...Pseudepigrapha Greek and Hebrew Texts Parallels Interlinear Testaments Digital Bibles Dictionaries Atlases III. Textual Analysis Concordances Lexicons and Wordbooks Lexicons Wordbooks IV. Analysis by Others Online Catalog Commentaries Journal Articles V. Steps for Word Study Old Testament New Testament Page 2 2 2 3-6 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7-8 7 7 8 8 9-10 9 9 10 11-12 11 12 I. Overview Exegetical Steps Exegesis - the process by which one comes to understand a text These are the typical steps involved in an exegesis; your professor’s instructions for your exegetical paper may include a variation of them. A. Establish or orient the context of the pericope in the Biblical book as a whole - a translation from the original Greek or Hebrew may be required - read the text in several different English versions B. Examine the historical context or setting C. Analyze the text - Literary analysis (what type of literature is it?) - Textual analysis (to reconstruct the precise words of the original writer) - Grammatical analysis (classify words by their part of speech) - Lexical analysis (determine meaning(s) of the words) D. Critical analysis: employing various critical methods to ask questions of the texts, ex.: - Canonical - Reader-Response - Form - Redaction - Historical - Rhetorical - Liberation/Black/Feminist - Social-Scientific - Literary - Source - Narrative - Structural - Poststructural - Tradition-Historical E. Theological analysis F. Your analysis and/or application Exegetical...
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...these discussions in his respected work, The Prophetic Imagination. Here, Brueggemann proposes the social actions of the prophets Moses, Isaiah, Ecclesiastes, and Jeremiah as revolutionary insofar as each of their ministries provided a radical alternative for the social consciousness for the Hebrew people of their time given the context of their dominant social realities. These prophets provided a new social orientation for the Hebrews away from the power holders of their ever changing social hierarchy to that of a social life and though centered on their God Yahweh. Brueggemann explains this using Biblical citation while also applying this thesis to a theological critique of the modern Judeo-Christian faith and its preaching. Given Brueggemann’s analysis of the prophets’ social criticism, his argument is compelling and sheds new light onto how readers of the Bible ought to review the Old Testament. Brueggemann begins his work by defining the sole task of prophetic ministry, which is meant to introduce an alternative social reality to the dominant structure followers are led to believe in at their own peril (Brueggemann p. 3). With Moses as the prime example of this prophetic movement in the book of Exodus, Brueggemann explains that prophets must criticize enduring social themes in ongoing struggles while energizing the public to believe in the alternative freedom of God. Moses in battling the pharaohs of Egypt in Exodus had to provide a differing social and political view to the...
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...name’s sake. 4 Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil; For You are with me; Your rod and Your staff, they comfort me. 5 You prepare a table before me in the presence of my enemies; You anoint my head with oil; My cup runs over. 6 Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me All the days of my life; And I will dwell[a] in the house of the Lord Forever (Psalm 23:1-6, The Maxwell Leadership Bible). Introduction Jewish liturgical related to the Psalms “Jewish prayer- language reflects the Psalms in mood and style. Israel Abrahams said, “In prophecy God speaks to man, in psalmody man sings to God” [ (The Psalms in Jewish Liturgy, 2012) ]. The Psalms reflect the emotional aspect of the Hebrew people through songs, music, and poetry. The use of symbolism is a...
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...of the Jewish state and the Second Temple in the year 70 CE and the consequent upheaval of Jewish social and legal norms. As the Rabbis were required to face a new reality, mainly Judaism without a Temple and Judea without at least partial autonomy, there was a flurry of legal discourse and the old system of oral scholarship could not be maintained. The Oral Torah varied among various schools. The most famous two were the School of Shammai and the School of Hillel. In general, all valid opinions, even the non-normative ones, were recorded in the Talmud. The Gemara is a part of the Talmud made up of rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah. After the Mishnah was published by Judah HaNasi (c. 200 CE), the work was studied exhaustively by generation after generation of rabbis in Babylonia and the Land of Israel. Their discussions were written down in books that became the Gemara, which when combined with the Mishnah constituted the Talmud. There are two versions of the Gemara. The Yerushalmi, also known as the Palestinian, was compiled by scholars of Israel, primarily of the academies of Tiberias and Caesarea, which was...
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...Thesis Statement 3 Musical Praise and Worship of the Lord 7 Frequency of the Usage, the Greek and Hebrew Translations of the Words: Glorify, Serve, Honor, Humble, Exalt and Delight 9 Conclusion 11 Figure 1 – Number of Occurrences of each Word in the KJV Bible and its Components 13 Figure 2- Illustration of the Greek and Hebrew Translations, Frequency of the Usage of each Word in the KJV Bible 14 Bibliography 15 UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF THIS STUDY All studies are founded upon certain principles and concepts. This study is based on the definition, translation and the number of occurrences of six words in the King James Version of the Bible. The six words which will be reviewed are: glorify, serve, honor, humble, exalt and delight. In order to properly address these six words, the principles which are discussed by Hill and Tracy (2003) will be explored. Introduction In the early 1990’s, Andrew E. Hill published his treatise which is titled: Enter His Courts with Praise: Old Testament Worship for New Testament Church. Hill dedicates the content of this treatise to one component or another of worshipping the Lord in the context of the Old Testament. The vocabulary words which are applied in the Old Testament are reviewed. The production of biblical histories is reviewed. The holy places, actions and forms are reviewed in this essay. This analysis is inclusive of the priestly class and the royal class in giving reverence to the Lord. The theme of this...
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...“inspired” the writing of the Scriptures. The Bible is a religious book, not just for one community of faith, but for several: Jews and Christians of different denominations, including both Catholic and Protestant traditions. These groups disagree as to which books actually belong in the Bible. In addition, over time, several different approaches to interpreting the Bible have been developed by these groups. In this volume, the Bible is examined mainly from a literary point of view. A literary approach to this unique book, however, will only be successful if we are conscious of the fact that it is not to be judged according to the rules of modern literature but rather as a document of the ancient Near Eastern and Jewish-Hellenistic cultures. One Book, Many Books: Which Texts Belong to the Bible The Bible is not a single, unified work but a compilation of individual texts commonly called books. Which books belong to the Bible? This question is answered differently by different religious communities. The Hebrew Bible is the Holy Scripture of the Jews. It contains books originally written in the ancient Hebrew and partly in the ancient Aramaic languages. The five books of Moses, also called the Pentateuch, or Torah, belong to it, as well as some books dealing with the history of ancient Israel. These are followed by the books of the prophets, some books of wisdom, and the Psalms (a complete list of the books of the Bible is given in Part IV of this volume). The first Christians...
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...Ronnie Spears Dr. Tolokun Omokunde NTS403, Introduction to Biblical Languages July 7, 2014 Final Exam Ronnie Spears Dr. Tolokun Omokunde Introduction to Biblical Languages May 30, 2014 Week 2 Reflection Paper “Off the Shelf and into Yourself” In this modern time of electronic explosion, using the right tools to properly exegesis the word of God is crucial. Not eliminating the bible as the concrete foundation of our Christian knowledge but allowing other resources to become windows in our biblical mansion. The author Mr. Black is sharing with us the necessity of having the right tools to properly make application of the word of God. Greek is the language used by the Gentiles in the New Testament and to adequately teach or preached the New Testament scriptures one need understand Greek translations. There are tools to assist in understanding Greek and we must take advantage of them just like a mechanic always update their tools according to modernization of cars. Paul writes to Timothy and states “to study to show ourselves approved to God, a worker who does not need to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth”, (II Tim. 2:15). The author recommends ten essential tools in using and understanding Greek in ministry, which six of those tools will be discussed in this assignment. Let me establish that all of the tools are essential although I am discussing only six. The first tool is an English bible, whether the King James, (which is the recommended...
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...Given its status as a significant religious text, it is unsurprising to find at least somewhat of an emphasis on moral reform within the Old Testament. Perhaps far more interesting, however, is a consideration of the political implications contained underneath these morality-based commentaries. In certain passages, for example, the Hebrew Bible seems to undoubtedly prioritize social justice. At the same time, however, one might find encouragement of aid for the needy but an allowance for the preservation of the status quo. Through an analysis of several passages from the Old Testament, one can see that despite a prevalent insistence on respect for religious authority, the Hebrew Bible largely uses its prophecies to argue for a radical transformation of the political power structure. A call for a complete rejection of the status quo is evident as far back as Deuteronomy. In its Chapter 18, for example, Deuteronomy “detestable ways of the nations” in the Hebrew G-d-given land are criticized, while it is said that G-d will drive out those nations” (Deut. 18:9-12). Though somewhat vague in language, such indicates that nations doing...
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...which is titled: Enter His Courts with Praise: Old Testament Worship for New Testament Church. Hill dedicates the content of this treatise to one component or another of worshipping the Lord in the context of the Old Testament. The vocabulary words which are applied in the Old Testament are reviewed. The production of biblical histories is reviewed. The holy places, actions and forms are reviewed in this essay. This analysis is inclusive of the priestly class and the royal class in giving reverence to the Lord. The theme of this essay will be Old Testament worship and its function in the New Testament Church. The rituals of worship which were conducted in the Judaic temple are explored in addition to the implications of the artistic adornments which are applied toward worshipping the Lord. Hill makes an argument for the association of the forms of worship which were applied in the context of the Old Testament and the New Testament. Hill emphasizes the application of the book of Psalms in the conventional Christian church. Tracy reviews the application of the book of Psalms in conventional Christian worship. In the treatise titled: Biblical Worship is Good for You, Tracy makes an argument for the use of singing, playing of musical instruments, creating music and formulating psalms in the New Testament worship of the Lord. , In the New Testament, the Old Testament prophecies are fulfilled. Jesus Christ is Lord.,,, The perspectives of Hill and Tracy become convergent with regards...
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...the books of the Old Testament Books) Exodus The Book of Exodus Exodus is a history book in the Bible's Old Testament. And Exodus is also a law book. The people called Hebrews were slaves in Egypt. God sent Moses to free them (Exodus 3). The people in Egypt did not want to free these slaves. But God caused many terrible troubles in Egypt. These troubles forced the people in Egypt to free their Hebrew slaves. So, the Hebrew people left Egypt. God promised the land called Israel to the Hebrew people. But the journey to Israel was through a desert. God did many wonderful things to help the people through the desert. God provided water (Exodus 17) and food (Exodus 16). Moses met God at a mountain called Sinai (Exodus 19). There, God gave the law to Moses (Exodus chapters 20-30). Moses made a special tent where the priests would serve God (Exodus chapters 35-40). We are writing books and articles to help you to study this Bible book. You can download these books and articles free. Please click on the links below to select our other books and articles. (space) The Book of Exodus begins more than four hundred years after Joseph, his brothers, and the Pharaoh he once served have all died. The new leadership in Egypt—feeling threatened by Jacob’s descendants, who have increased greatly in size—embarks on a campaign to subdue the Israelites, forcing them into slavery and eventually decreeing that all Hebrew boys must be killed at birth in the Nile River. The Hebrew women...
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...32306, 35587 Lincoln Hall 120 Monday and Wednesday 9:00-9:50 am Friday Sections Professor Rachel Havrelock Associate Professor Department of English raheleh@uic.edu Office 1909 University Hall Office Hours: Monday, Wednesday and Friday 1:00-2:00 pm Professor Scott Grunow Lecturer Department of English Cobelli@aol.com Course Description This introductory class presents a literary perspective on the Bible. Texts from the Bible stand at the center of analysis, while accompanying textbooks help us to contexualize biblical materials within history. Each week revolves around a particular theme with one lecture on the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament and one on the New Testament. Themes include creation, birth, the hero, the mountain, the community, the Temple, suffering, and the end of time. As we place biblical texts in their historical contexts, we will consider the Bible as a literary work with distinct genres, themes and conventions. The thematic connections between the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament will be explored at the same time that differences in their style and message are investigated. While reading the Bible, we will develop a vocabulary for discussing literary texts as well as a vocabulary specific to texts from the ancient world. This lively and pluralistic course provides a thorough introduction to the literature of the Bible. Course Objectives The Bible is a central text that has influenced literature, history, and global politics...
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...Gen 1:1-2:4a World Behind the text Historical and Cultural Context Genesis illustrates the way Biblical writers J (Yahwist), E (Elohist) and P (Priestly) drew upon the cultural and religious legacy of the Ancient Near East (ANE) along with its stories and imagery and transformed it to conform to a new vision of a non-mythological God and a monotheistic, superior religion. “The Pentateuch developed against the background of the Ancient Near Eastern culture first cultivated in and spread by Sumerian, Assyrian, and Babylonian empires”. This exemplifies how Israelite religion, was “shaped by responses to and reactions against this culture due both to contacts with neighboring Canaanites and to conflicts with Assyrian and Babylonian empires”. Genesis 1:1-2:4a can therefore be said to reflect the “Babylonian account of creation, which we call Enuma Elish…known from at least 1700 BCE,” “predating the earliest text of Genesis by at least a millennium.” In both Genesis and the ancient Babylonian myth, water is divided into upper and lower waters. The Enuma Elish is recorded on seven tablets and the Genesis account is completed in seven days. The Babylonians created humans to serve as slaves yet in Genesis God creates humans in the likeness of the divine. The Priestly source penned the creation story with the intent of being a “monumental historiographic composition…with the purpose of portraying both the beginnings of mankind and Israel in the spirit of a monotheistic concept...
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...number 7,777 and imperative number 7777. 5. Know the kinds of “communication” mentioned that God uses to convey his Word. Narrative history, genealogies, chronicles, laws of all kinds, poetry of all kinds, proverbs, prophetic oracles, riddles, drama, biographical sketches, parables, letters, sermons, and apocalypses. 6. “To interpret properly the “then and there” of the biblical texts, you must…” not only know some general rules that apply to all the words of the Bible, but you also need to learn the special rules that apply to each of these literary forms (genres). 7. Know and be able to discuss the two types of ‘context’ mentioned in the reading. Why are these items important? Historical Context: Differs from book to book and has to do with several things: the time and culture of the author and his readers, that is the geographical, topographical, and political factors that are relevant to the authors setting;...
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...Essay Question #3: Describe the teachings of Hebrew wisdom on diligence and laziness. How does this correspond with the contrast between wisdom and folly? Include Scripture references and quotations as appropriate. I. A Summary of what Hebrew Wisdom Teaches about Diligence and Laziness. The dictionary defines diligence as “careful and persistent work or effort” and laziness as “the quality of being unwilling to work or use energy”. By these definitions we can see that diligence and laziness are the exact opposite of each other. “The eagerly sought after trait of diligence is often addressed within the book of Proverbs. Laziness – diligence’s lethargic antonym – is likewise frequently mentioned due to the severity of its consequences. Solomon illustrated both diligence and laziness in a unique way that emphasized key concepts such as personal discipline, integrity, and wisdom.” (Heart of the Wolph, 2014) Throughout all the proverbs we learn that lazy behavior results in poverty, while diligence results in wealth(Hindson, Yates 2012). In other words, diligence is rewarded, laziness is punished. We get this idea reiterated over and over again throughout the Bible. In Proverbs 21:5 “The plans of the diligent lead surely to advantage, But everyone who is hasty comes surely to poverty”. And again in Proverbs 10:4 “Poor is he who works with a negligent hand, But the hand of the diligent makes rich.” I could go on, but I think we get the idea. When...
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...Comparative Analysis: 1. Differences between Jewish denominations, which are more commonly known as "movements," reflect varying responses to changing times and cultures. The historical Jewish movements (Pharisses, Sadduccees, and Essenes) were responses to the Roman rule of Israel, while the major modern movements (Reform, Orthodox, and Conservative) are responses to the modern, secular culture of Europe and America. Jewish denominations differ from one another primarily with regard to practice. Orthodox Judaism is the most traditional expression of modern Judaism. Orthodox Jews believe the entire Torah - including "Written," the the Pentateuch, and "Oral," the Talmud) was given to Moses by God at Sinai and remains authoritative for modern life in its entirety. Reform Judaism is the most liberal expression of Judaism. In America, Reform Judaism is organized under the Union for Reform Judaism (known as the Union of American Hebrew Congregations until 2003), whose mission is "to create and sustain vibrant Jewish congregations wherever Reform Jews live." About 1.5 million Jews in 900 synagogues are members of the Union for Reform Judaism. Conservative Judaism may be said to be a moderate position between Orthodox and Reform Judaism. It seeks to conserve the traditional elements of Judaism, while allowing for modernization to a less radical extent than Reform Judaism. The teachings of Zacharias Frankel (1801-75) form the foundation of Conservative Judaism. Hasidic...
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