. Thus there is a need to understand the responses of health care consumers when they are o ered more choice. This is exactly the issue we address here. To do this we exploit a reform which introduced patient choice and tie this to the estimation of a structural demand model that explicitly incorporates the institutional features of the reform. This enables us to identify the e ect of increasing choice on patient behavior. We use the model to quantify the gains from the reform in terms of patient welfare and...
Words: 15581 - Pages: 63
...HEALTHCARE PAPER ASSIGNMENT Access to Quality Healthcare Paper Rudolphe Lubin University of Phoenix Lori Lewellen MBAJOGZL57 April 27, 2009 Quality Healthcare Introduction It will be evident to realize that financial, educational, and socio – demographic implications can bring serious impact on access to quality healthcare in the organization. Labor shortage will stay an important component that can affect as well the access to quality care. Socio – demographic changes linked with chronic illnesses can have an effect on the aging population, which may reduce the quality of life, increase costs for healthcare and rise resource allocation. In point of fact, both labor shortage and socio – demographic changes are exactingly dominant in the admittance to quality care in the United States. Besides, the demand for registered nurses and changes in science is already exceeding supply in U.S. nation, including more implications associated with other ethical dilemmas. Healthcare Labor Shortage People have to realize that progresses in medical technology, increasing expenses and market forces provide to the financial decline of many rural healthcare organizations. In reality, small rural healthcare suppliers, particularly hospitals, cannot meet the costs of the equipment and practitioners needed to treat the range of modern syndrome and injury. In fact, coronary bypass surgery...
Words: 1746 - Pages: 7
...METHODOLOGY The objective of this chapter is to define nursing research, analyse methods of research and outline methodological process used to find articles on which to base this extended literature review. In this hypothesis, the reason for literature review is to ascertain whether or not gastric banding is an effective treatment for obesity in young adults as measured by physical functioning. The research process is the step-by-step procedure of developing research paper (Boje, 2001). It normally consists of following stages: detection of the research problem; preparation of search plan; searching and assessing the literature; data collection and evaluation; formulating a research design; and presenting the research findings (Cormack, 1996). The ability of nurses and other health care professionals to locate and identify existing literature on a relevant topic is an essential nursing skill (Burns & Grove, 2003). The sources where they can gain and expand research knowledge from may include personal or specialist experiences and clinical procedures and guidelines (Eccles & Mason, 2001). Before they can be made assessable to health care workers, guidelines and procedures are required to go through rigorous process of dissemination, before they can be made assessable to health care workers to be used in practice (Craig & Smith, 2007). Some of the organisations responsible for underwriting and implementation of clinical guidelines into clinical practice...
Words: 2051 - Pages: 9
...Evidence October 2007 Brief 6 of 6 issue brief In February 2007, AcademyHealth conducted a meeting on behalf of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation examining the role of consumer engagement in improving the quality of health care. In preparation for this meeting, five papers were commissioned on the following subjects: consumer activation, consumer choice of health plan and provider, consumer choice of treatment, patient navigation, and the appropriate role for consumers. This issue brief is based on the consumer choice of health plans and providers paper, which was authored by Jonathan Kolstad and Michael Chernew, Ph.D. Consumer Choice in the Health Insurance and Provider Markets: A Look at the Evidence Thus Far may or may not be evidence-based. Because consumer choice of health plans and providers drives cost and quality outcomes, consumers are being asked to make use of these formally reported data as they assume greater responsibility for their health and health care decisions. Despite the momentum in this area, it is not easy for consumers to make evidencebased decisions about their health plans and providers. There are several reasons for this. First, there is a relative dearth of information on quality. Second, choosing between health plans is not as simple as it once was because there is no one-size-fits-all or “right” answer. Third, out-of-pocket costs are increasingly a factor. Consumers are also at a distinct information disadvantage when it comes to...
Words: 2269 - Pages: 10
...administered by HHS is nation’s largest health care insurance. HHS governs more than 300 programs administered by its 11 operating divisions (Department of Health & Human Services, 2011). In addition, Office of the Inspector General (OIG) is also part of the HHS. Description of each 300 programs is beyond the scope of this paper. However, it is imperative to understand the role of each operating agency and how it affects the health care industry. Role of Federal Regulatory Agencies Each operating division consists of sub-divisions making health care system a complex maze. Main 11 operating agencies are: Administration for Children and Families (ACF) The ACF provides funding for family assistance, child support, and childcare. The state, county, and city governments provide these services (Department of Health & Human Services, 2011). Administration on Aging (AOA) The AOA is responsible for developing a comprehensive, coordinated, and cost-effective system for the elderly individuals to maintain their health and independence in their homes (Department of Health & Human Services, 2011). Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ) The AHRQ conducts research aimed at improving...
Words: 1992 - Pages: 8
...For the exclusive use of K. HORTON 9-607-143 REV: SEPTEMBER 26, 2007 FRANCES X. FREI AMY C. EDMONDSON CHRISTINE HARRIS-VAN KEUREN ELIOT SHERMAN Cleveland Clinic Dr. Delos “Toby” Cosgrove, cardiothoracic surgeon and president and CEO of Cleveland Clinic, emerged from the operating room on a January afternoon in 1996 having just changed the way he, and subsequently the world, approached heart surgery. A trip to Stanford University Medical School had convinced him it was possible to operate on the valves of the heart through a three-inch incision instead of the nearly foot long incision that was standard practice before splitting the patient’s breastbone with a saw to reach the heart.1 After refining the technique in the lab, he had successfully performed the first such operation. Eight months later, Cosgrove performed two of these surgeries back-to-back, broadcasting his work live via satellite to 4,000 surgeons in 40 cities around the world. The Cleveland Clinic’s broadcasting capabilities facilitated this demonstration of the substantial benefits of his minimally invasive method of heart surgery, which reduced the risk of infection and involved less bleeding, pain, and trauma, significantly reduced the amount of time needed for recovery, and could be used in about three quarters of the heart valve surgeries performed in the United States.2 So compelling was this exhibition that within a year use of the technique had “exploded” throughout the medical community.3 Such...
Words: 11777 - Pages: 48
