...There are two common general approaches to vertebral augmentation, a category of minimally invasive surgical procedures designed to immediately stabilize a vertebral fracture to treat the patient's pain and prevent progressive spinal deformity. Vertebral Fracture Surgery To provide relief of the pain of a vertebral fracture and prevent further collapse, two types of minimally invasive procedures are available. These procedures, vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty, are most commonly used in cases of severe, functionally disabling pain caused by a vertebral fracture that does not improve over a number of weeks with pain medication and treatment with brace immobilization. Both vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty procedures involve the placement of cement...
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...Special Class Discussion OI or Osteogenesis Imperfecta, which is commonly referred to as Brittle Bone disease. It causes Isaiah to be susceptible to fractures and breaks in his bone very easily. Isaiah was diagnosed with type III OI during the second trimester (20 weeks), which is a very severe form, but survivable. Though the diagnosis was not the best, the couple, Vicky and Dave, have made the most out of the situation. From what I have had the opportunity to observe via the blog, Isaiah is living a full life given the circumstances. Full of Disney whimsy and seasonal outings just as any kid would experience. I love the fact that his parents are both very understanding and even tempered people, from what they present in the blog. Making the childs life as stress free as possible. Though they try not to focus on the hardships in their blog, some of it is very apparent when you read between the lines. One instance is when Vicky wrote about how she could not tell if Isaiahs moaning and crying was due to hunger, a fever or a fracture. The condition carries a huge burden, regardless of how hard the parents try and normalize his life. The parents try and maintain a positive atmosphere, but in my mind I am very curious as to what toll it is taking on their physical and emotional health? Questions: 1) Do you have any plans for Isaiah as he gets older? Education? 2) How is Isaiah in social situations with other children? 3) Does Isaiah have any favorite activities...
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...happens when the ligaments are stretched beyond their normal range of motion (sprained). CAUSES This injury is caused by a blow to the tip of your finger that pushes your finger toward your hand. RISK FACTORS This injury is more likely to develop if you play sports. SYMPTOMS Symptoms of this injury include: Pain. Swelling. Discoloration and bruising around the joint. Difficulty bending or straightening the finger. Not being able to use the finger normally. DIAGNOSIS Your health care provider may suspect a jammed finger based on your symptoms, especially if you had a recent finger or hand injury. Your health care provider will examine your finger. You may also have an X-ray to check for a broken bone (fracture). TREATMENT In most cases, a jammed finger may be treated by: Wearing a splint. Taping the injured finger to the fingers beside it (buddy taping). Medicine used to treat pain. Depending on the type of injury, you may also have to do exercises after your finger has begun to heal. This helps you regain strength and mobility in the finger. HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS Take medicines only as directed by your health care provider. Apply ice to the injured area: Put ice in a plastic bag. Place a towel between your skin and the bag. Leave the ice on for 20 minutes, 2–3 times per day. Raise the injured area above the level of your heart while you are sitting or lying down. Wear the splint or tape...
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...LIQUID METAL EMBRITTLEMENT (LME) RAGHAV MOHAN Graduate Student M.S in Technical Entrepreneurship and Management University of Rochester INTRODUCTION Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) is a phenomenon of practical importance, where certain ductile metals experience drastic loss in tensile ductility or undergo brittle fracture when tested in the presence of specific liquid metals. Generally, a tensile stress or a residual stress is needed to induce embrittlement. Many mechanisms were proposed to explain the phenomenological characteristics of LME. The significance of liquid metal embrittlement is revealed by the practical observation of several structures experiencing ductility losses and cracking during hot dip galvanizing or during subsequent fabrication. Liquid metal embrittlement effects can be observed even in solid state, when one of the metals is brought close to its melting point (e.g. cadmium-coated parts operating at high temperature). This phenomenon is known as solid metal embrittlement. OBSERVATIONS OF LME Mechanical structures are typically a space frame fabricated from parallel large diameter tubes, called chords, cross braced by smaller diameter perpendicular and diagonal tubes(e.g. sign bridge structures over freeway) .After welding, the structure is hot dip galvanized. The hot dip galvanizing process consists of submerging the structure in a bath of molten zinc. This leaves a relatively uniform zinc coating over the entire structure upon...
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...a broken bone may occur. Depending on the severity of the break, fracture surgery may be needed to help in the healing process. Different Types of Fractures Each type of fracture is different and unique. An expert orthopedic doctor will be able to determine if fracture surgery will be needed. Each individual patient will have specific needs in helping the bones to heal properly. • Stable or straight fracture barely causes the bone to be out of alignment. • An open, compound fracture is creates a wound in the area. Depending on the impact, the bone may or may not...
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...Advances in Metal Forming Research at the Center for Precision Forming - Industry/University Cooperation – T. Altan, P. Sartkulvanich, N. Kardes The Center for Precision Forming (CPF), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Abstract The demand for application for lightweight materials such as Ultra/Advanced High Strength Steels (U/AHSS), aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys and boron steels in automotive industry is increasing to reduce vehicle weight and increase crash performance. The use of these relatively new materials requires advanced and reliable techniques to a) obtain data on material properties and flow stress, b) predicting springback and fracture in bending and flanging, c) selecting lubricants and die materials/coatings for stamping and forging and d) designing tools for blanking and shearing. In addition, designing the process and tooling for a) hot stamping of boron steels, b) warm forming of Al and Mg alloys, and c) optimizing the use of servo-drive presses require advanced Finite Element based simulation methods. CPF is conducting R&D in most of these topics and also in many hot and cold forging related topics. This paper gives an overview of this research and discusses how the research results are applied in cooperation with industry. Keywords: Metal Forming, Sheet metal, Forging, FEM 1 INTRODUCTION The Center for Precision Forming (CPF) has been established with funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and a number of companies (www.cpforming...
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...Qualification B-TEC Level 3 Extended Diploma in Vehicle Technology Year 2014-15 Unit Number And Unit Title Unit 19: Properties and Applications of Engineering Materials Learner Nagesh Kom Grading criteria Achieved? P6 Describe the principles of the modes of failure known as ductile/brittle fracture, fatigue and creep. P8 Describe a different process of degradation associated with each of metals, polymers and ceramics. Learners feedback P6:- I will learn to what are a ductile/brittle fracture, fatigue and creep and learn definitions of fractures. P8:- I will learn different processes degradation of metals, polymers and ceramic. And also learn what the degradation process is. Assessors feedback Action plan Assessors signature Rishi Mali Date Learners signature Nagesh Date Name: Nagesh Kom. Assignment No.: 4 Unit Name: Properties and...
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...characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, decreasing its strength, resulting in fragile bones. Bone is a living tissue that is continually being broken down and recovered. Osteoporosis occurs when the pace of creation of the new bone doesn't keep up with the pace of the removal ones, causing an abnormally porous bones, making it compressible like a sponge. This disorder of the skeleton weakens the bone and results in fractures (breaks) in the bones. Most frequent fractures occur in the hip, wrist or spine. Osteoporosis is often known as “the silent thief” because bone loss occurs without symptoms. DEFINITION OF OSTEOPOROSIS A skeletal disorder portrayed by compromised bone strength, which predisposes to a higher possibilities of fractures is called osteoporosis (Camacho, Miller, 2007). World Health Organization (WHO) define osteoporosis as an illness by low bone mass and microarchitectural degradation of bone tissue, leading to augmented bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture peril....
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...Bone Fractures * A break in a bone Types of bone fractures 1. Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin 2. Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin * Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization - Realignment of the bone Repair of Bone Fractures * Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed * Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus * Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus * Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch The Axial Skeleton * Forms the longitudinal part of the body * Divided into three parts * Skull * Vertebral column * Bony thorax The Skull * Two sets of bones * Cranium * Facial bones * Bones are joined by sutures * Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint Paranasal Sinuses - Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Functions of paranasal sinuses - Lighten the skull - Give resonance and amplification to voice The Hyoid Bone - The only bone that does not articulate with another bone - Serves as a moveable base for the tongue The Fetal Skull - The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length The Fetal Skull Fontanelles – fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones - Allow the brain to grow - Convert to bone within 24 months after birth The Vertebral Column - Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs - The...
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...Blue Box Notes Back Strain, Sprains and Spasms (p. 495) • Warm up and stretching – increase tonus of “core muscles” (anterolateral abdominal wall—transverse abdominis—lumbar stabilization) prevent back strains and sprains • Back sprain – injury to ligamentous or attachment of ligament to bone. o NOT DISLOCATION OR FRACTURE o Excessively strong contractions for extension or rotation of vertebral column • Back strain – degree of stretching or microscopic tearing of muscle fibers o Sports; overly strong contraction o Muscles usually involved with producing movement of lumbar IV joints ▪ ERECTOR SPINAE o Weight not properly balanced on vertebral column o Do NOT use back as lever, crouch and keep back straight ▪ Use muscles of butt and lower limbs • Spasm – sudden involuntary contraction of one or more muscle groups o Protective mech o Attended by cramps, pain, and interference with f(x), producing involuntary movement and distortion Reduced Blood Supply to Brainstem (p. 496) • Winding course of vertrebral arteries through foramina transverasii of the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae and through subocciptal triangle • Problem when arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries) – reduces blood flow • Symptoms – prolonged turning of the head such as trying to back up in car causes lightheadedness, dizziness, and other symptoms...
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...Skeletal.eap3am 8/20/02 1:20 PM Page 50 50 The Body Systems: Clinical and Applied Topics The Skeletal System 6 The skeletal framework of the body is composed of at least 206 bones and the associated tendons, ligaments, and cartilages. The skeletal system has a variety of important functions, including the support of soft tissues, blood cell production, mineral and lipid storage, and, through its relationships with the muscular system, the support and movement of the body as a whole. Skeletal system disorders can thus affect many other systems. The skeletal system is in turn influenced by the activities of other systems. For example, weakness or paralysis of skeletal muscles will lead to a weakening of the associated bones. Although the bones you study in the lab may seem rigid and permanent structures, the living skeleton is dynamic and undergoing continual remodeling. The remodeling process involves bone deposition by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. As indicated in Figure A-16, the net result of the remodeling varies depending on: 2. The applied physical stresses: Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger, and lightly stressed bones become thinner and weaker. Skeletal weakness can therefore result from muscular disorders, such as myasthenia gravis (p. 66) or the muscular dystrophies (p. 65), and conditions that affect CNS motor neurons, such as spinal cord injuries (p. 75), demyelination disorders (p. 72), or multiple sclerosis (pp. 72, 82). 3....
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...A regular smoker will require 30 weeks to heal a natural fracture, which is 6 weeks longer than a non – smoker. For example, the Shinbone fracture is a major fracture and a regular smoker will take around 32 weeks for that while a non- smoker can heal it in 25 weeks. So this illustrates that there is a significant difference in the healing time. The first step toward bone healing the mesenchymal cells transforming into cartilage forming Cells (osteoblasts). They build a scaffolding over the fracture, through which the osteocytes flow and gradually harden, thus forming a new bone. This entire process takes about three months. A healing fracture is considered soft until the bone is completely formed. But for smokers, the bone may remain...
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...C1 Spinal Injury This spinal injury is an fracture or break to the body of the first vertebra (Atlas Vertebra) that also affects the spinal cord and results in death. Common mechanisms of injury are the rotation or compression of the Atlas Vertebra from “diving, vehicular accidents, and falls that impact the head” (Chadda 1). Since this injury damages the spinal cord, it often leaves any part of the body lower than where the injury occurred unable to be controlled by the brain, thus unable to function. To add, the injury to the Atlas vertebra also affects the vertebral artery and cuts blood supply to the brain. Since the specific injury occurs at the most superior vertebra, common results are full-body paralysis or death. The signs and symptoms of this injury are easy to detect. If the athlete is still alive they will experience “paralysis, limited head or neck movement, reduced ability to speak and inability to breathe without assistance” (Chadda 1). Unfortunately, if a C1 spinal injury occurs the athlete would most likely be dead....
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...Dysplastic spondylolisthesis is congenital, caused by a defect in the facet’s vertebral formation “that allows it to slip forward” (Driver, 1). Isthmic spondylolisthesis contains only a portion of defect by the pars interarticularis that doesn’t cause slippage in the vertebra; this condition is called Spondylolysis (Driver, 1). This is common in the sports field, involving repetitive trauma in hyperextension in most favor towards athletes such as football linemen, gymnasts, as well as trained dancers. Degenerative spondylolisthesis is the resulted outcome “due to arthritic changes in the joints of the vertebrae due to cartilage degeneration”; it’s notoriously impacted by older patients (Driver, 1). Traumatic spondylolisthesis has a tornado combination of disturbance, also known as “direct trauma or injury”, by a “fracture of the pedicle, lamina, or facet joints that [relinquishes] the front portion of the vertebra to slip forward with respect to the back portion of the vertebra (Driver, 1). Lastly, Pathologic spondylolisthesis is generated by “a defect in the bone caused by an abnormal bone, such as from a tumor’...
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...our body. Some influences on these stressors are an individual’s handedness, sex, and cultural practices (Cope et al., 2005; Eshed et al., 2010; Imeokparia et al., 1994; Jurmain, 1980; Jurmain and Kilgore, 1995; Klaus et al., 2009; Lieberman et al., 2001; Lieverse et al., 2007; Ortner, 1968; Papathanasiou, 2005; Weiss, 2006; Weiss and Jurmain, 2007). Sufferers of osteoarthritis experience joint stiffness, pain, and swelling, leading to a loss of motion and strength in the affected joint (Bridges, 1993:293; Cope et al., 2005:391; Felson, 1990:49; Larsen, 1997:168). Another arthritic condition known as Schmorl’s nodes impacts the vertebral column. This ailment occurs when the jelly-like substance of the inter-vertebral disk, known as the nucleus pulposus leaks out. This seepage causes degeneration of the bone which can usually impact the vertebral disk, as well as the adjacent vertebrae. The cause for Schmorl’s nodes is from compression of the spinal column usually from repetitively carrying heavy loads, they also tend to affect the middle and lower spinal column (Jurmain and Kilgore, 1995:448; Klaus et al., 2009; Larsen, 1997:166). When comparing hunter/gatherer groups to agriculturalists, researchers have shown a difference in osteoarthritis as evidenced by an increase in osteoarthritis of the upper body but a decrease in the lower body among agriculturalists (Eshed et al., 2010:122). One reason that these changes may have occurred is the repetitive movements of the agriculturalist...
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