...Bone cancer can grow in anyone’s bones; it can start at any age. The main focus of this report is aimed at young adults and teens. First we will talk about the type of bone cancer that is most common in young adults and teenagers. Osteosarcoma is a common bone cancer that starts as a tumor in your bone over time the cells in the tumor start to behave differently and become abnormal. Let’s discuss risk factors. Your age can be considered a risk factor. If you have had many growth spurts in a short amount of time you could have bone cancer. Your height could be a sign that you have a chance to develop bone cancer in your arms or legs. Depending on your age group if you are tall for your age group you have a greater chance at developing bone cancer. More commonly boys develop bone cancer than girls due to the different growth periods. Girls have different growth periods and they are shorter than boys. There is a larger instance of bone cancer in African Americans than Caucasian Americans. The last risk factor is a very important one. Sometimes if you have had radiation therapy for another cancer the chances of you having bone cancer later in your life are greater. Certain bone diseases can lead to bone cancer also. One disease chondroma, causes non-cancerous tumors to grow in the bones. There are no prevention plans for bone cancer. Most cases of bone cancer are caught in the early stages before it spreads. Your symptoms could be a swelling in your arms or legs...
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...Nearly 450 people in the United States are diagnosed with primary bone cancer. Primary bone cancer is known to be rare but is also aggressive and leaves survivors with challenging disabilities. Primary bone cancer can affect any age, but is most common in young ages of fourteen years old up to twenty-four years old. The most known types of bone cancer are oseosarcoma, chondroma, Ewing’s sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. It typically takes up to sixteen weeks between a patient first noticing symptoms and diagnosis. The Bone Cancer Research Trust advises healthcare professionals to look for various symptoms. One of the main symptoms is bone pain described as coming and going at first, then eventually becoming persistent, especially at night....
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...but people who have adjacent relative with bone development suffered from bone cancer. In individuals with intrinsic retinoblastoma that is a kind of eye growth that most regularly influences extremely youthful kids. People who are suffering from Li-Fraumeni disorder that is a remarkable hereditary condition. But scientists are finding ways to prevent it. There are no way to prevent bone cancer. Genetic syndrome like Li – Fraumeni and hereditary retinoblasts. Paget disease of bone can increases the risk of bone cancer....
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...The skeletal system is made up of 206 bones. There are many conditions and diseases that can affect our bones, short term and long term, including; arthritis, osteoporosis and bone cancer just to name a few. “Bones, tendons, ligaments and cartilage make up the skeletal system. …The skeletal system protects the internal organs such as the brain and heart,” says Aubri John of the Live Strong organization. One disease that affects the skeletal system is arthritis. Arthritis is commonly found in elderly people because as the body ages the bones start to become more brittle. “The breakdown of cartilage in this form of arthritis leads to the bones rubbing together, causing stiffness, pain and eventual loss of movement in the joint…The cause of arthritis...
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...Osteoporosis is characterized by a reduction of bone mineral density (BMD) and deterioration of bone tissue, resulting in high risk of fractures, is becoming increasingly prevalent with the Menopausal women (Lane.,2006). Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disorder in the elderly, which is characterized by the breakdown of the joint’s cartilage and is a leading cause of disability , is more common among post-menopausal women. Changes in sex hormones play an important role in the OA development (Tanamas et al.,2011). c) Incontinence: Changes in the tissues of urethra and vagina may lead to sudden, strong urges to urinate along with leakage, or the loss of urine when doing something that stresses the abdomen, like coughing, laughing...
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...hormone therapy is her only chronic medication. Personally she has no history of any fractures. This patient is a cigarette smoker, who rarely exercises and drinks coffee everyday. This patient also, has concerns that she is at risk for osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a common chronic metabolic bone disease. It occurs when the development of new bone does not keep up with the removal of the old bone because bone tissue is constantly being broken down and replaced. This disease is often undertreated and overlooked because it’s usually not known until the patient acquires a fracture. This disease is found more in elderly Caucasian women, than any other sex or race. The patient will have a low bone mass and a deterioration of bone tissue which increases the chances of bone fractures. The most common fractures related to osteoporosis occur in the hip, wrist, or spine. Patients can also have an unknown fracture without having to fall due to the weak bones. General risk factors: There are typically no symptoms found in early stages but pain may occur over time of weakened bones. There are...
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...analogs of inorganic pyrophosphate that has an affinity for calcium.1 They are used in the treatment of various malignant and benign metabolic conditions, such as hypercalcemia of malignancy; Paget’s disease of bone; multiple myeloma; and metastases from distant sites such as breast, thyroid, prostate glands, and lung. The oral form of BPs is indicated in the management of osteoporosis, fibrous dysplasia, and most recently, osteogenesis imperfecta in the pediatric population.2,3 Currently, there are 5 bisphosphonates in clinical use: alendronate (Fosamax; Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ), risedronate (Actonel; Proctor & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Cincinnati, OH), ibandronate (Boniva; Roche Pharmaceuticals, Nutley, NY), zoledronate (Zometa; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ), and pamidronate (Aredia; Novartis Pharmaceuticals). All 5 medications differ in their binding affinity to bone, potency, and duration.2–5 B Osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ) is a condition characterized by necrotic exposed bone in the jaws of patients receiving intravenous or oral bisphosphonate therapy. A review of the medical and dental literature reveals that the pathoetiology of ONJ remains unknown and there is no established link that bisphosphonates are the primary cause of this bone pathology. However, there is clinical evidence that Actinomyces may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate-associated ONJ. Identification and a prolonged course of oral antimicrobial therapy...
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...Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is a connective tissue disease that cause bone to form in muscle, tendons, ligaments, and other connecting tissue. This also causes your joints to become locked and permanently immobile. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is a very rare disease that it affects only one in two million people and there is only 800 known cases in the whole world. This disease is congenital, meaning this disease starts before birth, however the extra bone does not form before birth. It doesn’t matter what your race, ethnicity, or gender is, scientists don’t exactly know why people get this disease. So watch out, you may have it. There are many symptoms of Fibrodysplasia ossificans...
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...Michael Howard Professor Oltmann BIO 1322 June 26, 2015 Chapter 10 (10.1) Oxidation and Reduction Oxidative Stress- The imbalance between the point the production of reactive compounds and the body’s ability to protect against their adverse effects. Oxidation- The process of losing an electron during a chemical reaction. Free radical- An unstable atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell. 10.2 Defense Against Free Radicals Antioxidant- A substance that has the ability to prevent or repair the damage caused by oxidation. Tocopherols- The active form of Vitamin E. The most active form. (Four different) Carotenoids- Six-hundred naturally occurring pigments synthesized by plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Colors range from yellow to orange to red; three are converted into vitamin A. Isoflavones- Poly phenolic compounds that are capable of exerting estrogen similar effects. Phytochemicals produced in legumes; soybeans main source. Flavonoids- Found in fruit and vegetables, tea, red wine, dark chocolate. Polyphenolic (phytochemicals) molecules containing 15 carbon atoms and are soluble in water Anthocyanin- Vacuolar plant pigments that appear red, purple, or blue. Found in berries, grapes, and red cabbage. Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and beta-carotene are micronutrients that are known to have antioxidant roles. 10.3 Vitamin E Megadoses- An intake of a of a nutrient beyond what is needed to prevent a deficiency or what’s found in a balanced...
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...Several patients with cancer treated with zoledronic acid unexpectedly developed osteonecrosis of the jaw.99 Osteonecrosis of the jaw was also reported in patient treated with pamidronate or zoledronic acid.21 Atrial fibrillation was also linked to the use of bisphosphates; cases of serious fibrillation was observed more frequently in patients treated with zoledronic acid33, in another study women treated with alendronate showed a high risk of atrial fibrillation compared to those who never used the drug.143 Another side effect of prolong use of bisphosphates are atypical fractures. Prolong use of alendronate showed suppression of normal bone turnover, patients taking alendronate suffered unusual non-spinal...
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...Chapter 1: Introduction to Zoology Concept of Science • Frings and Frings - defined science as an organized body of knowledge that is gained and verified by exact observation and experimentation and organized by logical thinking. • Schafersman - defined science as a method of discovering reliable knowledge about nature. • Science is factual. • Science is not merely compiled. • Science is a way of asking questions about the natural world. • Guided by natural laws (physical & chemical). • Questions must be testable. Always open to new evidence. • Falsifiable. • It applies scientific and CRITICAL THINKING. When is scientific thinking applied? 1. When one uses the scientific method 2. When one investigate nature or the universe 3. Practice by all scientists 4. Not reserved solely for scientist, anyone can think like a scientist Fields of Science 1. Social Science – deals with human relationships 2. Abstract science – deals with abstract ideas 3. Natural sciences • Physical Science – deals with non-living entity • Biological Science – deals with the living entity The Scientific Method - The most important tool in search for truth - An organized method of gathering information based on observation and controlled testing of hypothesis 1. Observation and/or Review of Literature 2. Problem 3. Hypothesis Formulation 4. Testing of hypothesis 5. Conclusions or generalizations Theory Scientific fact/principle/law Theory – is...
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...and usually happen with external blows that will most likely occur in the thoracic spine or lower down in the lumbar spine that may result in internal injuries such as deep abdominal pain, hematuria and shock. Vertebral compression fractures are usually seen through patients with Osteoporosis, this is very common in women who have completed menopause, and elderly men. OI is the most common, with too little or poor quality type collagen. As we know collagen is the major protein of the body’s connective tissue. It is the framework that bones are formed around. Without collagen, connective tissues have a deficiency of protein resulting in little to no support for bones. Therefore bones are more susceptible to breaking. Generally it is uncommon to have these fractures above the T7 and usually happen in the L1 causing back pain. Now what can happen with patients who age, or have been on prolonged steroids or even patients who have had cancer, vertebral bodies can fracture, just like you can fracture an arm or a leg. As with any fracture they can be quite painful which requires prescribed pain medication. Treatment options include bed rest, medications, bracing and occasionally when the pain is quite severe, most common minimally invasive surgical procedure is called kyphoplasty. Originated by the disease Kyphosis, in which there is an excessive outward curvature of the spine. What this procedure does is stabilize the fracture, restores vertebral body height, reduces pain and...
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...Osteoporosis is a disease that causes bones to become brittle. Once an individual develops this condition, she is more susceptible to bone fractures and breaks. One of the main causes of this condition is a diet that lacks calcium and vitamin D. Also, certain populations are more prone to develop this degenerative disease. For example, women tend to suffer from osteoporosis more than men. And in particular, women who do not receive adequate amounts of the above mentioned nutrients are more likely to develop the disease. This does not bode well for certain ethnic groups that have higher incidences of lactose intolerance, such as Chinese Americans. According to National Institutes of Health (NIH), “Asian American women are at high risk for developing osteoporosis (porous bones), a disease that is preventable and treatable. Studies show that Asian Americans share many...
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...Bone is a living tissue that supports our muscles, protects vital internal organs, and stores most of the body's calcium. Bone also contains living cells, including some that nourish the tissue and others that control the process known as bone remodeling. Throughout life, our bones are constantly being renewed by means of this remodeling process, in which old bone is removed (bone resorption) and replaced by new bone (bone formation). Bone remodeling is carried out through the coordinated actions of bone-removing cells called osteoclasts and bone-forming cells called osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are mono-nucleated cells that synthesize bone. These cells are fully involved in the anabolic activity in bones. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells responsible...
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...Skeletal.eap3am 8/20/02 1:20 PM Page 50 50 The Body Systems: Clinical and Applied Topics The Skeletal System 6 The skeletal framework of the body is composed of at least 206 bones and the associated tendons, ligaments, and cartilages. The skeletal system has a variety of important functions, including the support of soft tissues, blood cell production, mineral and lipid storage, and, through its relationships with the muscular system, the support and movement of the body as a whole. Skeletal system disorders can thus affect many other systems. The skeletal system is in turn influenced by the activities of other systems. For example, weakness or paralysis of skeletal muscles will lead to a weakening of the associated bones. Although the bones you study in the lab may seem rigid and permanent structures, the living skeleton is dynamic and undergoing continual remodeling. The remodeling process involves bone deposition by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. As indicated in Figure A-16, the net result of the remodeling varies depending on: 2. The applied physical stresses: Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger, and lightly stressed bones become thinner and weaker. Skeletal weakness can therefore result from muscular disorders, such as myasthenia gravis (p. 66) or the muscular dystrophies (p. 65), and conditions that affect CNS motor neurons, such as spinal cord injuries (p. 75), demyelination disorders (p. 72), or multiple sclerosis (pp. 72, 82). 3....
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