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LA INSTITUCIÓN LIBRE DE ENSEÑANZA

«( ... ) la Institución Libre, de día en día más próspera y fecunda para bien de todos -aun de sus adversarios-, merced al concurso espontáneo de la sociedad, a quien, después de Dios, todo lo debe, viene hoy a renovar ante ella sus votos, tendiendo con amistosa fraternidad la mano a todas las doctrinas y creencias sinceras, a todos los centros de cultura, a todas las profesiones bienhechoras, a todos los partidos leales, a todos los Gobiernos honrados, a todas las energías de la patria, para la obra común de redimirla y devolverla a su destino.

Obra es ésta, señores, que pide clara concepción, labor profunda, ánimo sereno, devoción austera, paciencia inquebrantable. De ese común espíritu imbuidos los diversos órganos de la vida social, aportan a ella todos, cuando permanecen fieles a su vocación, el generoso fruto de su ministerio. Extiende la religión entonces por doquier la santidad de la virtud, la paz, la tolerancia, la concordia, el solidario amor entre los hombres, hijos de un mismo Padre, que cada cual invoca en su distinta lengua; despierta la conciencia de la unidad radical de las cosas, y presta a todas, aun las más humildes, un valor trascendental y supremo y una como participación en lo infinito. El arte de lo bello depura el sentimiento, ordena y disciplina la fantasía, remueve las entrañas y la faz de la Naturaleza, nos abre al inagotable venero de goces sanos, íntimos, varoniles, y desenvuelve en nosotros un sentido ideal, que sabe hallar mundos y regueros de luz aun allí donde el vulgo tropieza en tinieblas. La industria y el comercio dilatan de día en día los horizontes de la civilización a expensas de la barbarie, estrechan los vínculos entre las naciones, acercan el pan del cuerpo y el del alma a muchedumbres cada vez más y más numerosas, que así logran los medios de vivir una vida digna de seres racionales; ennoblecen el trabajo, emancipando a las clases jornaleras de la servidumbre de la fuerza bruta; a las clases ricas, de la servidumbre de la ociosidad y del parasitismo, y obligan a unas y a otras -las más atrasadas hoy en nuestro pueblo- a que de buen o mal grado entren a participar de los derechos, de la responsabilidad y de la cultura que con labor tan ímproba dispone para todas la historia ( ... ).

Yo no sé si por ley de su naturaleza, más de seguro sí por la del tiempo, entre esas fuerzas civilizadoras de nuestra sociedad, corresponde el primero y más íntimo influjo a la enseñanza. Debido, empero, a causas muy complejas, dependientes de una imperfecta condición del ser, vida y desenvolvimiento del hombre, hoy es el día en que apenas principia a ser considerada en la integridad de su destino ... A difundir este sentido universal, educador e íntimo, que no tiende a instruir, sino en cuanto la instrucción puede cooperar a formar hombres, aspira con sincero esfuerzo la Institución Libre ( ... ).

Si es cierto que, no obstante las encarnizadas contiendas a que viene dando lugar en nuestro tiempo la enseñanza, no ha cesado en ella de reinar uniformidad absoluta, aun entre las direcciones más opuestas; y que doquiera las escuelas libres, apellídense laicas, católicas, evangélicas o de otros varios modos, suelen modelarse sobre las del Estado, nadie podrá desconocer que la Institución atiende a evitar esta censura ( ... ).

( ... ) la Institución, orientándose primero -en medio de los tanteos irremisibles de todo aprendizaje- en los progresos obtenidos por otras naciones y enviando a sus profesores para estudiarlos de cerca; procurando después adaptarlos a nuestro genio y circunstancias; completándolos, por último, con el fruto de su experiencia propia, ha podido tal vez, en medio de su poquedad y sus límites, iniciar algún nuevo camino, enteramente acorde, sin embargo, con el movimiento actual de la cultura pedagógica.

Ejemplo son de la solicitud con que procura obedecer a este movimiento la adopción de los métodos intuitivos en todos los grados, no ya de la primera, sino de la segunda enseñanza; la introducción de la gimnasia, llamada a mejorar las condiciones de una raza empobrecida; del dibujo, que tan maravillosamente despierta el espíritu de observación y el amor a la naturaleza y al arte; del canto, que inicia el sentido estético en la esfera más propia y familiar al niño; de los ejercicios manuales, que lo educan para el aprendizaje técnico y dan rienda suelta a la tendencia plástica y creadora de la fantasía; de las excursiones, ya antes mencionadas, uno de sus más poderosos elementos; de las cajas de ahorro, que habitúan al uso racional de los bienes.

Añadid todavía que sólo ella quizá ha completado el carácter enciclopédico de la primera y la segunda enseñanza con la literatura, la antropología, la tecnología, la geología, las ciencias sociales, el arte ...

La Institución no pretende limitarse a instruir, sino cooperar a que se formen hombres útiles al servicio de la humanidad y de la patria. Para esto, no desdeña una sola ocasión de intimar con sus alumnos, cuya custodia jamás fía a manos mercenarias, aun para los más subalternos pormenores, contra el uso reinante en toda Europa ... Sólo de esta suerte, dirigiendo el desenvolvimiento del alumno en todas relaciones, puede con sinceridad aspirarse a una acción verdaderamente educadora en aquellas esferas donde más apremia la necesidad de redimir nuestro espíritu: desde la génesis del carácter moral, tan flaco y enervado en una nación indiferente a su ruina, hasta el cuidado del cuerpo, comprometido, como tal vez en ningún pueblo culto de Europa, por una indiferencia nauseabunda; el desarrollo de la personalidad individual, nunca más necesario que cuando ha llegado a su apogeo la idolatría de la nivelación y de las grandes masas; la severa obediencia a la ley, contra el imperio del arbitrio, que tienta a cada hora entre nosotros la soberbia de gobernantes y gobernados; el sacrificio ante la vocación, sobre todo cálculo egoísta, único medio de robustecer en el porvenir nuestros enfermizos intereses sociales; el patriotismo sin cuyo remedio parece inútil al servil egoísta; el amor al trabajo, cuya ausencia hace de todo español un mendigo del Estado o de la vía pública; el odio a la mentira, uno de nuestros cánceres sociales, cuidadosamente mantenido por una educación corruptora; en fin, el espíritu de equidad y tolerancia contra el frenesí de exterminio que ciega entre nosotros a todos los partidos, confesiones y escuelas.»

Giner de los Ríos, Fancisco (1887): «Discurso inaugural del curso 1880-1881 en la Institución Libre de Enseñanza», Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, Madrid, IV pp. 137-143.

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