Free Essay

Bored

In:

Submitted By win28
Words 44281
Pages 178
a&TOa'gif; pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

a&TOa'gif;

rmwdum 1/ wpfuRef;jyefwpfa,muftrIü armifpH&Sm; pHkaxmufyHk 2/ armifpH&Sm;onf tb,faMumifh vlysdKMuD;vkyfí aeygoenf; 3/ ESpfxyfausmh 4/ tqdyfaomufaoonfqdkaom trI 5/ xl;qef;aom vlowfrIMuD; 6/ ola|;uawmfwpfOD;trI 7/ udk,fhudk,fudkowfjcif;avm olwpfyg;owfjcif;avm 8/ ajrydkif&Sif vifr,m;trI 9/ xl;qef;aom ajrbkwfbDvl;trIIü armifpH&Sm; pHkaxmufyHk 10/ OD;atmif'Gef;udk b,folowfovJ 11/ w&kwfujym;rav; rusifjrdKiftrI 12/ rif;wdkifyiftrwfwpfOD;\trIIü armifpH&Sm;pHkaxmufyHk 13/ ,pfrsdK;pHkaxmufwpfa,muf aoqHk;rI 14/ pdefvk,ufrIü pHkaxmufyHk 15/ xl;qef;aomtarGrIMuD;ü armifpH&Sm;pHkaxmufyHk 16/ touftmrcH ukrÜPDtrI 17/ eef;pOfywÅjrm;trIIü armifpH&Sm;pHkaxmufyHk 18/ rdk;ukwftarGtrIü armifpH&Sm; pHkaxmufyHk 19/ tdEd´,jynf? rdkufpdk;e,f r[m&mZmapmfbGm;\ eef;wGif;ywÅjrm; aysmufqHk;rIü armifpH&Sm;pHkaxmufyHk 20/ udk,fhudk,fudk owfaoonfqdkonfhtrIü pHkaxmufjcif; 21/ aumfydka&;&Sif;Ouú| aysmufrIpHkaxmufyHk 22/ xl;qef;aom tdk;jcrf;yJh txdrf;trSwfrIü pHkaxmufyHk
1

...4 . . .50 . . .94 . . .108 . . .121 . . .132 . . .147 . . .162 . . .175 . . .189 . . .204 . . .221 . . .236

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

23/ wl0&D;ESpfa,muf\ xl;qef;aom trIü pHkaxmufjcif; 24/ bk&ifcHuawmfykvJykwD;aysmufrIü pHkaxmufyHk 25/ £w¦d, odkuform;wa,muftrI 26/ ya&mfzufqm q&mMuD;OD;xGef;azESifh &ifqdkif&jcif; 27/ ya&mfzufqm q&mMuD; OD;xGef;azESifh armifpH&Sm; 28/ ukvm;"m;jytoif;MuD;ESifh pHkaxmufarmifpH&Sm; 29/ pHkaxmufarmifpH&Sm;onf vlqdk;wdkU pufuGif;odkU oufqif;&yHk 30/ pHkaxmufarmifpH&Sm;tm; vkyfMuHMuyHk 31/ a&eHacsmif; wGif;pm;&dk;wpfa,muf\trI 32/ tpdk;& pmcsKyfrsm; aysmufqHk;rIü OD;pH&Sm; pHkaxmufyHk 33/ usm;avm vlavm 34/ pdefa0vQH aysmufqHk;rI 35/ MoZmoHk;aphtrI 36/ bdkujym;rav;wpfa,muf\trI 37/ ausmif;om;wpfa,muf aysmufqHk;rI 38/ rouFmaom vifr,m; 39/ pHzJtavmif; awGUrI 40/ tarG ray;vdkaom yaxG;trI 41/ aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ÚmPfupm;onfhtrI 42/ pifwmazm0yf abmorm;aysmufrI 43/ ÚmPform; armifarmifOD; 44/ tmZmenftoif;trI 45/ yifv,furf;ajc vlowfrIü pHkaxmufyHk 46/ avSolMuD; OD;rdk;oD;

2

a&TOa'gif;

47/ av;yGifhqdkif 48/ &Sdrf;rum;&Gm vlowfrI 49/ OD;pH&Sm;toufudk vkyfMuHrI 50/ ausmufpD "m;ajr§mif aysmufqHk;rI 51/ bHkeef;&dyfom tdrfBuD;ESifh ywfoufaomtrI 52/ aysmufaomol &SmvQif awGU 53/ bk&ifcHuawmf\ pmaysmufrI 54/ yef;qdk;wef; vlowfrI 55/ v,f0ef OD;omvlESifh ZeD; rcifwifh owfrI 56/ xl;qef;aom tqdyfcwfrI 57/ ayGvDtif;acG;MuD;trI

3

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

1/ wpfuRef;jyefwpfa,muftrIü armifpH&Sm; pHkaxmufyHk wpfaeUaom we*FaEGaeUü armifpH&Sm;onf tdrfa&SU {nfhcef;wGif xdkifvsuf zefbl; zefcGuf zefjyGefrS pí ud&d,m wefqmrsm;ESifh "mwfowåKrsm;udk rdrd 0goemtavsmuf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm prf;oyf vsuf&Sdae&mrSud&d,mrsm;udk &kwfw&uf csxm;NyD;vQif ukvm;xdkifwGifrSDumtysif;ajy vdrfNyD;aemuf ]NyD;ayNyDAsm? eufjzefrSyJ usefwJhtwGuf qufNyD; vkyfawmhr,f? 'gxuf udkodef;armifa&U? tckwavm w,fNyD; usKyfESifh qdkifwJh trIrsm;u eJyguvm;As? bmr[kwfwJh trIEkuav;awGcsnf; yJ awGUae& w,f? usKyfu cifAsm; odwJh twdkif; trIr&jyefrSjzifh ysif;jyefa&mAs? pdwfudk tvum; rxm;wwf bJ[mudk; udkodef;armif&JU? ysif;vSw,fAsm? vrf;avQmufMuOD;pdkUvm;} [k ajymvsuf xdkif&mrS xrnf ûyonfwGif avScg;rS ajcoHMum;vdkuf&m armifpH&Sm;vnf; &kwfw&uf jyefí xdkifNyD;vQif }aumfNyDAsdKU? aumfjyefNyD/ trIonfESifh wlw,f? ajcoHu w,frjyif;vSbl;? rdef;rajcoHESifh wlw,f} [kajymí rqHk;rD wHcg;udk tjyifrS acgufoHMum;&av\/ xdktcg armifpH&Sm;vnf; ]0ifcJhav} [k ajymvdkufonfwGif oli,fr wpfa,mufvnf; tcef;wGif; odkU r&Jw&J 0ifvmí ]udkpH&Sm; [kwfyg&JUvm;&Sif} [k ar;ojzifh armifpH&Sm;onf [kwfygaMumif;ESifh ajymqdkNyD;vQif &dkaoorI ûyonfh trlt&mESifh aumif;rGefpGm ae&mxdkifcif;ay;av\/ ¤if;oli,frrSm touf ESpfq,ft&G,fcefUrQ &Sdvsufusufoa&&SdvSaom£a`E´odu©m ESifhvnf; aumif;? vGefrif;pGm aumif;rGef awmufyjcif; r&SdbJvsuf oifhwifh&HkrQ &Sdaom t0wfwefqmrsm;udk uspfvpf odyfonf;pGm 0wfqifvsufvnf;aumif;? tvGefw&m csdKat; Munfvif Ek,OfvSpGmaom rsufESmxm; jzifhvnf;aumif; jynfhpHkvSayonf jzpf&um; uRefawmfrSm þrQavmuf cspfcifzG,f aumif;vSaom oli,fruav;udk þtouf þt&G,fwdkifa&mufatmif wpfBudrfwpfcgrQ rawGUjrifbl; ayNyDwum;[k pdwfü rSwfxifrdygaMumif;/ tcsdKUaom oli,fruav;wdkUonfrSm rsufESmxm;tm;jzifh vSywifhw,f ½IcsifpzG,f &SdMuay \/ tcsdKUrSmvnf; udk,fvHk;udk,fayguftm;jzifh tqif;twuf ajyjypfnDnGwfjcif;ESifh jynfhpHkMuay \? odkU&mwGif cspfcifzG,faumif;jcif;? a,mufsm;wdkU\ pdwfESvHk;udk El;nGwfatmif jzpfapjcif; tp&Sd onfht&mXmeürl ¤if;rdef;uav;xufxl;uJaomrdef;uav;wdkUrSm &SmíawGUEdkifrnfr[kwfawmh acs/ rdef;uav;onf tenf;i,f wkefvIyfaom trlt&mESifh armifpH&Sm;u cif;í ay;aom ukvm;xkdif wGif xdkifNyD;aemuf ]vGefcJhwJh oHk;ESpfavmufuuRefrrdwfaqGwpfa,mufa':oif;Munfqdkwmudkonfu tudkMuD; u ulnDapmifrzl;wJhtwGuf uRefrudk vrf;nTefvdkufavawmh uRefrudkvnf; xkdenf;twl ulnDvdrfh r,fvdkU ajr§mfvifhNyD; vmcJh&ygw,f tudkMuD;&Sifh} [k armifpH&Sm;tm; tvGefw&m tm;xm; vSaom rsufESmxm;jzifh ajymavvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; pOf;pm;onfh rsufESmjzifh
4

a&TOa'gif;

]a':oif;Munf? a':oif;Munf? aMomf owd&NyDAsdKU? [kwfw,f [kwfw,f usKyfenf;enf; ulnDzl;w,f? odkUaomfvnf; olUtrIu w,fMuD; reufvSygbl;? cyf&dk;&dk; cyf&Sif;&Sif;ygyJ} ]tudkMuD;rSmom &Sif;ygw,f&Sif? cjrmrSmjzifh [dkwHk;u ½Iyf&SmvGef;vdkU rMuHwwfatmif jzpfNyD; aevdkUrdkU tudkMuD; ulnDwmrsm; ajymvdkUawmif rqHk;Edkif&Smygbl;&Sif? odkUaomfvnf; olUtrI[m uawmh b,fvdkyif&Sif;onfjzpfí,ck uRefrvma&mufcJh&wJh trI[mujzifh tifrwefvnf; xl;qef; tifrwef vnf; ½IyfaxG;wJh trI ygyJ tudkMuD;&Sifh} [k ajymvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; tvGefw&m ESpfouf tm;&&SdS aom rsufESmxm;ESifh oli,frtm; MunfhNyD;vQif ]udkif; rdef;uav; trI ajymjyprf; Asm} [k ajymvsuf em;pdkufum &Sdaeav\/ xdktcg uRefawmfvnf; uRefawmf\ a&SUü rdef;uav;onf pum;pHkvifpGm ajym&rnfudk aMumuf&GHUrnfpdk;ojzifh xdkif&mrS xrnfûyavvQif oli,fru ]udpör&Sdygbl;&Sif? xdkifomxkdifyg? wpfqdwfuav; tudkMuD;u awmif;yefay;yg&Sif? tudkMuD; rdwfaqG jzpfcJhvdkU&SdvQifuRefrtrIudkESpfa,mufvHk;Mum;Mu&ifomNyD;aumif;ygvdrfhr,f&Sif} [kajymojzifh uRefawmfvnf; jyefí xdkif&av\/ ¤if;aemuf rdef;uav;u ]udkif; uRefr twdkcsKyfNyD; ajymyg&ap&Sif? uRefr tazu yxruawmh ausmif;q&m vkyfNyD;aecJh? vGefcJhwJh ppfMuD;twGif;rSm ausmif;q&mtvkyfudk pGefUNyD; toufyifMuD;aomfvnf; toufudk avsmhayghajymNyD; ppfrIxrf;&GufzdkU ppfxJudk vdkufoGm;&yga&mh&Sif? uRefr rdcifuawmh uRefr i,fi,fuav;uyJ? aoqHk;NyD; oGm;&Sm? uRefrrSm a':a':wpfa,mufESifh twlwuG aexdkifNyD; t*Fvdyfpmrsm;udk oifMum;cJh? 7wef;ESifh q&mjzpf y&dkifrm&D pmar;yGJudk atmifjrifNyD; ausmif;q&mtvkyfESifh udk,f0rf;udk,fcg;udk xdef;ausmif;cJh&ygw,f&Sif/} ]onfhaemuf ppfMuD;NyD;ajrmufavawmh uRefrwdkU taz jyefvmr,fvdkU pmrsm;&wmESifh uRefrrSm apmifhqdkif;NyD; aecJh? wpfaeUoüawmh jyefvmaMumif; owif;Mum;wJhjyif rdwfaqG wpfa,muf tdrfrSm wnf;cdkaexdkifaMumif; owif; Mum;&yga&m&Sif? onfawmh uRefrrSm uRefr taz[m jyefvm &ufESifh uRefrudkrS EIwfrqufao;bJ olwpfyg;tdrfrSm wnf;cdk&ufavjcif;vdkU pdwfxJrSm rcHcsif aomfvnf; taz&Sd&m oGm;NyD; wpfreufcif;rSm ar;yga&m&Sif? ar;awmh olUwnf; tdrfu vlawGu uRefrtaz[m nuwnf;u xGufoGm;vdkufwm ,ckwdkif jyefrvmao;aMumif; Mum;&yga&m&Sif? 'gESifh uRefrvnf; wpf&ufwpf&ufESifh apmifhvdkufwm ig;&ufavmufMumawmh bmrsm; jzpfavovJ vdkU pdwfrcswmESifh ykvdyfudk wdkifcsufay;yga&m&Sif? onfawmh uRefrvnf; ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm;u tBuHay;csuft& owif;pmxJrSm xnfhNyD;aMumfjim? ykvdyfpHkaxmufrsm;udkvnf; pHkaxmufzdkUajym? trsdK;rsdK; uRefr MudK;pm;aomfvnf; b,fenf;ESifh vkyfvdkUrS owif;r&bl;&Sif? onfawmh} &Sm;/ /]aeygtHk;rdef;uav;&,f? &ufpGJ ajymprf;yg? b,f&ufu jyefvmovJ} rdef;uav;/ /]1919 ck? azaz:0g&Dv 12 &ufaeUu jyefa&mufygw,f&Sif} &Sm;/ /]b,fESpf&ufaeUu aysmufoGm;ovJ} rdef;uav;/ /]aemufwpf&ufyJ aysmufoGm;w,f&Sifh? 13 &ufaeU}
5

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/ /]wpfESpfausmfoGm;ygNyDaumAsm? 'gxuf olUypönf;rsm;aum rusef&pfbl;vm;} rdef;uav;/ /]rsm;rsm;rusef&pfygbl;&Sif? t0wftpm;uav; eJeJESifh pmtkyfuav; oHk;av; tkyfESifhonfhjyif wdkvDrdkvDypönf;uav; eJeJyg;yg;ygyJ&Sif} &Sm;/ /]&efukefNrdKUxJrSm olwnf;wJh tdrfrSwpfyg; onfhjyif rdwfaqGrsm; &Sdao;ovm;} rdef;uav;/ /]onfhjyif rdwfaqGwpfa,mufom &Sdw,fvdkU uRefr Mum;zl;ygw,f&Sif? onf rdwfaqGu uRefrwdkUtazESifh twlwl ppfxJrSm trIxrf;NyD; rrmvdkU jyefvmwm? olu ajcmufv avmuf t&ifa&mufESifhygw,f&Sif? olUtdrfudkvnf; uRefr oGm;NyD; ar;ygw,f? ar;awmh olu uRefrwdkU tazjyefa&mufvmw,f qdkwmawmif ol rod&ygbl;wJh} &Sm;/ /]olUemrnfu b,folwJhvJ} rdef;uav;/ /]OD;xGef;ausmfwJh&Sif} &Sm;/ /]bm&mxl;vJAs? ppfxJrSm} rdef;uav;/ /]*sr'gygwJh&Sif} &Sm;/ /]oli,fr tazuaum twlwlyJvm;} rdef;uav;/ /][kwfygw,f&Sif? *sr'gygyJ? trnfuawmh OD;om[efygwJh} &Sm;/ /]udkif; onfhjyif ajymprf;ygOD;Asm} rdef;uav;/ /] 'gESifh uRefrvnf; owif;rMum;avawmh pdwfnpfnpfeJU vufavQm h&r vdkjzpf aewkef; ajcmufvavmuftMumrSm wpfaeUoüawmh owif;pm wpfapmifxJrSm *sr'g OD;om[ef orD;wpfa,muf[m b,ft&yf b,fa'orSm aexdkifaMumif; ¤if;owif;pmxJrSm jyefMum;ajzqdk vQifjzifh aus;Zl;&Sdygvdrfhr,fwJh ygvmwmudk;&Sifh? onfawmhuRefru uRefr a':a': udkwdkifyifNyD; rMumrD twGif;yJae&yfESifhwuG vdyfudk ajzMum;vdkufyga&m&Sifh? onfvdkvJ owif;pm xJuaeNyD; ajzvdkufyg a&m aemufwpfaeUrSm uRefrtrnfESifh txkyfuav;wpfxkyf a&mufvmyg a&m&Sifh? 'gESifh uRefr jznf Munfh awmh tifrwef ta&mifaumif;wJh ykvJMuD;wpfvHk; awGUyga&m &Sif? onfhjyifawmh pmvnf; ryg? bmvJ ryg? b,fu ydkUvdkufvdkU b,fvdk tMuHtpnfESifhrSef;vnf; uRefr rod&ygbl;&Sif? 'gESifh onfykvJudk pdefwdkufu bmblrsm;udk oGm;jyawmh tbdk; oHk;&m xdkufwefw,fvdkU tzdk;jzwf vdkufygw,f&Sif? jzwfvdkufayr,fh b,fvdk tMuHtpnfESifh ydkUvdkufrSef; rodavawmh uRefrvnf; ra&mif;bl;&Sifh? &wJh vcuav;ESifhyJ uspfuspfuav; pm;aomuf aecJhygw,f? 'gESifh tJ'DaeUu pNyD; vqef; wpf&ufaeUwkdif; wpf&ufaeUwdkif; onfykvJrsdK; wpfvHk;wpfvHk; a&muf a&mufvmygw,f&Sif? ,ck 12 v&SdvdkUrdkU ykvJ 12 vHk; uRefrqD a&mufygNyD&Sif? t&G,fuvnf; nD ta&mifuvnf; nDyg bdoESifh Munfhygawmh&Sif} [k ajymvsuf oli,frvnf; uEkurmjzifh ûyvkyfxm;aom aowåmi,ftwGif;rS ykvJ 12 vHk;udk uRefawmfwdkUtm; xkwfí jyav\/ armifpH&Sm;vnf; ykvJudk aocsmpGmMunfh½INyD;aemuf
6

a&TOa'gif;

]aumif;ygw,f? aumif;wJh ykvJMuD;awG? wpfvHk; 400 xufreJwefyg&JUAsm/udkif;udkif; onfhjyif ajymygOD;Asm} rdef;uav;/ /]'gESifh onfvdk vpOf ykvJ wpfvHk; wpfvHk; &NyD;vmcJh? onfuaeUawmh tcgwdkif;vdk ykvJ ra&mufvmbJESifh a[m'Dpmwpfapmif a&mufvmygw,f&Sif} [k ajymí pmwpfapmif udk xkwfí jy&m armifpH&Sm;u ]pmtdwfygay;Asm} [k ajymí pmtdwfyg ,lí MunfhNyD; aemuf ]tif; pmwdkufwHqdyfu MunfhjrifwdkifwHqdyf? &ufpGJu pufwifbmv 1 &ufaeU? pmtdyf axmifhu vufr&mMuD;[mu pmydkUukvm;&JUvufr&myJESifh wlw,f?pmtdyfuvnf; pmtdyfaumif;? pma&;puúL uvnf; puúLaumif;? tenf;qHk; wpf&mudk oHk;usyfavmuf ay;&r,f/ pmxJrSm vufrSwfvnf; rxdk;bl;? ae&yfvnf; rygbl;? &ufpGJvnf; rygbl;? udkif; udkif; pmxJrSm bmygovJ Munfh&atmif} [k ajymvsuf armifpH&Sm;vnf; atmufygtwdkif; zwfav\/ ],aeUn 8em&D tcsdefwGif ypfcsm;yJavpfh t&dyfjyyGJ&Hka&SUodkU tazmfESpfa,mufESifh vmcJhyg av/ rdef;uav;rSm rsm;pGm tepfemcH ae&ygojzifh uREfkyf wwftm;orQ ulnDvdkygonf/ odkU&mwGif ykvdyfrsm;udkjzifh rac:cJhygESifh/ ykvdyfrsm; ygcJhvQif uREkfyfESifh awGUawmhrnf r[kwfyg} rdwfaqGwpfa,muf ¤if;pmudk zwfNyD;aemuf armifpH&Sm;u }tif; awmfawmf aumif;yHkay:wJh trIuav;yJ? udkif; udkif; rdef;uav;emrnfu rESif;nGefU [kwfvm;} nGefU/ /][kwfygw,f&Sif} &Sm;/ /]udkif; onftrIrSm rESif;nGefU b,fhES,fvkyfzdkU MuHpnfovJ} nGefU/ /]uRefrjzifh b,fhES,fvkyf&r,f rodwwfvdkU tudkMuD;qD vm&jcif; jzpfygw,f&Sif} &Sm;/ /]udkif; usKyftMuHtwdkif; vkdufrSmjzifh olrSmwJhtwdkif; usKyfwkdU oGm;Mur,f? tazmf ESpfa,muf ac:cJhqdkw,f r[kwfvm;? ae&musNyD; onfu udkodef;armifESifh usKyfESifh vdkufMur,f b,fhES,fvJ} nGefU/ /(uRefawmfhbufodkU vSnfhvsuf) ]vdkufcJhygOD; tudkMuD;&Sif? uRefr aus;Zl;rarhyg bl;&Sif} uRefawmf/ /]uRefawmfvdkufvdkU rdef;uav;rSm aus;Zl;&Sdr,fqdk&if onfvrf;ruygbl;? b,fvrf;rqdk uRefawmf vdkufygw,fAsm} nGefU/ /]aus;Zl;MuD;vSygw,f tudkMuD;wkdU&Sif? uRefruukyfukyfuav; aewwfavawmh tod rdwfaqGqdkvdkUvJ w,fMuD; r&SdvSbl;&Sifh? tdrfrSmvJ rdef;rom;awGcsnf;yJ? onfawmh tudkMuD; wdkU ESpfa,muf vdkuf&ifjzifh tifrwef aus;Zl;MuD;ygyJ&Sif? uRefr 'gjzifh 7 em&DcGJ a&mufatmif vm&if awmfNyDrSwfw,f}
7

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/ /]7 em&DcGJwdwd a&mufatmifvmayawmh? aemufrusapESifhaemf? 'gxuf usKyfwpfck ar;yg&apOD;? onfpma&;wJh vufa&;ESifh ykvJrsm;udk ydkUpOftcg vdyfwyfNyD;ay;wJh vufa&; twlwlyJvm;} nGefU/ /]atmf [kwfayom;? uRefrrSm ygcJhw,f&Sif? txkyfrSm vdyfwyfNyD;ay;wJh vufa&;awG ygcJhygw,f&Sif} [k ajymvsuf rdef;uav;vnf; pm&Gufi,frsm;udk xkwfí armifpH&Sm;tm; jyav\/ &Sm;/ /(pm&Gufrsm;udk vSrf;,lvsuf) ]w,fawmfwJh oli,fryJ? w,fNyD; aphpyfygayw,fAsm? onfvdkvlrsdK; trIvdkuf&rS usLyfu êudufwmuvm;? udkif; udkif; MunfhMu&atmif} [k ajymvsuf vufa&;rsm;udk EdIif;,SOfMunf½INyD;aemuf ]txkyfrSm vdyfwyfwJh vufa&;awGuawmh zsufNyD;a&;wJh vufa&;awGyJ? pm&Gufu vufa&; uawmhjzifh trSeftwdkif;a&;wJh vufa&;yJ? odkUaomf vlwpfa,mufxJ a&;aMumif; xif&Sm;w,f? Munfhprf;AsdKU udkodef;armif? cifAsm;vl b,fvdkyJ zsufNyD;a&;ayr,fh towfawGowfyHk wpfacsmif;iif qGJyHkuawmh rwlbl;vm;Asm? udkif; udkif; wpfckxJ ar;yg&apOD;awmh rESif;nGefU? rESif;nGefUtaz vufa&;ESifh onfvufa&;awGESifh wlw,frsm; xifovm;Asm} nGefU/ /]rwlygbl;&Sif? eJeJuav;rS rwlygbl;} &Sm;/ /]usKyfvnf; onfvdkyJ xifwmyJ? udkif; udkif; 7em&DcGJxuf aemufrusapESifhaemf? ,ck oHk;em&D ausmfoGm;NyD? tcsdefawmfawmf &Sdygao;&JU? onfpm&GufawG xm;ypfcJhygAsm? usLyf eJeJxyfNyD; Munfhcsifygao;w,f? aemufrusapeJUaemf rESif;nGefU} nGefU/ /]pdwfcsyg&Sif? rusap&ygbl;? udkif;? uRefrjyefacsygOD;r,f&Sif} [kajymvsuf csdKomvSpGmaom rsufESmjzifh uRefawmfwdkU ESpfa,muftm; EIwfqufNyD;vQif tdrfay:rS qif;oGm; av\/ rdef;uav; qif;oGm;avvQif uRefawmfvnf; tdrfa&SU jywif;aygufrS &yfvsuf oGm;&mvrf; udk rsufaphwpfqHk; arQmfMunfhum &SdaerdygaMumif;/ ¤if;aemuf rdef;uav;onf vrf;auGUrS csdK;í oGm;ojzifh rjrif&onfhtcgrS uRefawmfonf jywif;aygufrSjyefvmí ]w,fcspfp&maumif;wJh oli,frav;Asm} &Sm;/ /(aq;wHaomufvsuf pOf;pm;ae&mrS) ][kwfuJhvm;? usKyfjzifh owdrxm;rdygblAsm} uRefawmf/ /]cifAsm;rsufpdrsm;u b,fa&mufaeygvdrfhrvJAsm? rsufpdygvdkUrSvnf; jrifwwf wJh vl r[kwfbl;? onfavmuf cspfcifzdkUaumif;wJh rdef;uav; b,frSm &SmvdkU awGUOD;rvJAsm’ &Sm;/ /(tenf;i,f ûyH;&,fvQuf) ]w,fqdkwJh pmygvm;Asm? usKyfwdkUrSmawmh udk,fhtrIonf acsmw,f vSw,f t&kyfqkd;w,fqdkwm rMunfhtm;bl;As? trIudkom Munfh&w,f? trIonfudk MunfhrdrSjzifh trIudk qifjcif&mrSm vrf;rSm;wwfw,fAs? [dkwavmu udk,fhuav; udk,fowfNyD; touftmrcHaiG xkwf,lvdkU trIjzpfwJh rdef;r[mvnf; tifrwefacsmvSwJh rdef;rwpfa,mufayghAs? [dkwpfaeUu vltdk&HktwGuf aiGig;axmif xnfhvdkufwJh rdef;rMuD;[mvnf; tifrweft&kyfqdk;&Sm wmuyJ? onfawmh}
8

a&TOa'gif;

uRefawmf/ /]odkUaomfvnf;onf rdef;uav;[muawmh olU&kyfolU&nfESifh vdkufatmif tusifh pm&dwå vnf;} &Sm;/ /]rajymwwfao;bl;? NyD;rS odr,f? 'gxuf udkodef;armif vlUvufa&;udk MunfhNyD; tusifhpm&dwåudk cefUrSef;wJhenf; cifAsm; wwf&JUvm;? udkif; onfvlUvufa&;MunfhNyD; cifAsm; odoavmuf usKyfudk ajymjyprf;Asm} uRefawmf/ /(vufa&;rsm;udk aocsmpGm Munfh½INyD;aemuf) ]vufa&;ujzifh NyDow,f? nDnGwf w,f? aoaooyfoyf aewwfxdkifwwfwJhvlESifh wlw,f} &Sm;/ /(OD;acgif;udk ,rf;vsuf) ]a&;csyHkawG? wpfacsmifiifyHkawG MunfhAs? yrsm;awmif armufcs rcscsifbl;? 0dkif;cs cscsifw,f? awmfawmfysif;wJhvlyJ? wpfacsmif;iifawGvnf; Munfhvdkuf prf;? ajcaxmufawmif rygbl;? 0vHk;qGJyHkawGuvnf; pdwfoabmw,fNyD; ckdifrmwJh vu©Pm r&Sdbl;? ,&pfqGJyHkawG towf owfyHkawGuawmh udk,fhudk,fudk txiftjrif awmfawmfMuD;yHk&wJh vlESifh vu©Pm wlw,f? udkif; udkif; usKyfoGm;p&muav; &Sdao;w,fAsdKU? cP oGm;vdkuftHk;r,f? a[m'D pmtkyf zwfprf;Asm? tifrwefaumif;w,f} [kajymvsuf pmwpftkyfudk ay;NyD;vQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; xGufoGm;&m uRefawmfrSm jywif;aygufteD;wGif xkdifvsuf pmtkyfudk zwfygaomfvnf; uRefawmf\ rsufESmESifh pmtkyf\ tMum;wGif oli,fr\ rsufESmonf uGufceJ uGufceJ ay:vmonf jzpfaom aMumifh aemufqHk;ü pmtkyfudk ypfcsNyD;vQif oli,fr\ cspfcifzG,f aumif;vSaom rsufESmuav;\ taMumif;udkomvQif pOf;pm;pdwful;um &Sdaerdav\/ nae ig;em&DausmftcsdefcefUwGif armifpH&Sm;vnf; 0rf;omtm;& &Sdaom rsufESmxm;ESifh jyefvmNyD;vQif ]onftrIu w,fMuD; r½IyfvSbl;AsdKU? onftrIrSm awG;zkdU&m enf;wpfenf;xJyJ &Sdw,f} uRefawmf/ /]'gjzifh cifAsm; awG;rdNyDayghav} &Sm;/ /]taotcsmMuD;vnf; r[kwfvSao;bl;Asm? odkUaomfvnf; oJvGefp uav;awmh enf;enf;&NyD? &ayr,fh vdkufzkdU awmfawmfvdkao;w,f? ta&;MuD;wJh tcsufwpfck odcJh&wmu oli,fr&JU taz OD;om[ef&JUrdwfaqG *sr'g OD;xGef;ausmf[m 1919 ck Mo*kwfvrSm ao&SmNyDwJhAs} uRefawmf/ /]onf[m bmta&;MuD;ovJAsm} &Sm;/ /]cifAsm; rawG;rdbl;? rjrifbl; [kwfuJhvm;? tHhMow,fAsm? udkif; 'gjzifh usKyf ajymovdk Munfhprf;? oli,fr&JU taz OD;om[efrSm &efukefûrdUü tjcm;rdwfaqG r&Sd/ *sr'gOD;xGef;ausmf wpfa,mufyJ &Sdw,f? oloGm;NyD; [dkwkef;u rdef;uav;u ar;awmhvnf; OD;om[efa&mufvmaMumif; olrod&ao;ygbl;vdkU ajymw,f? ajymNyD; ajcmufvavmuf tMumrSm OD;xGef;ausmf aow,f? aoNyD;vdkU av;ig;&uf twGif;rSmyJ rESif;nGefUxH ykvJxkyf a&mufvmw,f? a&mufwmrSvnf; wpfMudrfru vpOf vpOf wpfxkyfwpfxkyf a&mufvmw,f? a&mufvmNyD; wJhaemuf ,ckaemufqHk; pmrSmvnf; rdef;uav;rSm tepfemcHae&wJh taMumif;vnf; ygw,f? onfawmhcg rdef;uav;rSm tepfemcH&wJh tcsufqdkwm b,ftcsufjzpfr,fvdkU awG;p&m&SdovJAs? cjrmrSm tazwpfa,muf qHk;&&SmwJh tcsufyJ jzpfr,f r[kwfvm;? NyD;awmhvnf; ykvJawG[m OD;xGef;ausmf aoNyD;wJh aemuf av;ig;&uftwGif;rSmyJ a&mufvmw,f? onf[m bmjzpfvdkU
9

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

a&mufvmovJwJh? OD;xGef;ausmf&JU tarGcH tarGpm;rsm;u rdef;uav;rSm tepfemcH&aMumif;odvdkU avsmfaMu;tjzpfESifh ydkUvdkufwJh ykvJawG jzpf&r,f r[kwfbl;vm;As? udkif;Asm onfvdk rawG;&if b,fvdkrsm; cifAsm; awG;zdkU &Sdao;ovJ} uRefawmf/ /]'gawmh [kwfygapawmhAsm? odkUayr,fh avsmfaMu;ay;yHku xl;qef;vS acs uvm;As? NyD;awmhvnf; pma&;wmu [kdwkef;u ra&;bJ wpfESpfausmfvmwJhtcgrSm a&;&ovm; Asm? onfhjyif vnf; 'Drdef;uav;rSm tazqHk;jcif;tm;jzifh epfemjcif; cH&&Smw,fqdk&if onfuJhodkU epfemjcif;rS vGwfuif;atmif ulnD&atmif[m ,ckwdkif olUtaztouf&Sifvsuf &SdEdkifygOD;rvm;Asm} &Sm;/ /]udkif;av [kwfygw,f? odkUaomfvnf; onftcsufawGawmh onfuaeUn &Sif;vif; vdrfhrayghAs? udkif; udkif; rdef;uav; ra&mufvmcif usKyfwdkU xrif;uav;wpfvkwfESpfvkwf pm;vdkuf MuOD;pdkUAsm} uRefawmfwdkUonf npmxrif;pm;aomufMuNyD;aemuf pum;tenf;i,f ajymqdkvsuf &SdMu ojzifh 7 em&DausmfausmfrQ &SdavvQif jrif;&xm;wpfpD;vnf; tdrfa&SUü &yfNyD;aemuf wpfcPrQ MumvQif rESif;nGefUvnf; tdrfay: odkU wufvmav\/ &Sm;/ /]udkif; tcsdefvnf; eD;NyD/ oGm;rS awmfr,f xifw,f? uJ udkodef;armif vkyfAsm? t0wfrsm; vJyg? wkwfcyfrmrm ,lcJhAsdKU? rodEdkifbl;? udk,fhudk,fudk uG,fumxm;&if aumif;w,f? aMomf 'gxuf rESif;nGefUudk usKyf ar;p&muav; enf;enf;&Sdao;w,f} [kajymvsufar;cGef; tenf; i,f ar;jref;&m rESif;nGefUu ][kwfygw,f&Sif? uRefrwdkU tazESifh OD;xGef;ausmfESifhu tifrwef uRrf;0ifMuwJh vu©Pm &Sdygw,f? ppfajrjyifu a&;NyD; taza&;ay;wJh pmxJrSm OD;xGef;ausmf taMumif;rsm;vnf; cPcP ygw,f&Sifh? aMomf 'gxuf uRefrwdkU taz om;a& aowåmtdwfykef;xJu pm&Gufwpf&Guf uRefr awGUcJhjyefNyD&Sifh? [dkwkef;uawmh onftdwfudk rjrifrdbl;? onfuaeUrS aoaocsmcsm arTaESmufNyD; &Smaeavawmh onftdwfykef;udk awGUrdw,f? tdwfykef;xJ EIdufNyD; Munfhawmh a[monf pm&GufMuD; wpf&Guf acgufNyD; xnfhxm;wm uRefr awGU&ygw,f? uRefrvnf; bmawGa&;xm;rSef; em;rvnf ygbl;/ tudkMuD;jzifh odrvm;vdkU uRefr ,lcJhygw,f} [k ajymvsuf rESif;nGefUvnf; pm&GufacgufMuD; wpfckudk armifpH&Sm;tm; ay;&m armifpH&Sm;vnf; pm&Gufudk jzefUí rSefbDvl;jzifh aocsmpGm Munfh½I NyD;aemuf ]t[ef; puúLujzifh cyfMurf;Murf;yJ? ukvm;jynfu jzpfwJh puúLESifh wlw,f? usKyfwdkUqDu jzpfwJh rdkif;udkifpuúLESifh cyfqifqif rwlbl;vm;AsdKU? udkodef;armifonfpuúL[mwpfcgwkef;u puúLcsyf jym;rSm uyfNyD; wG,ftyfESifh wG,fxm;zl;vdkU wG,ftyf&mawGawmif axmifhav;axmifhrSm &Sdaeao; w,f? tif; bmawGvJAsdKU? a&;xm;wm? tvdk tdrfyHkpHESifh wlyguvm;? tifrwefMuD;wJh tdrfMuD;AsdKU? tcef;MuD;awG tcef;uav;awG avScg;awG? aqmiful;cef;rMuD;awG jynfhaewm ygyJuvm;? onftem; u bmvJAsdKU? rifeDMuufajccwfuav; jyxm;yguvm;? atmufem;uawmh cJwHESifh a&;xm;wmu bmvJ? ]vuf0Jbufudk av;vSrf;oGm;} wJh?onf[mu bmqdkvdkovJ? a[matmufem;u Muufajccwf uav; vlemrnfawGAsdKU? armifrdk;oD;? rmrufqif? 0g[pfcef;? exyfqifwJh? av;a,mufom; emrnfawGyguvm;? uJ uJ &SdapOD;? &SdapOD;? tckawmhjzifh b,fyHk oufqkdifw,fqdkwm usKyf rajymEdkifao;bl;? odkUaomfvnf; onfajryHk[m ta&;MuD;wJh ajryHkESifhwlw,f? onf[m usKyf ,lxm; vdkufr,faemf/ rESif;nGefU onftrIu usKyf
10

a&TOa'gif;

xifoavmufrubl; xifw,fAsdKU? awmfawmf ½IyfvdrfhOD;r,f xifw,f? udkif; udkif; 7 em&Dvnf; cGJoGm;NyD? oGm;MurS awmfr,f} uRefawmfwdkUvnf; armfawmfum;wpfpD;udk ac:í rESif;nGefUudk tvnfrSxm;NyD;vQif xGufvm Mu&m rESif;nGefUrSm cspfvSpGmaom zcif\ trItwGuf jzpfonfvnf; wpfaMumif;? tcsdefrJh ntcg jzpfonfvnf; wpfaMumif;/ rnfuJhokdUaom yk*¾KdvfrsdK;u rnfuJhodkUaom tMuHtpnfESifh ac:iifonf udk rod&Smao;onfvnf; wpfaMumif;aMumifh wkefvIyfvsuf&Sdonfh trlt&mESifh vdkufygvmcJh &Smav\/ &Spfem&D xdk;csdefeD;ojzifh ]ypfcsm;yJavhpf} t&dyfjyyGJ&HkteD;odkU a&mufavvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; armfawmfum;udk &yfapNyD;aemuf ]udkif; ajcusifavQmufMurS awmfr,f xifw,fAsdKU? a[h oli,f onf ae&mu apmifhae&pfaemf? igwdkU jyefrvm&ifvnf; eufjzef ightdrf rif;vmcJh? apmifhaewJh twGufygig ay;r,f} [k armfawmfum; armif;ol oli,ftm; rSmxm;cJhNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwdkUonf rESif;nGefUudk tvnfrSm xm;í t&dyfjy&Hk &Sd&modkU avQmufvmcJhav\/ &Hka&SUodkU a&mufavvQif arSmif&dyfrS vlwpfa,mufonf &kwfw&uf xGufay:vmNyD;vQif uRefawmfwdkU &Sd&modkU csOf;uyfvmNyD;aemuf oli,frtm; ]rESif;nGefUqdkwm rSwfw,f? [kwfygovm; cifAsm} nGefU/ /][kwfygw,f&Sif} xdkol/ /]onfu aemifawmfrsm;u rESif;nGefU rdwfaqGrsm;vm;} nGefU/ /][kwfygw,f&Sif} [k ajymvQif xdkolvnf; uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;wdkUtm; twefMum atmif pdkufí MunfhNyD;aemuf ]onf;cHyg rESif;nGefU cifAsm? uRefawmf wqdwfar;yg&ap? onfu rdwfaqGrsm;[mu ykvdyf t&m&Sdrsm; r[kwfbl;aemf} nGefU/ /]r[kwfygbl;&Sif? pdwfcsyg} xdktcg xdkolvnf; yg;pyfudk vufjzifh uyfNyD;aemuf oHk;MudrfrQ avcRefvdkufonfwGif trdk;tumwdkUjzifh vHkûcHpGm tkyfrdk;um&Hvsuf &Sdaom armfawmfum; wpfpD;onf &kwfw&uf qdkufa&muf vmNyD;vQif uRefawmfwdkU\ teD;ü &yfav\/ ¤if;aemuf xdkolvnf; armfawmfum; armif;olESifhtwl a&SUrS xdkifvsuf uRefawmfwdkUtm; wuf&ef vufjyonfwGif uRefawmfwdkU oHk;OD;vnf; armfawmfum; twGif;odkU 0ifa&mufMu&av\/ ¤if;aemuf armfawmfum;vnf; vsifjrefpGm armif;ESifí oGm;&m uRefawmfwdkUrSm rnfonfh udpöESifh rnfonfh t&yfodkU oGm;a&muf&onf rodbJ rsufpdrSdwfvsuf vdkufyg oGm;Mu&av\/ armfawmfum;vnf; xGufvmonfESifh wûydifeuf ajrmuft&yfodkU rsufESmrlvsuf xGufvmcJh&m Munfhjrifwkdifudk ausmfvGefí MuHawmoif;csdKif;odkU vGefNyD;aemuf ukwfudkif;uefodkU a&SU½Iwl½I rsufESmrlvsuf vmcJhav\/ ,if;uJhodkU tif;pdefodkU oGm;aom vrf;rBuD;twdkif; armif;ESifvmcJhí c&D;twefi,f aygufa&mufcJhavvQif armfawmfum;onf &kwfw&uf
11

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

t&SdefowfNyD;aemuf 0if;jcHBuD; wpfck twGif;odkU 0ifí tvGefw&m aumif;rGefBuD;rm;aom bdktdrfMuD; wpfaqmif\ a&SUü &yfwefUav\/ armfawmfum; &yfonfESifh wpfûydifeuf ukvm;vlrsdK; tapcH wpfa,mufvnf; tdrfjyifodkU xGufvmí ocifu apmifhqdkif;vsuf &SdaMumif; ajymqdkNyD;vQif uRefawmfwdkUtm; ac:iifoGm;&m uRefawmfwdkUvnf; ukvm; tapcHESifh tdrfwGif;odkU 0ifoGm;Mu NyD;aemuf wpfckaom tcef;wGif;odkU qdkufa&mufMuav\/ ¤if;tcef;wGif;üum; tvGefw&m aumif;rGefvSaom bD&dkMuD;? aumfaZmMuD; cef;qD;MuD; tp&SdonfwdkUonf awmufypGm xGef;vif;vsuf &Sdaom "mwfrD;a&mifwGif tvGefw&m om;em;pGm &Sdaeonfjzpf&m wpfckaom yufvufukvm;xdkifü xkdifvsuf&Sdaom vlwpfa,mufvnf; uRefawmf wdkUtm; ]MuGMuyg cifAsm;? xdkifMuygcifAsm;} ponfjzifh ae&mxdkifcif; ay;um {nfhcHav\/ xdkolrSm toufyif rMuD;vSao;aomfjim;vnf; OD;acgif;tvnfü qHyifwdkUonfwpfyifrQ raygufbJ awmufy ajymifvufpGm &Sdvsuf pum;ajymaomtcgüvnf; rsufESmudk ½IHrJhum ajymqdkwwf avonf/ xdkolrSm EIwfcrf;wGJwGJ oGm;acgacgESifh &Sdaeonfjzpf&m &,farmonfhtcgü rdrd\ oGm;rsm;udk vljrifrnfpdk; onfh vu©Pmjzifh vufwpfzufjzifh yg;pyfudk zHk;uG,fum &,farmavh &Sd\/ uRefawmfwdkUonf ukvm;xkdifwpfckpDwGif xdkifMuNyD;aemuf xdkolu ]rESif;nGefUqdkwm rSwfw,f? Mum;zl;yg&JU cifAsm? vludkom ,ckrS jrifzl;&ygw,f? uRefawmfh emrnfuawmh armifbdk;uJygwJh cifAsm? *sr'gOD;xGef;ausmf&JU om;ygyJ? om;csif; orD;csif; rawGU rjrifbl;Muaomfvnf; tzcsif;uawmhjzifh tifrwefrS tuRrf;w0if&SdcJhMuzl;ygw,f rESif;nGefUAsm? rESif;nGefUvnf; odNyD;yJxifyg&JU} nGefU/ /]odygw,f&Sif} uJ/ /}'gxuf onfu ESpfa,mufu rESif;nGefU&JU rdwfaqGrsm;yJ rSwfw,f} nGefU/ /]rSefygw,f&Sif? onfu OD;pH&Sm;wJh? onf[mu OD;odef;armifwJh} uJ/ /]uRefawmfay;vdkufwJh pmudk &&JUaemf} nGefU/ /]&vdkU rSmwJh twdkif; vma&mufjcif; jzpfygw,f&Sif} uJ/ /]wjcm;udpö r[kwfbl;As? rESif;nGefU taz OD;om[ef udpöaygh? OD;om[efawmhjzifh r&Sd&Sm bl;? odkUaomfvnf; rdef;uav; &oifh&cGifh &Sdoavmufudkawmh usKyftpfudk udkbdk;&GJu b,fvdkyif uefUuGufaomfvnf; usKyfu r& &atmif vkyfay;ygr,fAsm? pdwfomcsyg? rdwfaqGrsm; ygvmMuwm vJ cyfaumif;aumif;ygyJAsm? uRefawmfajymorQudk oufaotjzpfESifh em;axmif rSwfom;awmfrlMuyg? odkUaomfvnf; cifAsm;wdkU ykvdyfjzifh r[kwfMubl;aemf? ykvdyfyg&ifjzifh bdk;&GJu ajymvdkU r&aybl;As? olu vlodrSm tifrwef pdk;w,f} &Sm;/ /]pdwfcsyg rdwfaqG? usKyfwdkUtwGufawmhudk? tifrwefpum;vHkwJh vlawGygAsm} uJ/ /]aumif;ygavAsm? aumif;ygav&JU? onfvdk cifAs? a&S;OD;pGm rESif;nGefUxH uRefawmf pma&;NyD; ydkUcJhpOftcgu uRefawmfae&yfudk wpfcgwnf; xnfhNyD; a&;ay;vdkufr,fvdkU BuHpnfrdyg&JU? odkUaomf ½Iyf½Iyf&Suf&SufvlrsdK;awG ac:NyD;vmrSm uRefawmfu pdk;&drfvdkU ae&yfudk wpfcgwnf; rajym ao;bJ auseyfatmif uRefawmfhvlu MunhfNyD;wJhtcgrS ac:cJhzdkU pDrHwmudk;cifAs? wjcm;aMumifh
12

a&TOa'gif;

r[kwf ygbl;cifAsm? uRefawmfu qlqlnHnH ½Iyf½Iyf&Suf&Suf êudufwJhvl r[kwfbl; cifAs? ykvdyfawG ac:vmcJhrSjzifh tvum; qlqlnHnH jzpfukefMurSm uRefawmfu pdk;&drfvdkUygcifAsm} nGefU/ /]aumif;vSygNyD&Sif? odkUaomf tcsdefu enf;enf; vifhvdkUrdkU udpudk jrefjref wqdwf ö avmuf ajymjyyg&Sif? awmif;yefyg&ap} uJ/ /]pdwfcsyg ajymyghr,f? odkUaomf enf;enf;awmh tcsdefMumvdrfhr,fAs? onf;cHawmh? rESif;nGefUrSmvnf;tazmfawGygom;uyJ?onfuudpNö yD;vQiftudkMuD;bdk;&GJqDoGm;Mu&OD;r,fAs?uRefa wmfh tudku tifrwef avmbMuD;wJh vlwpfa,mufyJ? reJppfwdkufMu&OD;r,f? pdwfxGufNyDqdkrSjzifh usKyftpfudku tifrwef aMumufp&maumif;wJh vlcifAs? b,fvdkrsm; tajymtqdkMuyfwJh vlwpf a,mufrSef; rodbl;} uRefawmf/ /]cifAsm; tpfudku b,ft&yfrSmvJ} uJ/ /]ûrdUywfvrf;rSm cifAs} uRefawmf/ /]udkif; 'gjzifh oGm;&rJh twlwl wpfcgwnf; oGm;MupdkU? vmAsm} uJ/ /]onfvdkvnf; rjzpfbl;cifAs? cifAsm;wdkUudk ûzef;ueJ uRefawmfu ac: oGm;NyD;&if olu bmajymOD;r,f uRefawmfvnf; rodwwfbl;? onfhjyifwpfcsufuvnf; onftjzpftysufawGudk uRefawmfvnf; tukeftpif rodao;bl;? odavmufom uRefawmfodw,f? onfawmh uRefawmf odoavmufudk uRefawmfu ajymjyNyD; b,fyHkb,fenf; pDrHMur,fqdkwm rdwfaqGwdkUu qHk;jzwf Muapcsifygw,f cifAsm} &Sm;/ /]udkif;Asm? ajymp&m&Sdwm jrefjref ajymprf;yg} uJ/ /]ajymygr,f cifAsm? uRefawmfwdkU tazu vGefcJhwJh ppfMuD;twGif;rSm ppfrIxrf; &GufcJhygw,f cifAsm? ppfjzpfonfhtcgu tazrSm toufyif BuD;aomfvnf; a&S;jrefrmrif; vufxuf uwnf;u ppfrsdK;ppfEG,fjzpfavawmh tpdk;&rif;rsm;u toufyifMuD;aomfvnf; trIxrf;cGifhûy cJh ygw,f cifAsm? 'gESifh uRefawmfwdkU taz vdkufNyD;oGm;/ ppfajrjyifrSm rusef;rrm &SdwmESifh ppfBuD;rNyD;cif ajcmufvavmufrSmyJ jyefvmcJh&ygw,f cifAsm? ppfxJrSm trIxrf;&GufpOf tcgu vcrsm; b,favmuf &w,f rajymwwfygbl;? jyefvmawmhjzifh aiGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;BuD; ygvmwJh vu©Pm &Sdw,fcifAs/ jyefvdkU cPavmufMum&ifyJ ûrdUywfvrf;rSm tdrfBuD; wpfaqmif 0,f? onfu NcHudkvnf; 0,f? 0,fNyD; tifrwef crf;crf;em;em; aexdkifcJhygw,fcifAsm? uRefawmfwdkUvnf; ppfrIxrf;&Gufw,fqdkwm wpf0rf;wpfcg;vSvS pm;EdkifaomufEkdif&Hkavmuf xifygw,f? tazrSmawmh aMu;aiGawG ygvSacsuvm;vdkU tHhMordyg&JU? tHhMoaomfvnf; b,fenf; ESifh &&av? aumif;aumif; rGefrGef ae&xdkif&vdkU vSvSyy oHk;pGJ&&if NyD;a&mvdkU bmrS ar;jcif; jref;jcif; rvkyfcJhbl; cifAs? uRefawmfwdkUrSm nDtpfudk ESpfa,muf&Sdygw,f cifAsm? bkd;&GJwJh bdk;uJ wJh? t>rm arG;cifAs? 'gESifh uRefawmfwdkUtazh rdwfaqGOD;om[efwpfa,muf aysmufqHk;oGm;w,fvdkU owif;pmawGxJrSmawGUawmh b,fenf;ESifhaysmufjcif;rvSaysmuf&avovJvdkUtazha&SUrSm uRefawmf wdkU nDtpfudkESpfa,muf wdkifyifESD;aESmMuawmh tazuvnf; bmrS 0ifNyD; rajymbl; cifAs? ajymawmh ajymyg&JUav? olvJyJ rodwJh [efESifh wpfcGef; ESpfcGef; 0ifNyD; ajymyg&JU? odkUaomfvnf; OD;om[ef aysmufqHk;wJh taMumif; [m bmaMumifh aysmufqHk;rSef; uRefawmfwdkU taz od&SdaMumif;udk uRefawmfwdkUjzifh enf;enf;rS r&dyfrdbl;cifAs? odkUaomfvnf; uRefawmfwdkU wpfckawmh
13

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&dyfrdw,f cifAs? bmvJqdkawmh uRefawmfwdkU taz[m ppfxJu jyefvmNyD;wJhaemuf wpfpHkwpfckaom ab;Oyg'ftEÅ&m,fudk tpOfrjywf aMumuf&GHU aewJh vu©Pm &Sdw,f? bm&,fvdkUawmh rqdkEkdifbl;? wpfpHkwpfckudkawmh ol trSefaMumufaewJh vu©PmyJ? bmaMumifh uRefawmfwdkU odovJqdkawmh uRefawmfwdkUtaz[m t&ifwkef;u tifrwef owådaumif;aomfvnf; ppfxJu jyefvmNyD;wJhaemuf wpfa,mufxJawmifrS vrf;ravQmuf0Hhbl; cifAs? NyD;awmhvJ qdk;ayhqdkwJh acG;MuD;rsm;udkvnf; 0,fNyD;arG;xm;w,f? aoewfvdkifpifudkvJ r&&atmif avQmuf awmif;NyD; cg;ydkufxJu b,ftcgrS rcsbl;? onf[mawG jrifawmh uRefawmfwdkU nDtpfudk ESpfa,muf tusdK;taMumif;udk ar;? ar;ayrJh rajymbl; cifAs? NyD;awmhvJyJ uRefawmfwdkU tazu opfom;ajcaxmufESifh vlrsm; jrif&if tifrwef vefUwwfw,f cifAs/ [dkwavmu vlwpfa,muf rD;&xm;eif;rd&SmvdkU ajcaxmufrSm opfom;MuD;wyfNyD; awmif;pm;ae&&Smwm? taz jrifwmESifh bmrsm; atmufarhw,f rajymwwfygbl;cifAsm? ajcmufvHk;jyL;ESifh oGm;ypfvdkufwm uHaumif;vdkU rrSefayvdkU? 'gawmif uRefawmfwdkUrSm ykvdyfawG bmawG aiGawG xdk;vdkuf&wm awmfawmf ydkufqHukef oGm;ao;w,f? [dkwkef;uawmh onfopfom;ajcaxmufudk bmaMumifh taz onfavmuf rkef;ygvdrfh rwkef;vdkU atmif;arhrdw,f? aemufusawmhrS onft"dyÜg,f &dyfrdwmudk;cifAs? 'gESifh ajym&OD;r,f? onfu rESif;nGefU&JU taz OD;om[ef aysmufqHk;aMumif; uRefawmfwdkU od&NyD;wJhaemuf oHk;vavmuf tMumrSm wpfaeUoü xrif;pm;NyD; aeMuwkef; tazhemrnfESifh pmwpfapmif &w,f cifAs? pm&vdkU zGifhNyD;vnf; zwfua&m tazvnf; rsufESmrsm; rnf;NyD; wkefwkef,if,ifESifh tajcysuf oGm;vdkufwm uRefawmfwdkUu bmtaMumif;vJvdkU ar;vdkUvnf; r&bl; cifAs? onfuaeUupNyD; uRefawmfwdkUtaz rusef;rrmjzpfvdkufwm toufodkUom wdkifyga&m cifAsm? onfpmvJ uRefawmfwdkU rjrif&ygbl;? onfvdkESifh wjznf;jznf; wydefydef wañ§mfñ§mfESifhjzpfNyD; ESpfvavmuf tMumrSm tdyf&mxJ vkH;vHk;vJyga&m cifAsm? 'gESifh wpfaeUoüawmh uRefawmfwdkUtazrS tarmMuD;qdkufNyD; aor,fvdkU qJqJ jzpfaeavawmh uRefawmfwdkU nDtpfudk ESpfa,mufvnf; tem;u rcGmbJ ûypkaecJhMu? n &Spfem&Dausmf tcsdefavmufrSm wHcg;awG tydwf cdkif;NyD; uRefawmfwdkU ESpfa,mufudk tem;ac:NyD; ajymyga&m cifAsm? uRefawmfwdkU nDtpfudkESpfa,mufvnf; ckwif wpfbuf wpfcsufu 'l;axmufNyD; em;axmif aeMuw,f cifAs} &Sm;/ /]bmrsm; ajymovJAsm? ajymprf;yg} uJ/ /]onfvdkcifAs? ighom;rsm;&,fwJh? tazhrSm ,ckpdwfrat;wJh tcsufwpfck &Sdw,fwJh? onftcsufu bmvJqdkawmh OD;om[ef&JU orD; rESif;nGefUuav;udk tazu rw&m;ojzifh epfem atmif ûyusifhcJhrdw,fwJh? tazhrSm ypönf;b@mawGrsm;pGm &SdwJhteufu rESif;nGefUuav;u wpf0uf rQ &xdkufaomfvnf; tazu avmbxGufNyD; wpfjym;wpfcsyfrS cGJa0NyD; ray;bJ aecJhrd w,fwJh? avmb? avmb w,fcufyguvm;wJh? ukd,fvnf; ukefatmif roHk;Edkif/ olrsm;vnf; cGJa0NyD; ray;&uf? w,fcufyguvm;wJh ajymNyD; acgif;tHk;atmufu uEkurmaowåmuav;wpfvHk; xkwf,ljyNyd; onftxJrSm ykvJaumif; ykvJjrwf 30 rQudk rESif;nGefUxJ ay;ydkUzdkU tazBuHcJhaomf vnf; ay;cgeD;us&if vufwkefwkefNyD; ray;&ufEkdifbl;wJh? onfawmh igr&SdwJh aemufudk rif;wdkUu ay;ydkU&pf MuyguG,fwJh? NyD;awmhrSwpfcg tazu rESif;nGefUESifh igwdkUESifh qufoG,fyHk taMumif;ajymjyOD;r,fwJh? rESif;nGefUtaz OD;om[efu ESvHk;a&m*gpGJaew,fwJh? pGJuyfayrJh onftaMumif; b,folrS rodbl;? igwpfa,mufom odw,f? olvnf; cyfayghayghESifh aecJhwmayghav? 'gESifh ppfajrjyifrSm twlwuG xrf;&GufaeMuwkef; igwdkU ESpfa,mufypönf; b@mrsm;pGmwdkUudk twlwuG &&SdMuw,f? b,fyHk b,fenf;ESifh &w,fqdkwmudkawmh tazajymjyzdkU
14

a&TOa'gif;

tcsdef r&Sdbl;? 'gESifh tazu t&ifjyefESifhvdkU ypönf;awG ,lNyD; vmESifhcJh? aemuf ola&mufvmawmh olUtwGuf tpk olvmNyD; awmif;wmayghav? awmif;vmawmh igwdkUESpfa,muf ta0rnDMubl;aygh? ta0rnDavawmh wpfa,mufwpfa,muf rdk;vm;uJvm;ESifh pum;rsm;NyD; aeMuwkef; ûzef;ceJqdk oli,fcsif; armifom[efu a'gowMuD;ESifh xdkif&mu xvdkufyga&muG,f? xvdkufonfESifh wpfûydifeuf olU&ifbwf olESdyfNyD; a&SUxdk;toGm;? igvnf; qD;NyD; qGJvdkufr,fvkyfwkef; rqGJrdbl;a[h? rsufESmESifh usoGm;&SmNyD; oHaowåmESifh acgif;ESifh aqmifhoGm;NyD; Murf;ay:rSm yufvufMuD; pif;aeyga&ma[h? onfawmh tazu xlr,fvdkUvnf; vkyfyga&m toufvnf; r&Sd&Smygbl;? ckeifu ajymwJh ESvHk;a&m*gESifhyJ ao&Smavovm;? aowåmESifh aqmifhrdvdkU ao&Smavovm;? tazjzifh rajymwwfbl;uG,f? odkUaomf tazhvufcsufaMumifh ao&Smwmjzifh r[kwfygbl;uG,f? tazvnf; aocgeD; ighom;rsm;udk vdrfNyD; rajymygbl;? 'gESifh tazvnf; b,fhES,f vkyf&r,frod? 'gESifh thHtm;oifhNyD;aewkef; tdrfrSm cdkif;wJh tapcH ijym;u tcef;xJ 0ifNyD; vmwmudk;uGJ? vmvmjcif; olu wHcg;udk ydwfwJhNyD q&ma&U bmrS rpdk;&drfESifh? uRefawmfwpfa,mufvHk; &Sdao;w,fwJh? q&m owfaMumif; b,folrS rodap&bl;? uRefawmf EIwfvHkygw,f q&m&JUwJh? onfawmh onftavmif;udk tomuav; ûr§yfypfvdkufvQif NyD;a&m r[kwfvm; q&m&,fwJh? ajymwmudk;uGJ/ onfawmh igu ig rowfaMumif; ajymawmh olu uRefawmf odygw,f q&mwJh/ q&mwdkU vufOD; pum;rsm;a&m? rsm;NyD; q&mu &dkufvdkufwJhtoH uRefawmfMum;ygw,f? ruG,fygESifh q&m? uRefawmfhudk ,HkMunfhyg? EIwfvHkygw,f? udpö r&Sdygbl;? wpftdrfvHk;vnf; tdyfukefMuygNyD? tavmif;udk tomuav; vlrodatmif ûryfypfvdkufvQif NyD;a&m r[kwfbl;vm;wJh? ajymwmudk;uGJU? onfawmh udk,fhtapcHuawmif udk,fowfw,f xifaeNyD; Opöm? &Hk;usvQifvnf; ighpum;ukd ,HkMur,f r[kwfacsbl;? r,HkrSjzifh ig cufacs&JUvdkU atmif;arhNyD; ijym; tBuHtwdkif; vdkufemNyD; tavmif;udk q&mwynfhESpfa,muf nwGif;csif; 0if;xJrSm wl;NyD; ûryfvdkufMuwmudk;uGJU} [k armifbdk;uJuajym&m rESif;nGefUvnf; zcif\ taMumif;rsm;udk Mum;od& onfESifh rsuf&nf rqnfEdkifatmif &Sdae&Smav\/ ¤if;aemuf armifbkd;uJvnf; qufvufí ]udkif; onfawmh onftrIrSm uRefawmfwdkU tjypf r[kwfaMumif; xif&Sm;NyD r[kwfvm;cifAsm? 'gESifh tazu ajymwm qufNyD; uRefawmf ajymyg&apOD;? ]igwdkUvJ tavmif;udk wl;NyD; ûr§yf? ûr§yfNyD;awmh avb xGufvmjyefwmudk;uGJU? onftavmif;udk zHk;zdEkdifvQif ypönf;udkvnf; igrzHk;zdEdkifbl;vm;wJh? onfawmh onfypönf;awG qdkif&m tarGcH tarGpm; rsm;udk cGJa0NyD; ray;bJ igcsnf; wpfa,mufwnf; ,l&vQif b,folu odEdkifOD;rSmvJwJh? aAGazmufvm jyefwmudk;uGJU? udkif; udkif; ajymae pum;&Snfaea&mhr,f? ig touf&SifpOftcg avmbEdkifiHvdkufNyD; ay;oifhonfh ypönf;rsm;udk olUorD;uav;tm; ray;bJ &SdcJhaomfvnf; igaoNyD;wJhaemuf rif;wdkUu repfem&atmif ûypkapmifha&Smuf&pfMuyguG,f? ighom;rsm; ypönf;rsm;teufu wpf0ufudk olUorD;xH ay;ydkUvdkufMuygbduG,f? uJ uJ ypönf;xm;wJhae&m taz ajymjyOD;r,f em;axmif? rif;wdkUem; tazyg;pyfem; uyfMuprf;uG,f? ypönf;xm;wJh ae&muav;vdkU ajymum &Sdao;w,f? ûzef;ueJqdk rsufvHk;MuD;awG jyL;NyD;vmwmudk; cifAs? vmNyD; vSJae&mu vufaxmufNyD; xrvdkUvkyf&m jywif; aygufqDudk vufñdI;xdk;NyD; [dktaumif r0ifygapESifh? vkyfMuyguG,f&dkU? [dktaumif r0ifygapESifhvdkU aMumuftm;vefUtm;ESifh [pfNyD; atmfwmudkcifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfwdkUvnf; jywif;ayguf&Sd&m ûzef;ceJ Munfhvdkufawmh vm; vm; cifAsm? jywif;ayguf tjyifbufu vlwpfa,muf rSefjywif;ESifh rsufESmESifh uyfNyD; uRefawmfwdkU&Sd&m Munfhaewm awGU&wmudk; cifAs? onfvlUrsufESmu EIwfcrf;arG; aumif;aumif;
15

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

cifAs/ aumif;qdkcifAsm? *smrefbk&ifudkifZm EIwfcrf;arG;rsdK;ygyJcifAs? rsufvHk;uvnf; jyL;wJhtay:rSm tifrwef rkef;xm;wJh pdwfESifh uRefawmfwdkUudk pdkufNyd; Munfhaewmudk; cifAs? onfvljrifawmh uRefawmfwkdU nDtpfudkESpfa,mufvnf; ûzef;ceJqdk xNyD; ol&Sd&m jywif;aygufudk ajy;oGm;Mu? tem;vnf; a&mufua&m olvnf; r&Sdbl; cifAs? 'gESifh uRefawmfwdkUvnf; tazckwifem; jyefvmMu? a&mufvn;f a&mufua&m tazvnf; touf r&Sdygbl; cifAsm? 'gESifh onfnu tazh tavmif;jyifNyD; tdyfMuawmh reufusawmh uRefawmfwdkU tazhaowåmawG pm;yGJ tHqGJawG? om;a&tdwfawG tukefvHk; arTxm;vdkufwm yGaewmyJ cifAs/ NyD;awmhvnf; tazhtavmif; rSm wG,ftyfESifh pm&Gufuav; wpfckudk xdk;vdkU? pm&Gufudk Munfhawmh ]av;OD;om; vufcsuf} vdkU a&;xm;wmudk awGUw,f cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfwdkUvJ onf[mawG[m {uEÅ nu jrifvdkuf&wJh vl vufcsufyJ qdkwmawmh awG;rdyg&JU? olU b,fqD&Sm &r,fvJ rawG;wwfbl; cifAs} &Sm;/ / ]bmypönf;rsm; aysmufao;ovJ} uJ/ / ]uRefawmfwdkU odoavmufjzifh bmypönf;rS raysmufbl; cifAs? uRefawmfwdkU wpfckjzifh awG;rd&JU? nu tazESifh uRefawmfwdkU jrifvdkufwJhvl[m taz wpfoufvHk; aMumufNyD; aewJhvlyJudk; qdkwmawmh awG;rd&JU cifAs? odkUaomf bmaMumifh aMumufrSef;awmh uRefawmfwdkU rawG;rdbl;cifAs} [k ajymí armifbdk;uJvnf; aq;vdyfudk ñSdí aomufNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwdkU\ tHhMoaom rsufESmrsm;udk Munfh½Ium oabmusonfh trlt&ESifh &SdaeNyD;aemuf qufvufí ajymjyefonfrSm ]udkif; onfawmh tazvnf; aooGm;NyD? ypönf;awGvnf; b,ft&yf b,fae&mrSm 0Sufxm;cJhw,fqdkwm ajymvnf; roGm;bl;? onfawmh onfypönf;[m{uEÅ0if;jcHtwGif; wpfae&m &mrSm ûryfNyD; xm;rSmyJvdkU oabm&wmESifh tazhpsmye udpöNyD;NyD;jcif; wpf0if;vHk; wpfNcHvkH; wl;vdkuf qGvdkufMuwmqdkwm bmajymaumif;rvJ cifAs? wpf0if;vHk; jywltHkusoGm;wmyJ? onfvdkESifh &Smvdkuf Muwm oHk;av;vom &SdoGm;yga&m cifAsm? ypönf;qdkí bmtpterS rawGU&bl; cifAsm? onfawmh uRefawmfwdkUrSm ajymcgeD;qJqJuav;rSmrS taz toufxGuf oGm;&avjcif;vdkU tifrwef ,lusHK;r& jzpfNyD; rcsdrqefU jzpfaewmudk;cifAs? onf ypönf;awG[m b,favmuf tzdk;wefr,f rwefr,fqdk wmawmh oljycJhwJh aowåmuav;wpfck Munfh&HkESifh odEdkifavmufwmudk; cifAs? onfykvJawG twGufvnf; uRefawmf tpfudkESifh uRefawmfESifh pum;rsm;Mu&ao;w,f cifAs? tpfudku tazvdkyJ tifrwefavmbxGufwJh vlwpfa,mufyJ cifAs? aemufrS uRefawmf twefwef ajymEdkifvGef;vdkU rdef;uav;rSm riwfrGwf rqif;&J&atmif ykvJawGudk wpfvHk;pD vDNyD; ydkUzdkU ol oabmwlwmudk; cifAs? &&JU r[kwfvm;Asm rESif;nGefU} nGefU/ /]&ygw,f&Sif? ykvJ q,fhESpfvHk; uRefr &ygw,f? onftwGufvJ aus;Zl;wifyg w,f&Sif} uJ/ /]aus;Zl;wifp&m r&Sdygbl; rESif;nGefU? uRefawmfwdkUu Opömxdef;yg? rESif;nGefUu Opöm&Sifyg? uRefawmfwdkUrSmawmh onfypönf;rsm;teuf b,favmufxkwfNyD; taz oHk;pGJcJhrSef; rod? NcHajrtdrfajrvnf; awmfawmfyJ usef&pf&Smygw,f cifAsm? onfu rESif;nGefUrSmawmh wpfjym; wpfcsyfrS oHk;pGJ&&Smao;w,f r&Sd? onf[mavmufuav; uRefawmfwdkU wifydkUvdkufwmrsm; aus;Zl;wifzdkU r&Sdygbl; cifAs? odkUayr,fh tpfudkMuD;uawmh uRefawmfvdk oabmrxm;bl;As? w,fNyD; olrsm; OpömESifh olrsm; ay;&wmawmif ESpfajrmwJh vlyJ? 'gESifh uRefawmfvnf; onftdrf ajymif;vmcJhyga&m cifAs? onfvdkESifh wpfa,mufwpftdrf aexdkifvdkufMuwm raeUuawmh
16

a&TOa'gif;

owif;xl; wpfck Mum;&yg a&m cifAs? Mum;avawmh rESif;nGefUxH uRefawmf taMumif;Mum;? tpfudkMuD;vnf; tnDtrQ cGJa0,lMuzdkU ajymcJhNyD;yJ? odkUaomf vlpdwfu cPcP ajymif;vJwwfavawmh bmrsm; ajymjyefOD;r,f rodao;bl; cifAs? uRefawmfwdkU onfuaeUn vmMur,fvdkUvnf; uRefawmf ajymcJhw,f? arQmfawmh arQmfaerSmyJ? ta0nDMur,f rnDMur,fawmh uRefawmf rajymwwfbl;? ukdif; 'gygyJcifAsm} [k ajymNyD; aemuf armifbdk;uJvnf; uRefawmfwdkUtm; rsufESmuJcwfvsuf &SdavvQif uRefawmfwkdUrSmvnf; txufyg xl;qef;vSaom tjcif;t&mrsm;udk Mum;&ojzifh awG;awmum &SdaeMu&mrS armifpH&Sm;vnf; xkdif&mrS xí ]awmfygayw,fAsm udkbdk;uJ? cifAsm; oabm &dk;ajzmifhyHk csD;rGrf;rdygayw,f? udkif; udkif; cifAsm;vnf; cifAsm; odoavmuf ajymNyD;ayNyD? cifAsm;? r&Sif;vif;wJh tcsufuav;rsm; usKyfwdkU ulNyD; &Sif;Edkifrvm; rodao;bl;? uJ vmMuAsm? nOfhvnf; awmfawmf eufoGm;NyD? udpöNyD;atmif[m udkbdk;&GJtdrfudk oGm;vdkufMuOD;pdkU} xdkaemuf armifbdk;uJvnf; t0wfrsm; vJvS,fí uRefawmfwdkU av;OD;om;onf ,cifu armfawmfum;ESifh xGufvmcJhMujyefav&m vrf;c&D;wGif armifbdk;uJvnf; yg;pyfudk acwårQ ydwfí raebJ r&yfrpJ pum;ajymvsuf &Sdav\/ ]uRefawmfhtpfudku onfypönf;ukdk &SmwJhae&mrSm tifrwef ZGJaumif;wJh vlwpfa,mufyJ cifAs? 0if;NcHxJrSm ESHUaeatmif vdkufNyD;wl;vdkU rawGUawmh b,fES,fvkyfovJ odovm;? tdrfxJrSm [dkeH&H acguf onfeH&Hazmuf [dkMurf;acgufonfMurf;azmufESifhaemufqHk;usawmhtdrfay:rSm ypönf; ta[mif; awG bmawGxm;wJh tcef;tay:u rsufESmMuufxJrSm oGm;NyD;awGUw,fqdkuyJ cifAs? rsufESmMuufrSm taygufuav; vlwpfa,muf 0ifom&Hk azmufNyD; tHusatmif ydwfxm;wmqdkudk; cifAs? ypönf;awG [m uRefawmfhtpfudk rSef;csuft&awmhjzifh ig;odef;avmufwefvdrfhr,fvdkU ajymw,f} [k ajymavvQif uRefawmfwdkUrSm tHhtm;oifhvsuf &SdaeMu&av\/ ,if;uJhodkU ajymajymqdkqdkESifh vma&mufcJhMu&m wpfcPrQMumvQif armfawmfum;vnf; ûrdUywfvrf;&SdtdrfMuD; wpfaqmiftwGif;odkU0ifí qif0ifatmuf ü &yfwefUav\/ xdktcsdefüum; nOfh q,fem&DausmfcefU &SdNyD; jzpfav&m uRefawmfwdkU qdkufa&muf NyD;aemuf armifbdk;uJu ]udkausmfvS? AsdKU udkausmfvS} [k ac:vdkufonfwGif touf av;q,fausmf t&G,fcefU vlwpfa,mufvnf; vufqGJrSeftdrfudk qGJudkifvsuf xGufvmí armifbdk;uJudk jrifavvQif ]tvdk q&mvm; cifAsm? 0rf;omvdkufwm cifAsm? tcefUoifhvdkufwm? uRefawmfjzifh tMuyfusaevdkU b,fhES,fvkyf&rnf rodjzpfaewkef; q&ma&mufvm tcefUoifhvdkufwm cifAsm} [k ajymNyD;vQif uRefawmfwdkUtm; tdrfwGif;odkU ac:í tdrfatmuf{nfhcHcef;wGif ae&m xdkifcif;ay;av\/ ¤if;aemuf tapcHudkausmfvSvnf; armifbdk;uJudk ac:í acwårQpum;wD;wdk; ajymqdkNyD;vQif udkausmfvS vnf; armifbdk;uJudk tdrfay: odkU ac: oGm;av\/ wpfcPrQ MumavvQif armifbdk;uJvnf; rsufvHk;jyL;jyL; rsufqHjyL;jyL; ESifh avScg;rS ajy;í qif;vmNyD;vQif ]vmMuygOD; cifAs/ MunfhvSnfhMuygOD; cifAsm? tpfudkMuD; bmjzpfrSef; rodygbl; cifAsm} [k ajymvsuf &SdpOf tapcH udkausmfvSonf aemufrS vdkufvmí ]udkif; wqdwfuav; tdrfay:wufNyD; MunfhMuygOD; cifAsm} [k ajymojzifh uRefawmfwdkU tm;vHk;onf tdrfay: odkUwufoGm;Muav\/ avScg;twufwGif udkausmfvSu
17

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

]uRefawmf q&mudkbdk;&GJu onfuaeU wpfaeUvHk; olUtdyfcef;xJu rxGufbl; cifAs/ uRefawmfvn;f rac:0hHwmESifh rac:bl;? xrif;pm;csdefu uRefawmfoGm;NyD; tcef;wHcg;udk acgufaomf vnf; rxl;bl;cifAs? uRefawmfjzifh pdwfav;vdkufwm cifAsm? b,fhES,f rsufESmxm;MuD;ESifh vkyfNyD; aerSef;rodygbl; cifAsm} [k ajym&if; qdk&if; uRefawmfwdkUonf armifbdk;&GJ tdyfcef;0odkU qdkufa&mufMuav\/ xdkcPü armifbdk;uJvnf; aMumufwwfaom olwpfa,muf jzpfonfESifh oGm;rsm; ckdufckdufwkefvsuf &Sdae&m armifpH&Sm;vnf; ]onftcef;yJ r[kwfvm;} [k ajymvsuf wHcg;ywåmMum;rS acsmif;í tcef;wGif;odkU wpfcPrQ MunfhNyD;aemuf &kwfw&uf aemufodkU jyefqkwfí ]tvdkav; bk&m; bk&m;? b,fhES,f[mvJ a[h} ajymvsuf pufqkyfaom rsufESmxm;ESifh &SdaeonfwGif uRefawmfvnf; xdkenf;twl ywåmMum;rS iHkUí MunfhvdkufonfwGif tonf;ESvHk; wkefvIyfzG,f tjcif;t&mrsm;udk awGUjrif&av\/ ¤if;tcef;ü wpfckaom jywif;aygufonf yGifhvsuf &Sdonfjzpfí va&mifonf tcef;wGif;odkU xdk;0ifvsuf&Sd&m ¤if;va&mifwGif vlwpfa,muf\ rsufESmonf uRefawmf&Sd&m bufodkU wnfhwnfh vSnfhvsuf atmufydkif;rSmrl va&mifrxdk;ojzifh arSmifrnf;vsuf&Sdae& um;rsufESmonfomvQif wGJ&&GJqGJ vsuf &Sdonfudk awGUjrif&av\/ ¤if;rsufESmrSmvnf; xdyfajymifajymif &Sdojzifh armifbdk;uJ\ rsufESmESifh tvGefwlonfjzpf&m uRefawmfrSm armifbdk;uJyif jzpfavoavm[k uRefawmf teD;ü &yfaeol armifbdk;uJudkyif prf;oyfí Munfhrdav\/ ¤if;\ rsufESmrSm tvGefw&m &TifjyvS onfht[efjzifh uRefawmfwdkU &Sd&mbufodkU vSnfhí ûyH&,fae bdouJhodkU &Sdonfudk va&mifwGif jrif&onfhtcg ½IHrJhí aeonfxufyifvQif aMumufrufzG,f aumif;vSay\/ xdkaMumufrufzG,f tjcif;t&mudk awGUjrif&avvQif uRefawmfvnf; aMumuf&GHU wkefvIyf vSonfESifh ]aMumufp&m aumif;vSacsuvm; udkpH&Sm;Asm? b,fhES,f[mMuD;vJ? b,fhES,f vkyfNyD; tcef; xJ 0ifrvJAs? wHcg;vJ twGif;bufu ydwfxm;w,f} &Sm;/ /]wHcg;udk ydwfxm;vQif twif; zGifh&rSmayghAs} [k ajymvsuf armifpH&Sm;vnf; udk,fESifh ypfvSJí twif;wGef;ygaomfvnf; wHcg;rSm vIyf&HkrQom &Sdav\/ xdktcg uRefawmf armifbdk;u ESifhwuG tapcH armifausmfvSwdkUvnf; 0ifa&muf ulnDMuNyD;vQif ]1-2-3} [k tcsufay;vsuf av;a,mufom;wdkUonf wpfnDwpfnmwnf; ajy;0ifwdkufcdkufMuonfwGif wHcg;vnf; vuf&Suf ûywfí twGif;bufodkU uscg yGifhoGm;av\/ ,if;uJhodkU wHcg;yGifhoGm;ojzifh uRefawmfwdkUvnf; tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifMuavvQif rESif;nGefU uav;rSm aMumuf&SmvSonfjzpfaomaMumifh cdkufcdkufwkefvsuf &Sdae&m uRefawmfrSm ¤if;\ vufudk qkwfudkifvsuf tm;ay;pum;ajymMum;&av\/ xdkodkU&SdpOf uRefawmfwdkUonf armifausmfvS udkifpGJvsuf &Sdaom vufqGJrD;tdrf\ tvif;a&mifjzifh tcef;\ tajctaeudk Munfh&IMu&m wpfckaom axmifhüum; uwå↦ xnfhí xm;aom oHpnfwpfck arSmufvsuf &Sdonfjzpfí uwå↦ wkdUonf Murf;ay:ü zdwfvsuf &Sdojzifh ¤if;\ teHUonf wpfcef;vHk;wGif tESHUtjym; ysUHvGifhvsuf &Sdav\/ ¤if;tcef;wGif tjcm;aom axmifhwpfckü rsufESmMuufwGif vlwpfa,muf 0ifom½HkrQ&Sdaom taygufi,fwpfckvnf; &Sdav&m ¤if;taygufrS tkef;qHêud;wpfêud;onfvnf; wGJ&&TJusvsuf &Sdav\/ ¤if;êud;us&m teD;pm;yGJwpfckwGif uyfvsuf ukvm;xdkifwpfckvnf;
18

a&TOa'gif;

&Sdav&m ¤if;ukvm; xdkifay:üum; armifbdk;uJ\ tpfudk armifbdk;&GJonf ausmjzifh cyf,drf;,drf; rSDvsuf OD;acgif;onf wpfbufodkU iJhNyD;vQif rsufESmrSm ûyH;&,fbdouJhodkU&Sdí xdkifvsufaoaeaomtavmif;udkvnf; awGU& av \/ armifbdk;&GJ\ tavmif;rSm xdktcgü awmifhvsuf &SdNyDjzpfí aoonfrSm twefMumNyD[lí cefUrSef;zG,f&Sdav&m pm;yGJay:üvnf; pm&Gufi,fwpfckwGif ]av;OD;om;wdkU vufcsuf} [lí cJwHjzifh a&;xm;onfudk awGUojzifh armifpH&Sm;vnf; ]Munfhprf;AsdKU udkodef;armif? olwdkU vufcsufyJ} uRefawmf/ /]b,folwdkUvJAs} &Sm;/ /]armifbdk;uJ ajymwkef;u cifAsm; em;raxmifbl;vm;} uRefawmf/ /]aMomf [kwfNyDAsdKU? 'gxuf bmûyvdkU aoovJAsm} &Sm;/ /]vlowfvdkU aowmayghAs/ aMomf Munfhprf;AsdKU udkodef;armif? usKyf xifwJh twdkif;yJ? onfrSm onfrSm? em;aemufrSm Munfhprf;yg} [k ajymí jyojzifh uRefawmfvnf; jy&modkU Munfhvdkuf &musm;&Smql;ESifh oP²mefwlaom ql;i,fwpfacsmif;onf pdkufvsuf &Sdonfudk awGUjrif& av\/ uRefawmf/ /]ql;uav; r[kwfvm;Asm} &Sm;/ /][kwfygw,fAs? onfql;aMumifh aowmyJ? udkif; EIwfvdkufprf;? udkodef;armif owdxm; aemf? vufrpl;apESifh tqdyfvl;xm;w,f} uRefawmfvnf; ¤if;ql;i,fudk owdESifh EIwfvdkuf&m ql;rSmrsm;pGmtm;rpdkuf&bJvsuf ygvmNyD; vQif tom;wGif aoG;pdkU½kHrQ t&mxifvsuf &Sd&pfav\/ xdktcg uRefawmfvnf; tHhMovSonfESifh ]b,fES,fhvJudkpH&Sm;&,f?xl;qef;vSacsuvm;As?onftrIuMumav½Iyfavukd;As? ,fhES,fvJ} &Sm;/ /]b,fu Mumav ½Iyfav&rSmvJAs? Mumav &Sif;avayghAs} [k ajymvsuf &SdpOf armifbdk;uJu ½kwfw&uf ]NyD;ygNyDAsm? ypönf;awG ygoGm;ukefNyD q&mwdkUa&? ypönf;awG ygoGm;NyD cifAs? rsufESmMuuf taygufjrif&JUvm;? onftaygufu olwdkUcsNyD; ,loGm;wmyJ? [kwfygNyD [kwfygNyD? raeUnu uRefawmfESifh olESifh MunfhMuao;w,f} &Sm;/ /]b,ftcsdefavmufvJ} uJ/ /]q,fem&Davmuf &SdygNyD cifAsm? NyD;ygNyD cifAsm? uRefawmfawmh rTwfygNyD cifAsm/ uRefawmfvnf; jyefaoGm;a&m olvnf; taygufydwfNyD; twGif;rSm ae&pfw,fcifAs? uRefawmfrsm; ykvdyfawGu txifvGJukefawmhr,fxifyg&JU cifAsm? wqdwfuav; cifAsm/ cifAsm;wdkU b,fhES,f xifMuovJ? wu,fvdkU uRefawmf owf&ifjzifh cifAsm;wdkUudk uRefawmfac:NyD; vmyghrvm;
19

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

pOf;pm;MunfhMuygOD; cifAsm} [k wkefwkef,if,if &Sdaom toHjzifh ajymavvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; armifbdk;uJ\ ykcHk;udk ukdifvsuf ]rpdk;&drfygESifh armifbdk;uJ? usKyfwdkU wwfEdkiforQ ulnDyghr,f? udkif; ukdif; 'gxuf usKyfwdkU 0wå&m;&SdwJh twdkif; ûy&vdrfhr,f armifbdk;uJ? wqdwfavmuf armfawmfum;ESifh csufjcif;oGm;NyD; teD;qHk; XmerSm wdkifcsufay;ayawmh? usKyfwdkU 'Duapmifhaer,f} [k ajymí apvTwfvdkufavvQif armifbdk;uJvnf; ysm,D;ysm&mESifh tdrfay:u qif;oGm;av\/ armifbdk;uJ qif;oGm;avvQif uRefawmfwdkUonf q&mr rESif;nGefUtm; ukvm;xkdif wpfckwGif xdkifapNyD;aemuf armifpH&Sm;vnf; tcef;wGif;ü pBuøavsmufvsuf ajymonfrSm ]udkif; udkodef;armif? ykvdyfawG ra&mufcif usKyfwdkU em&D0ufavmufawmh tcsdef&Sdao;w,f? onftcsdefuav;udk tcsnf;tESD; rûzef;wD;MuESifhOD;? 'gxuf trIu tckMunfh&yHkawmh cyf&Sif;&Sif;yJ As? odkUaomf} uRefawmf/ /(tHhMopGmESifh) ]cyf&Sif;&Sif;vm;Asm? bmrsm; &Sif;vdkUvJAsm} &Sm;/ /]&Sif;yHk usKyf ajymOD;r,f? xkdifyg xkdifyg cifAsm; rxprf;ygESifh? ajc&mawG ½Iyfukef ygvdrfhr,f? udkif; onfvdkAs? yxra&S;OD;pGm pOf;pm;zdkUu onfvlpk[m b,fvrf;u b,fvdk 0ifvmNyD; onftcef;wGif;u b,fyHk xGufoGm;Muw,fqdkwm pOf;pm;zdkU &Sdw,f? wHcg;uawmhjzifh raeUnxJu ydwfxm;ao;w,fqdkwm od&NyD r[kwfvm;? onfawmh jywif;aygufudk zGifhMunfhprf;? tem;rSm a&>yefvn;fr&Sdbl;/ trdk;uaeNyD; qif;vdkUvJ rrDEdkifbl;? odkUaomfvnf; wpfpHkwpfa,muf [m onfjywif;aygufuae wufNyD; onftcef;xJ 0ifaMumif;awmh xif&Sm;w,f? raeUnu rdk;uav; zGJzGJusw,f? NyD;awmh jywif;aygufaygifrSm Munfhprf;? vlajc&mwpfck awGUw,f? a[m'DrSm awmh 0dkif;0kdif; t&mMuD;wpfck? a[m'DrSmvJ 0dkif;0dkif; t&mBuD;wpfck awGUjyefNyD? udkif; cifAsm; b,fhES,f xifovJ? onf 0kdif;0kdif; t&mBuD;awG Munfhprf;} uRefawmfonf ¤if;t0kdif;BuD;rsm;udkMunfhNyD;aemuf]uRefawmfjzifhajc&m&,fvdkU rxifygbl;Asm} &Sm;/ /]ajc&mxuf tzdk;wefawmh rayghAsm? onf[mBuD;awG[m opfom; ajcaxmuf&mAs? wpfzufajc&muawmh ajc&mykyk Asufus,fus,f? wpfzufuawmh opfom;ajcaxmuf&myJ} uRefawmf/ /]'gjzifh onfvl[m wpfzufu opfom;ajcaxmuf wyfNyD; xm;wJh vlayghav} &Sm;/ /]'gayghAs? odkUaomfvnf; olUtazmf &Sdao;w,f? tazmf[mu awmfawmfBuD;udk xl;wJh tazmfyJAs? udkif; udkodef;armif atmufiHkU MunfhvSJUprf;? onfeH&Hudk wG,fNyD; onfjywif;ayguf a&mufatmif cifAsm; wufEdkifyghrvm;} [k ar;ojzifh uRefawmfvnf; ¤if;eH&Hudk va&mifwGif Munfh&m tjrifhrSm 18 ayrQ &Sdonfhjyif wpfpHkwpfckaom ae&mürQ ajcukwf&ef Munfhí rjrifEdkifaom aMumifh rwufEdkifaMumif;ESifh jyefajymavvQif &Sm;/ /]ulrJhvl r&SdvQif rwufEdkifbl; rSefw,f? odkUaomfvnf; onfuaeNyD; wpfa,mufu a[m[dk tkef;qHêud;udk csNyD;ay;r,fqdkvQif cifAsm; wG,fNyD; rwufEdkifaybl;vm;Asm} uRefawmf/ /]wufEdkifp&m &Sdygw,fAsm}
20

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/ /]tJ [kwfNyD? wpfa,mufu onftaygufu êud;ESifh wG,fNyD; wuf? wufNyD;vdkU olwdkU udpöNyD;awmh onfuyJ jyefNyD;qif;? usefwJh wpfa,mufu êud;udk jyefNyD; wif? wifNyD; jywif;aygufudk twGif;uaeNyD; ydwf? ydwfNyD; oluawmh a&S;OD;pGm vmwJh vrf;u ol jyefa&mAs? 'gxuf opfom;ajcaxmufESifhvlu onfêud;ESifh jyefNyD; tqif;rSm vufacsmfoGm;vdkU vufrSm ta&awG yJhNyD; êud;rSm aoG;enf;enf; pGef;ae&pfwm usKyf awGU&w,f} uRefawmf/ /]'guawmh [kwfygNyDwJhAsm? odkUaomf a&S;OD;pGm wufwJh wpfa,muf vluawmh b,fvrf;u wufvdkU onftcef;xJ b,fES,fha&mufovJAs} &Sm;/ /][m 'g [kwfw,f? onfwpfa,muf[mu awmfawmf xl;qef;wJh yk*¾dKvfAs? ol xl;qef;wJhtwGuf tJonf trI[m awmfawmfuav; xl;qef;aywmyJ? onfjynfrSm onfvlrsdK; usKyfwpfcgrS rawGUzl;bl;? odkUaomf tdE´d,jynfrsm;rSmawmh onfvlrsdK; taMumif; usKyf zwf&zl;w,f} uRefawmf/ /] zwfzl;wm rzwfbl;wm tyxm;NyD; b,fyHk b,fenf;ESifh onfvl onftcef;a&mufatmif wufw,fqdkwm ajymjyprf;ygOD;Asm? wHcg;vnf; ydwfxm;w,f? jywif; aygufuvnf; wufvdkU ra&mufEdkifbl;? 'gjzifh b,fyHk wufvmovJAsm} &Sm;/ /]cifAsm;u usKyf cPcP ajymaewJh enf;udk toHk;ûyNyD; rMunfhbJudk;As? taMumif;wpfckudk qifjcifwJhtcgrSm tu,fpifppf rjzpfEdkifwJh tcsufawGudk z,fxkwfvdkufvQif usefwJhtcsuf[m b,fvdkyif jzpfyHkray:aomfvnf; jzpf&r,fvdkU wGuf,l&r,fAs? udkif; onfawmh onfvl[m jywif;aygufuvnf; rwufEdkifbl;? wHcg;uvnf; ydwfxm;vdkU r0ifEdkifbl;? wHcg;rydwfcif tcef;xJrSm ykef;atmif;NyD;ae&rSmuvJ tcef;u usOf;usOf;? ykef;p&muvJ r&SdvdkU rjzpfEdkifbl;? onfawmh ol b,fhES,f 0ifrvJAs? tcef;xJ a&mufatmif} uRefawmf/ /]rsufESmMuufu taygufu ol 0ifr,f xifw,f} &Sm;/ /]xifraeESifhAs? tppfyJ? udkif; udkif; onftaygufu usKyfwufNyD; Munfhprf;r,f? wqdwfavmuf rD;jyprf;Asm/ udkodef;armif} [k ajymojzifh uRefawmfvnf; rD;tdrfudk ajr§mufí jyonfwGif armifpH&Sm;onf pm;yGJay:wGif ukvm;xdkifwpfckudk wifNyD;aemuf ukvm;xkdifay: odkU wufí jzwfvwf ayghyg;aom olwpfa,mufjzpfonftwdkif; ckefí qGJiifNyD;vQif bm;ay: odkU wufonfh tvm;uJhodkU taygufi,frS aumhvdrfí wufoGm;av\/ ¤if;aemuf &Sm;/ /]udkif; udkodef;armif? rD;tdrfay;vdkufAsm? cifAsm; wufEkdif&JU r[kwfvm;? prf;Munfhprf;? wufom wufygAsm? usKyf qGJwifygr,f? aMomf 'gxuf rESif;nGefU ae&pf0Hh&JUvm;? udkausmfvSvJ &Sdom;yJ} nGefU/ /(owåd&Sdaom oli,fr wpfa,mufjzpfonftwdkif; ) ]ae&pf0Hh ygw,f&Sif} [k ajymojzifh uRefawmfvnf; armifpH&Sm;\ enf;wl taygufi,frS wufí tay: odkU a&mufavvQif tcef;i,fozG,f&Sdaom taqmuftOD;wGif;odkU a&mufav&m tvsm; 10 ay? teH 6 ay tjrifhrSm 5 aycefUrQ &Sdojzifh uRefawmfwdkUrSm iHkUvsufomvQif aeEdkifMuav\/ armifpH&Sm;vnf; trdk;udk wD;acgufí MunfhonfESifh wHcg;i,fwpfckudk awGUí zGifhMunfh vdkuf&m ¤if;rSm trdk;ay: odkU a&mufaom taygufjzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&ojzifh
21

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

]jrifvm; udkodef;armif? wpfa,muf[mu onfvrf;u vmNyD; onfvrf;u jyefwJh olyJAs? udkif; udkif; olUajc&mvuf&mrsm; bmrsm;usef&pfovJ MunfhMu&atmif Asm} [k ajymí armifpH&Sm; vnf; Murf;wGif rD;tdrfESifh Munfh&I&m Murf;jyifrSmrl ESpfv rsm;pGmu pkyHkí aeaom jrLrIHwdkUjzifh zHk;tkyfvsuf &Sd&um; tuav;\ ajc&m yrmPrQ &Sdaom ajc&mrsm;udk jrif&ojzifh uRefawmfrSm rsm;pGm tHhMopGmESifh ]b,fES,fhvJAsm udkpH&Sm;? tuav;ajc&mawGyg uvm;As xl;qef;vSacsuvm; Asm} &Sm;/ /][kwfw,fAsdKU? usKyfawmifrS ½kwfw&ufawmh tHhMooGm;rdw,f? odkUaomfvnf; tckawmh usKyf &dyfrdygNyD? a[m[dk[mu aowåmvm; bmvm; xm;wJh t&myJ? aowåmawmh ,loGm;NyD? t&mavmuf &Sd&pfawmhw,f? udkif; udkif; qif;MupdkUAsm? 'gygyJ? onfhjyif Munfhp&m r&Sdygbl;} tavmif;&Sd&m tcef;wGif;odkU a&mufjyefvQif uRefawmfu ]tuav; ajc&mawG awGUyHku cifAsm; b,fhES,f xifovJAsm? uRefawmfjzifh ajc&mMunfhNyD; rSef;&rSm ajcmufESpfom;t&G,favmufyJ &Sdao;w,f xifw,f} &Sm;/ /]udkodef;armifuvJAsm cifAsm; usKyfenf;awG od&ufESifh onfenf;awGrsm; toHk;ûyNyD; pOf;pm;rSayghAs} uRefawmf/ /]uRefawmfujzifh rpOf;pm;wwfatmif jzpfaeygNyDcifAsm} &Sm;/ /]udkif; udkif; rpOf;pm;wwfao;&if xyfNyD; MunfhMuOD;pdkU? onftcef;xJrSmawmh bmrsm; awGUOD;rvJ? aoaocsmcsm Munfh&OD;r,f} [k ajymNyD;vQif armifpH&Sm;onf rSefbDvl;wpfckudk tdwfrS xkwfí rdrd ûyjrJjzpfonfhtwdkif; Murf;ay:ü 0yfxGm;um t&m0wåKwdkUudk aocsmpGm Munfh½Ivsuf vnf;aumif;? wdkif;xGmvsuf vnf;aumif; twefMumatmif &SdaeNyD;aemuf ]usKyfwdkU w,fNyD; uHaumif;w,fAsdKU? onfrrIrSm 'ku©rsm;rsm; pdkufzdkU r&Sdbl;? yxr wufwJh vl[m a[m'DrSm zdwfaewJh uwå↦xJrSm olUajcaxmuf csoGm;w,fAs} uRefawmf/ /]csoGm;awmh bmjzpfovJAs} &Sm;/ /]csoGm;awmh olUudk usKyfwdkU rdwmayghAs? onfvdk uwå↦ eHUrsdK;rsm;&wJhaemuf r[myx0DajrBuD; tqHk;wdkifatmif ajy;aomfvnf; rvGwfEdkifatmif teHUcHNyD; vdkufEdkifwJh acG;wpfaumif usKyf odw,fAs? a[m 'gxuf ykvdyft&m&SdawG ajcoH rSwfw,f? udkif; udkif; olwdkU rvmcif onftavmif; cifAsm; prf;Munfhprf;} [k ajymojzifh uRefawmfonf prf;oyfí Munfh&m &Sm;/ /]b,fhES,faeovJ} uRefawmf/ /]awmifhaewmayghAs} &Sm;/ /]onfhjyif vlaorsm; cifAsm; udkifzl;vm;} uRefawmf/ /]udkifzl;ygw,f} &Sm;/ /]awmifhyHkcsif; b,fhES,faeovJ}
22

a&TOa'gif;

uRefawmf/ /(aocsmpGm prf;oyfNyD;aemuf) ]onfhvdkyif vlaorsm;uawmh awmihf&HkyJawmihf w,f? onf[muawmh taMumawGudk rmNyD; wif;aew,f} &Sm;/ /]tppfyJAs? udkif; onfu taMumawG wif;wHk;&,f? rsufESmxm;u aocgeD; NzD;jyyHk &,f aygif;NyD; Munfhvdkufawmh b,fyHk awG;csuf&ovJ} uRefawmf/ /]jyif;xefwJh qdyfvl;jrm;rsm;ESifh xdrSefNyD;aowJh vlrsm;vnf; onfvdkyJ aew,fvdkU Mum;zl;w,fAsm? awGUawmh rawGUbl;aybl;} &Sm;/ /]tppfyJAs onfwdkif;yJ? 'gaMumifh tcef;xJ 0ifvmvmjcif; b,fenf;ESifh onftqdyfudk oGif;vdkufygvdrfhrvJvdkU 'Pf&mudk vdkufNyD;&Smw,f r[kwfvm; &Smawmh bmawGU ovJ/ em;aemufrSm ql;av;awGUw,f? ql;rSefwJh ‘'Pf&muvJ onfvl xdkifaeyHkESifh Munfhvdkufawmh rsufESmMuufrS azmufxm;wJh taygufqDuaeNyD; ypfvdkufwJh 'Pf&mESifhyJ wlw,f? udkif; udkif; ql;udk Munfhprf;AsdKU} uRefawmf/ /(ql;udk aocsmpGm MunfhNyD;aemuf) ]awmfawmf qef;wJh ql;yJAsdKU} &Sm;/ /]onfql;rsdK; cifAsm; jrifzl;&JUvm;} uRefawmf/ /]rjrifzl;bl;} &Sm;/ /]b,fjrifbl;rvJAs? usKyfwdkUqDrSm onfql;rsdK; &SdrS r&SdbJ? a[m ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm; a&mufvmMuNyD} xdkcPü tpdk;&ykvdyf tifpydwfawmf wpfa,mufESifh ykvdyfom;wdkUonf tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvmMu&m ¤if;tifpydwfawmfrSm &efukefodkU ajymif;a&TUvmonfrSm rMumao;onfvnf; wpfaMumif;? ¤if;a&mufvmonftwGif; armifpH&Sm;rSm trIwpfckrQ pHkaxmuf&ao;onf r&Sdonfvnf; wpfaMumif;aMumifh xdkolonf armifpH&Sm;\ tpGrf;udk Mum;zl;&HkrQ &Sdaomfvnf; rsm;pGm ,HkMunftm;xm;onfh vu©Pm r&Sdacs/ tifpydwfawmfvnf; tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvmí awmifajrmuf av;yg;wdkUudk Munfh½INyD;aemuf [efMuD;yefMuD;&Sdonfh trlt&mESifh uRefawmfwdkUtm; Munfh½Ií ]tif; tif; w,faumif; w,fvS? vufonf ray:bl;[kwfp? 'gxuf onf[mawGu b,folawGvJAs? ajc&mawG bmawGESifh b,fhES,faMumifh 0ifNyD; ½IyfESifhMuwmwkef;} &Sm;/ /]tifpydwfawmfrif;? uRefawmfhukd rjrifbl;ao;rSwfw,f? uRefawmf armifpH&Sm;ygyJAsm} tifpydwfawmf/ /]aMomf [kwfyg&JUvm;? 0rf;omygw,f cifAsm oduRrf;&wm? Mum;awmh Mum;zl;yg&JU? vlcsif;awmh onfwpfcgrS awGU&w,f? uRefawmfemrnf armiftkef;ckdifygwJhAsm? tif; tif; w,faumif;? w,fvSwJh trIuav;ygyJ? vufonf ray:bl;ayghav? [kwfp? 'gxuf bmaMumifh aow,f cifAsm; xifovJAsm? cifAsm;taMumif; Mum;zl;yg&JU? onfwpfcg odMu a&myav} &Sm;/ /]uRefawmf ajymzdkU vdkygzl;Asm? cifAsm;vnf; odEdkifygw,f MunfhygOD;awmh}
23

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

ckdif/ /]aMomf onftrIawmh cifAsm; ÚmPfrrSDEdkifbl; rSwfw,f? cifAsm; pHkaxmufyHkawG uRefawmfvnf; Mum;awmh Mum;zl;yg&JU? odkUaomf cifAsm; pOf;pm;yHkawGu ÚmPfaumif;vdkU onfavmuf r[kwfbl; uHaumif;vdkU ay:wmawG xifw,fAs? usKyfwdkU pum;yHk &Sdw,f r[kwfvm;/ Muufuef;qeftdk;awGUqdkwmrsdK; vdkayghAs} [k ajymvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; uRefawmftm; Munfhum rodrom ûyH;&,fvsuf rnfodkUrQ rajymbJ &Sdaeav\/ tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;cdkifvn; wkyfcdkifcefUjim;ojzifh ykvdyfom;yDyD &Sdaom udk,fMuD;jzifh &ifaumhum acwårQ pBuøavQmufNyD;aemuf ]tbdk;aiG ig;odef;avmufwefwJh ausmufoHywåjrm; rsm;vnf; aysmufqHk;w,f? wHcg;vnf; twGif;bufu ydwfxm;w,f? jywif;aygufuaumAsm} &Sm;/ /]jywif;aygufvnf; twGif;u ydwfxm;w,f? odkUayr,fh jywif;aygufabmifay:rSm ajc&mawG awGUw,fAs} ckdif/ /]jywif;aygufudk twGif;u ydwfxm;wmawGU&ifjzifh abmifay:rSm ajc&mawGUayr,fh bmqdkifovJAs? onfvlaowmu avemNyD; aocsif aor,f? wufNyD; aocsif aor,f? odkUaomf ausmufoHywåjrm;awG aysmufaew,fqdk wmu cufaew,f? aMomf usKyf tBuH&NyDAsdKU? udkif; ukdif; bdk;rSDwdkU tcef;jyif xGufMuprf;? udkif; udkpH&Sm; usKyfu onfvdk xifw,fAs? olUnDarmifbdk;uJu olajymcsuft& raeUnu onftcef;xJrSm olUtpfudkESifh ESpfa,mufwnf; &SdMuw,fqdk r[kwfvm;? onfawmh tpfudkarmifbdk;&GJu avema&m*gESifh aow,f? aoawmh armifbdk;uJu ypönf;awG ,lNyD; xGufoGm;w,f? udkif; usKyfawG;yHk b,fES,fvJAsm? w,fr&dkif;bl; r[kwfvm;} &Sm;/ /][kwfyHkay:yg&JU? onfawmh armifbdk;uJvnf; xGufoGm;a&m? vlaouvnf; xkdif&mu xNyD; tcef;wHcg;udk twGif;u aeNyD; uefUvefUcsvdkufua&m onfvdkvm;Asm} cdkif/ /][m [kwfayw,f? onftcsufu &Sdayao;w,f? ukdif; 'gjzifh onfvdk aumAsm/ bdk;uJ[m bdk;&GJ nDtpfudk awmfw,f? olwdkUESpfa,muf[m rMumrDu pum;rsm;Muzl;w,f? onf[m usKyfwdkU od&w,f r[kwfvm;? onfhjyifvJ tpfudk bdk;&GJ[m ao&Smw,f? ypönf;awGvnf; aysmufoGm;w,f? 'gvnf; usKyfwdkU od&w,f? raeUnu bdk;uJjyefoGm;NyD;wJhaemuf bdk;&GJ[m b,folESifhrSvJ rawGU&bl;? olUtdyf&mrSmvnf; tdyfwJh vu©Pm r&Sdbl;? bdk;&GJ aoyHk rsufESmxm; Munfh&wmuvJ tif; w,fNyD; r[efvSbl;? Munfhaemf usKyf bdk;uJtay: owåKusatmif vkyfvdkufr,f em;axmifMuAs} &Sm;/ /]aeygOD; rdwfaqG? 'gxuf cifAsm;u tusdK;taMumif; pHkvifatmif rodao;bl;As? a[m'D ql;uav;[m vlao em;&Gufaemufu awGUw,fAs? tqdyfvl;xm;wJh vu©Pmvnf; &Sdw,f? tavmif;rSm a[m'D pm&Gufvnf; awGUw,f? udkif; onfawmh cifAsm; awG;yHkESifh udkufyghvm;Asm} ckdif/ /]udkufygaomfaum rdwfaqG? bmûyvdkU rudkuf&rSmvJ? onfu tqdyfvl;xm;wJh ql;[m bdk;uJ&JU ql;r[kwf&if b,folUql; jzpfEkdifOD;rSmvJAs? onfpm&Gufu bmvJ? av;OD;om; vufcsufwJh? onf[mu tvum; bdk;uJu xifa,mifxifrSm; jzpfatmif ÚmPfqifwJh tvHk; awGygAsm? ykvdyfvkyfaeNyD; onfavmufrS ryg;&if cufaea&maygh? odkUaomfvnf; bdk;uJ[m olUtpfudkudk olowfNyD; b,fvrf;u xGufoGm;ovJwJh? onf[m wpfckyJ ta&;MuD;w,f? aMomf rsufESmMuufrSm taygufBuD;yguvm;AsdKU}
24

a&TOa'gif;

¤if;aemuf tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;ckdifvnf; ol\ udk,fum,ESifh rvdkufatmif jzwfvwf ayghyg; jcif; &Sdaom trlt&mESifh pm;yGJay:rS wufí rsufESmMuuftaygufrS wufoGm;NyD;vQif tay:rS aeí ]atmifr,f onfuaeNyD; trdk;ay:wufwJh tayguf &Sdyguvm;AsdKU? cifAsm;wdkU awGUMu&JU vm;? [kwfNyD? [kwfNyD? usKyfxifwJh twdkif;ygyJ} [k ajymí atmufodkU wpfzef qif;vmNyD;aemuf ]a[h bdk;rSDwdkU} ]tcef;jyifrSm bk&m;} ckdif/ /]udkif; armifbdk;uJudk ac:cJhMua[h? udkif; armifbdk;uJ armifrif;udk uREfkyf armifbdk;&GJ owfrIESifh ,ck zrf;qD;&vdrfhr,f} uJ/ /]udkif; uRefawmf rajymbl;vm; cifAsm? 'gaMumifh uRefawmf rajymbl;vm; cifAsm? uRefawmfhudk xifygvdrfhr,fvdkU uRefawmf txifom;uyJ cifAsm} &Sm;/ /]udpö r&Sdygbl; armifbdk;uJ? raMumufygESifh? onftrIudk usKyf wwftm;orQ ulnDNyD; &Sif;vif;atmif vkyfay;ygr,f? pdwfomcsaeyg? rpdk;&drfygESifh} cdkif/ /]w,fNyD;vnf; tmrcH r&JESifhAsaemf? awmfawmfMumawmh udk,hfpum;ESifh ukd,hfywf qdkwmvdk jzpfaer,f? r&JbJESifh uRJrpD;ESifhAs? udkpH&Sm;} &Sm;/ /]pdwfcsyg udktkef;cdkif? ukdif; cifAsm; odcsif&if onftcef;wGif;udk raeUuvmwJh vlESpfa,mufteuf wpfa,muftaMumif;udk trnfemrESifh wuG usKyfajymjyvdkufr,f? olUemrnf uawmh armifrdk;oD;ygwJhAsm? onfvl[m pmaumif;aumif;rwwfbl;? jzwfjzwfvwfvwf? vufsmbuf ajcaxmufu opfom;ajcaxmuf wyfxm;w,fAs? toufuawmhjzifh vlvwfxJuyJ? tom; cyfñdkñdk?axmifrsm;vnf; uszl;w,f? onftcsufawG&,f? olUvufz0g;rSm tom;enf;enf; pkwfNyD;aew,fqdkwJh tcsuf&,f? pkaygif;NyD; xnfhvQif onfvludk cifAsm; &SmzdkU rcufvSbl; rSwfw,f? onfhjyif wpfa,muf[muawmh...} cdkif/ /(ajymifavSmifvdkaom rsufESmxm;ESifh) ]udkif; qdkygOD;wJhAsm? onfhjyif wpfa,mufvnf; ygao;owJhudk;? qdkygOD;Asm} armifpH&Sm;vnf; udktkef;ckdif\ Mum;jzwfí ajymaom pum;udk trIrxm;aom rsufESm xm;ESifh qufvufí ]onfhjyif wpfa,mufvl[muawmh awmf awmf xl;qef;wJh vlwpfa,mufyJ? odkUaomf rMumrDtwGif; olwdkUESpfa,mufvHk;ESifh awGU&atmif usKyf pDrHEdkifp&m &Sdyg&JUav? udkif; 'gxuf udkodef;armif/ cifAsm;ESifh pum;uav;wpfcGef; ajymyg&apAsm} [k uRefawmftm; ajymojzifh uRefawmfvnf; armifpH&Sm;ESihf twltcef;jyifodkU vdkufoGm;avvQif &Sm;/ /]udkif; udkodef;armif? cifAsm;vnf; onfudpörSm wpfae&mu aqmif&Guf &vdrfhr,fAsdKU}

25

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

uRefawmf/ /]rESif;nGefU\ trIjzpfojzifh wpfae&m ruygbl;Asm? q,fae&mu aqmif&Guf qdk&if aqmif&Gufygr,f} &Sm;/ /]udkif; 'gjzifh onfvdkvkyfayawmh? onftrIudk usKyfwdkU ylylaEG;aEG; udpöNyD;atmif aqmif&GufMurS awmfr,f? &ufa&TUae&if ae&mrusbl;? rESif;nGefUudk ac:NyD; olUtdrfa&mufatmif vdkufydkU? ydkUNyD; Munfhjrifwdkif abmf*gwef; OD;MuD;qdkwJh tbdk;BuD;tdrfudk oGm;? oGm;NyD; acG;wpfaumif ,lcJh? ol ay;vdkufvdrfhr,f? usKyfvnf; pma&;ay;vdkufr,f? usKyfwdkUu usKyfwdkUbmom udk,fhenf; ESifh udk,fvkyf? onfu udktkef;cdkifwdkUuvnf; olwdkUenf;ESifh olwdkU vkyfMuvdrfhr,f? aMomf aeOD;? onfu udkbdk;uJ armfawmfum; ,loGm;ayawmh? rMumapESifhaemf? tckem&Djyef wpfcsufawmif ausmfoGm;NyD/ rvif;cif pNyD; vdkuf&&if aumif;w,f} ¤if;aemuf uRefawmfvnf; armifpH&Sm;ay;aom pmudk ,lí rESif;nGefUESifhtwl ¤if;\tdrfodkU armfawmfum;ESifh vdkufí ydkUNyD;vQif MunfhjrifwdkifodkU oGm;a&mufí rSmxm;onfhtwdkif; acG;udk ,lcJhNyD;vQif em&Djyef ESpfcsufausmfausmfcefUwGif armifpH&Sm;xH jyefa&mufav\/0if;wGif;odkU jyefa&mufvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; avScg;ay:rS qif;vmí ]acG;ygovm;AsdKU? aMomf ae&musNyDAsdKU? 'gxuf udktkef;ckdifjzifh jyefoGm;NyDAsdKU? armifbdk;uJwif rubl;? onftdrfu tdrfapudk udkausmfvSa&m? xrif;csufwJh rdef;rMuD;a&m tukef zrf;oGm;av &JUAsdKU? wpftdrfvHk;udk &Sif;oGmNyD? olxm;cJhwJh ykvdyf wpfa,mufyJ &Sd&pfayawmhw,f? udkif; vmyg OD;As? tdrfay:udk} uRefawmfwdkUvnf; acG;udk tdrfatmufwGif csnfaESmifxm;cJhí ,cifu tcef;wGif;odkU a&mufMuavvQif tavmif;rSmrl t0wfwpfckjzifh zHk;tkyfvsuf&Sd&m ykvdyfwpfa,mufvnf; tcef;0ü pBuøavQmufum &Sdaeav\/ armifpH&Sm;vnf; ykvdyfom;xHrS usm;rsufvHk;rD;tdrfudk iSm;,lNyD;aemuf ]udkif; udkodef;armif onfum;csyfudk vnfyif; wqdwf qGJay;prf;ygAs? tJ [kwfNyD? udkif; usKyf zdeyfESifh ajctdwfvJ cRwf&OD;r,f? cifAsm; vufudkifyk0g ygovm;? tJ a[m[dku uwå↦ rSm ESpfprf;Asm? [kwfNyD? udkif; rsufESmMuufay: cifAsm;? cPavmuf vdkufcJhygOD;Asm} uRefawmfvnf; armifpH&Sm;ESifhtwl rsufESmMuufay: odkU wufoGm;MuNyD;aemuf jrLrIHrsm;wGif xifvsuf&Sdaom ajc&mrsm;udk Munfh½INyD;vQif &Sm;/ /]onfajc&muav;awGudk aoaocsmcsm cifAsm; xyfNyD; Munfhprf;ygOD;Asm? bmrsm; xl;jcm;wm awGUovJ} uRefawmf/ /]uRefawmfjzifh xl;jcm;wm rawGUvSygbl;Asm? uav; ajc&mvm;? odkUr[kwf tifrwef ajcao;wJh rdef;rajc&mvm; rSwfwmygyJAsm} &Sm;/ /]aMomf cifAsm;u i,fvdkU ajymwmudk/ udkif;Asm? ao;i,fwJhtjyif bmrsm; xl;jcm;ao;ovJAsm} uRefawmf/ /]uRefawmfjzifh t&G,fi,fwJh tjyifawmh xl;jcm;yHk rawGUygbl;Asm}

26

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/ /]cifAsm;u rMunfhwwfyJwmudk;As? onfrSm Munfhprf;As? onf[mu vufsmbuf ajc&m r[kwfvm;? a[mMunfh usKyfu onfbufu ajc&m wpfck csvdkufr,f? udkif; usKyfajc&mESifh olUajc&mESifh EdIif;,SOfMunfhprf;? bmrsm; xl;jcm;ovJ} uRefawmf/ /]cifAsm; ajc&muawmh ajcacsmif;uav;awG[m pkNyD; aew,f? olUajc&muawmh ajcacsmif;wpfckESifh wpfck tifrwef a0;NyD; uGJuGJjym;jym; &Sdw,f} &Sm;/ /]tJ [kwfw,fAs? onftcsufyJ ta&;MuD;wm? onftcsuf cifAsm; rSwfxm;aemf? rarhapESifh? udkif; a[m[dku trdk;ay:wufwJh taygufu abmifpGef;udk erf;Munfhprf;? ay; ay; cifAsm; vufudkify0g usKyfudk ay;xm;cJh} uRefawmfvnf; armifpH&Sm;apckdif;onfh xGufvsuf &Sdonfudk awGU&Sd&av\/ twdkif;erf;Munfh&m uwå↦teHU jyif;pGm

&Sm;/ /]tJ'g [dkwpfa,muf ajcaxmufcsoGm;wJh ae&myJAs? udkif;onf ajc&mudk cifAsm;awmif teHU&&if [dkacG;qdk&if bmajymp&m&SdrvJAs? uJuJ cifAsm; tdrfatmuf qif;oGm;NyD; acG;ûzwfxm;NyD; 0if;xJu usKyfudk apmifhaeESifhAsdKU} uRefawmfvnf; tdrfatmufodkU qif;oGm;í acG;udk ûzwfNyD;aemuf 0if;wGif;rS apmifhqkdif;vsuf &Sd&m armifpH&Sm;rSm tdrfrdk;ay: odkU a&mufNyD;aemuf trdk;wpfavQmuf w&G&G wGm;vsuf&Sdonfudk awGUjrif&av\/ tdrfpGef;wpufrdwfodkU a&mufvQif &Sm;/ /]udkodef;armifvm; AsdKU} uRefawmf/ /][kwfw,f} &Sm;/ /]onftem;wdk;cJhAsm? usKyf atmufwnfhwnfhu rnf;rnf;[m bmvJAsdKU} uRefawmf/ /]pnfBuD; axmifaewmAsdKU} &Sm;/ /]jrJ&JUvm;} uRefawmf/ /(vIyfí MunfhNyD;aemuf) ]NrJygw,f} &Sm;/ /]avScg;rsm; rjrifbl;vm;} uRefawmf/ /]rjrifbl;AsdKU} &Sm;/ /]tif; awmfawmf pGefUwJh vlyJAsdKU? udkif; ol qif;Edkif&if usKyf bmûyvkdU rqif;Edkif&rvJ? udkif; vmavAsdKU} armifpH&Sm;vnf; ayghyg;aom vlwpfa,muf jzpfonfhtwdkif; tdrfrdk;pGef;rS pnfay: odkU jzwfvwfpGm ckefcsí pnfay:rS wpfzef ajray: odkU oufqif;NyD;aemuf uRefawmf\ vufrS ajctdwfESifh zdeyfudk vSrf;,lí pGyfNyD;vQif

27

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

]tdrfrdk;ay:rSm usKyfwdkU vlu a[m'D[muav; csypfcJhw,fAsdKU? usKyfawGUvdkU aumuf,l vmcJhao;w,f} [k ajymNyD;vQif jrufjzifh ,ufxm;aom tdwfi,fwpfckudk uRefawmftm; jyav\/ uRefawmfonf jruftdwfi,fudk vSrf;,lí zGifhMunfh&m tdwftwGif;üum; tqdyfvl;vsuf &Sdonfh ,cifu ql;i,faygif; q,fckrQudk awGU&Sd&av\/ &Sm;/ /]owdESifh udkifAsdKUaemf udkodef;armif? vufpl;oGm;&if bdk;&GJvdk cifAsm; jzpfNyD;om;yJ? onftdwfuav;awGUwmvnf; usKyfwdkU uHaumif;aumif;yJ? onftaumifrSm onfvufeuf[m tukefyJ rSwfw,f? onfhjyif &SdyHkray:bl;? onfvufeuf olwdkUrSm &Sdae&if olwdkU zrf;zdkU cyfusyfusyfyJ? udkif; udkodef;armif c&D;awmfawmfa0;a0; vrf;avQmufEdkifygOD;rvm;} uRefawmf/ /]avQmufEdkifygao;w,fAsm} &Sm;/ /]udkif; vm 'gjzifh ay;ay;? usKyfudk acG;ay;} [k ajymojzifh uRefawmfvnf; acG;vnfywfwGif csnfxm;aom oHêud;udk ay;vdkuf&m armifpH&Sm;vnf; ,cifu uwå↦vl;í xm;aom vufudkifyk0gudk acG;\ ESmacgif;odkU uyfNyD;aemuf ]udkif; abmfbD? erf;prf;a[h? erf;prf;? teHU&&JUvm;} [k acG;tm; em;vnfbdouJhodkU ajymavvQif acG;vnf; em;vnfbdouJhodkU jznf;ñSif;pGm toHjrnfvsuf &Sdav\/ ¤if;acG;rSm uRefawmfwkdU jrefrmjynfü aygufzGm;aom acG;rsdK; r[kwf t*Fvef jynfayguf acG;rsdK; jzpfav&m EIwfoD;cRefcRef em;&Gufzm;zm;ESifh aysmufMum;aom udk,f&Sdvsuf tvGefw&m odwwf aom wd&dpmäefrsdK; jzpfavonf/ ¤if;aemuf armifpH&Sm;vnf; vufudkify0gudk ta0;odkU ypfvdkufNyD;aemuf acG;udk pnf&Sd&modkU ,loGm;í pnfay: odkU teHUcHapNyD; ¤if;pnf\ xdyf0ü xdkolajccsí oGm;aom ae&mjzpfojzifh uwå↦eHU jyif;pGm xGufvsuf &Sdonf jzpfaomaMumifh abmfbDonf em;vnfonfh vu©PmESifh w[D[D jrnfNyD;vQif xdkoloGm;aom ajc&mudk cHí vdkufoGm;&m uRefawmfwdkUrSm oHêud;udk udkifvsuf acG;aemufrS vdkufygoGm;Mu&av\/ xdktcsdefüum; t½kPfwufNyD jzpfí ta&SUt&yfrS &J&JeDvsuf vif;a&mif tenf;i,f vmvsuf &Sd&m acG;vnf; tdrf0if;aygufrS xGufNyD;aemuf taemufpl;pl; teHUcHvsuf vdkufoGm;ojzifh uRefawmfwdkUonf aemufrS vdkufygvmcJhMu&av\/ ,if;uJhodkU acG;aemufrS oHêud;udk qGJumvdkufygojzifh acG;vnf; taemufodkU csdK;csnfwpfcg awmifodkU auGUcsnfwpfvSnfhESifh a&SUrS vsifjrefpGm ajy;oGm;vsuf&Sd&mbufywpfaumvdyfausmif;teD; "mwf&xm;vrf;odkU a&mufavvQif acG;onf awmifbufodkU vdkufrnfvdkvdk ajrmufbufodkU vdkufrnfvdkvdk ra0cGJEkdifatmif &Sdaeonfh vu©PmESifh uRefawmfwdkU\ rsufESmudk armhum armhum &Sdaeav\/ ¤if;aemuf ajrodkU acwårQ teHUcHjyefNyD;vQif acG;vnf; teHUcHrdonfh vu©PmESifh ajrmufpl;pl;odkU pGwfí tNrD;ESHUum vdkufoGm;jyefav\/ ,if;uJhodkU "mwf&xm;vrf;wpfavQmuf vdkufvmMupOf uRefawmfu ]aeygOD; udkpH&Sm;&,f? onftrIrSm uwå↦uvnf; tcef;xJrSm zdwfaejyef? Onfvlu vnf; trSwfwrJh uwå↦rSm ajcaxmufcsrdjyef? 'gaMumifhom usKyfwdkU ajc&mcHEdkifawmh wmyav/ onfvdk r[kwfvQifjzifh tcufom;uyJ}
28

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/ /]bmcufvdrfhrvJAs? onfenf;u tvG,fqHk;rdkUvdkU? usKyfwdkU vdkufwmudk;As? onfvdk uwå↦eHUESifh ajc&mcHNyD; vdkufzdkU r&Sdbl;qdk&ifvJyJ onfjyifenf;ESifh usLyf vdkufOD;rSmayghAs} uRefawmf/ /]'gxuf opfom;ajcaxmufESifh vlqdkwJhtaMumif; cifAsm; b,fhES,faMumifh aoaocsmcsm odovJAsm? uRefawmfjzifh aumif;aumif;em;rvnfao;ygbl;Asm} &Sm;/ /]bmcufovJAsm? t&Sif;BuD;uyJ? jrefrmppfrIxrf;ESpfa,muf[m ppfajrjyifrSm ppfrIxrf;vsuf &SdpOf ppfom;rsm;teufrS jypfrI usL;vGefwJh vlrsm;udk apmifhMuyfzdkU wm0efusw,f? onftwGif;rSm ypönf;rsm; ûryfESHxm;wJh taMumif;udk olwdkU wpfenf;enf;ESifh odw,f? odawmhum olwdkUtwGuf armifrdk;oD; qdkwJh vlu ûryfxm;wJh ae&mudk ajryHkrsm; qGJNyD;jyw,f? onfawmhum onfu armifrdk;oD;qdkwJh olu olukd,fwkdif bmûyvdkU wl;r,lbJ olrsm;udk ajryHkqGJNyD; jyygovJwJh? jyrSmayghAsm? oludk,fwdkifuawmh tusOf;csKyfcHae&avawmh wl;EdkifwJh t&m&Sdrsm;udk ae&mESifh wuG a&;NyD; jywmudk;As? jyawmh *sr'gOD;xGef;ausmfESifh OD;om[ef ESpfa,mufvHk;yJvm; odkUr[kwf wpfa,mufwnf;yJvm; oGm;NyD; ypönf;rsm;udk wl;,lw,f? ,lNyD; wpfpHkwpfck olu uwdxm;cJh onfhtwdkif; raqmif&GufbJ xdkvlawG ypfxm;cJhNyD; olzmom jrefrmjynfudk jyefajy;vmcJhwmudk;As} uRefawmf/ /]cifAsm; Opömu awG;vHk;yJ &Sdwmudk;As? [kwfw,f r[kwfbl;qdkwm wyftyf ajymEdkifwmrS r[kwfyJ} &Sm;/ /]wyftyfrS wu,fh wyftyfBuD;ayghAsm? onfenf;r[kwf&if onfhjyifenf;rsm; jzpfEdkifOD;rvJAs? 'gESifh bdk;uJwdkU bdk;&GJwdkU taz *sr'g OD;xGef;ausmfu ypönf;awG ,lvmcJhNyD; csrf;csrf;omomESifh aexkdifwkef;rSm pmwpfapmif &wmudk;As? onfpmu bmpmwJhvJ? oljypfrSm;cJhwJh vlawG[m axmifu vGefukefMuNyD qdkwJh taMumif; pm&wmudk;As? 'gaMumifhvnf; onfvl onfavmuf wkefvIyfwmayghAs} uRefawmf/ /]qdkygOD;Asm} &Sm;/ /]onfpm &NyD;wJhaemuf opfom;ajcaxmufESifh vlrsm; jrif&if tifrwef aMumufwwf w,fvdkU armifbdk;uJu ajymw,f r[kwfvm;? usKyfwkdUjynfrSm opfom;ajcaxmufwyf&wJh vlvnf; t&Sm;MuD;ygAsm? usKyfjzifh wpfa,mufyJ jrifzl;ygw,f? rD;&xm; eif;rdvdkU 'l;qpfu jzwfNyD; opfom;ajcaxmuf wyf&&Smw,fqdk xifyg&JU? tJ'Dvludk olu olUvlrSwfvdkU aoewfESihf oGm;typf rSm 'PfaiGawmif awmfawmf avQmfvdkuf&ao;w,fqdk r[kwfvm;? usKyf ajymwJhvl[m jrefrmAsaemf? rSwfxm;} uRefawmf/ /][kwfuJhAsm} &Sm;/ /]udkif; ckeifu ajryHkrSm vufrSwfxkd;wJh vlav;a,mufteuf wpfa,mufxJom jrefrm ygw,fAs? onfhjyif [mawGu [dE´LawG? rlqvifrefawG csnf;yJ [kwfp} uRefawmf/ /][kwfygw,fAsm} &Sm;/ /]onfawmhum opfom;ajcaxmufESifh jrefrm[m armifrdk;oD; r[kwf&if b,fol [kwfEdkifrvJAs} uRefawmf/ /][kwfygayw,fAsm}
29

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/ /]udkif; udkif; usKyfwdkU udk,fudk armifrdk;oD; ae&mrSm xm;NyD; Munfhvdkuf MuOD;pdkU? armifrdk;oD;[m axmifu vGwfvmNyD;wJhaemuf ol&xkdufaom ypönf;rsm;udk jyef&&efwpfaMumif;? olUtay:ü rw&m;ojzifh ûyusifhoGm;wJh vlrsm;udk vufpm;acs&efwpfaMumif; vmcJhw,f? vmNyD; *sr'g OD;xGef;ausmf aexdkifwJh t&yfudk olar;jref;pHkprf;vdkU awGUa&m? awGUawmhum twGif;vl wpfa,mufESifh ol yl;aygif;a&m? yl;aygif;NyD; twGif;pum;rsm;&atmif wD;acgufMunfh? Munfhayr,fh ypönf;ûryfxm;wJhae&m ol rodbl;As? 'gESifh onfvdkaewkef; OD;xGef;ausmf renf;jzpfaew,fvdkU ol owif;&a&m? &awmh OD;xGef;ausmfrsm; aooGm;&if ypönf;awG olr&&pfrSm pdk;&drftm;BuD;vGef;wmESifh t&JpGefUNyD; 0if;xJ0if? 0ifNyD; jywif;aygufu acsmif;em;axmifaewkef;rSm aocgeD;qJqJ OD;xGef;ausmf jrifoGm;w,f r[kwfvm;As? OD;xGef;ausmf aoNyD;wJhaemuf onfnrSmyJ tdrfxJudk olazmufNyD;0if? 0ifNyD; ypönf;awG arTaESmuf&Sm? &Smayr,fh rawGUavawmh tavmif;rSmawmif pmuyfNyD; xm;cJhao;w,f r[kwfvm;As? rSwfrdw,f r[kwfvm;} uRefawmf/ /]rSwfrdygw,f} &Sm;/ /]udkif; OD;xGef;ausmf aoa&m? aoawmh onfu armifrdk;oD;u bmvkyfovJ? olu wjcm;uaeNyD; ypönf;rsm;udk [dkolawG &Smwm? awGUw,f rawGUbl;qdkwmowif;em;axmif aewm udk;As? aemufawmh ypönf;awG rsufESmMuufay:rSm awGUw,fqkdwm ol owif;&a&m? &awmh olu awmh opfom;ajcaxmufBuD; rpGrf;roefjzpfavawmh tazmfwpfa,muf ac:NyD; tBuHtpnfûy? ûywJh tBuHtwdkif;vnf; atmifjrifygay&JU? odkUaomf tazmfvkyfwJh vl[mu uwå↦xJrSm ajccsrdvdkU cuf&SmMuwmudk;As} uRefawmf/ /]bdk;&GJudk owfwmu armifrdk;oD;u owfwmvm;? tazmfvkyfwJh vl[mu owfwmvm;As} &Sm;/ /]armifrdk;oD;u owfr,f r[kwfbl;? tazmf[mu owfw,f xifw,f? rdk;oD;u &efûid;BuD;wmu bdk;&GJwdkU taztay:rSmom &efûid;BuD;wmudk;As? tcef;xJrSm olUajc&mawG eif;xm; yHkMunfh&wmawmh olUtazmfu bdk;&GJudk owfxm;ESifhvdkU rdk;oD;u pdwfaygufNyD; Murf;ay:rSm aqmifhBuD;atmifhBuD;ESifh eif;xm;wJh vu©PmyJ? odkUayr,fh vGefNyD;wJh trIrdkU olrwwfEdkifavawmh tavmif;udk tomxm;cJhNyD; ypönf;awG,lNyD; xGufoGm;Muwmudk;As? ukdif; onfhjyif cifAsm; bmrsm; odcsifao;ovJ} uRefawmf/ /]olUtazmftaMumif;ajymygOD;Asm?olUtazmf[mu vlxl; wpfa,mufyJ xifw,f} &Sm;/ /]xl;ygaomfaumAsm? tifrwef xl;wJh vlaygh? odkUaomf olUtaMumif;cifAsm; aemufawmh odygvdrfhr,f} [k ajym&if;qdk&if;ESifh avQmufvmMuojzifh MunfhjrifwdkifodkU a&mufvm Mu&m ¤if;t&yfüum;vrf;topf jyifqifcif;usif;vsuf&Sdojzifh acG;vnf; eHab;rS avQmufí ajy;oGm;av\/ wpfcPrQ MumavvQif acG;vnf; vrf;eHab;wGif &yfvsuf &Sdaom vSnf;i,f uav;odkU ajy;oGm;í vufajcwdkUjzifh ukwfjcpfum jrnfatmfvsuf &Sdav\/ ¤if;vSnf;i,frSm tjcm;r[kwf &efukefûrdUay:ü vrf;rsm; jyifonfhtcg uwå↦rsm;udk xnfhí t&nfusdKaom vSnf;i,fuav;yif jzpfavaMumif;/ uRefawmfwdkUvnf; þrQavmuf tyifyef;cHí vdkufvmNyD;aemufrS þuwå↦ vSnf;i,fwGif vrf;qHk;vsuf &Sdonfudk awGU&ojzifh armifpH&Sm;rSm tvGefw&m pdwf½Iyfaom rsufESmxm; ESifh&SdonfwGifuRefawmfvnf;þwpfcgrSavSmifajymif&eftcGifhay:ojzifh avSmifajymifum
30

a&TOa'gif;

&,farmvsuf &SdpOf armifpH&Sm;vnf; uRefawmftm; ta&;r,lbJ acwå OD;acgif;udk azsmufcg pOf;pm;awGa0pGm &SdaeNyD;aemuf ]aMomf odNyDAsdKU? vm vm ckeifu bufywpfaumvdyfausmif;em;u vrf;qHkrSm abmfbD tpOf;pm;& usyfaewJhae&m odw,fr[kwfvm; tJ'Du pNyD; olrSm;vmwmyJ} [k ajymNyD;vQif uRefawmfwdkUvnf; acG;udk ac:í ,cifu ae&modkU jyefoGm;Mu&av\/ xdkae&modkU a&mufvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; acG;udk teHUcHapjyef&m abmfbDvnf; vrf;qHk&Sd ajrBuD;rsm;udk erf;½Iyfum teHUcHNyD;aemuf ,cifuuJhodkU ajrmuf&yfodkU roGm;bJ awmifpl;pl;odkU ajy;vTm; vdkufoGm;jyefav\/ ,if;uJhodkU awmifpl;pl;odkU "mwf&xm;vrf;twdkif; vdkufvmMujyef ojzifh armfwifvrf; odkUa&mufvQif abmfbDvnf; wpfckaom wdkufa&SUü ywfcsmvSnfhí ajrü teHUcHNyD;aemuf taemufodkU vSnfhí a&qdyfodkU qif;ajy;av\/ a&qdyfodkU a&mufvQif abmfbD vnf; a&pyfodkU a&mufatmif ESmacgif;ESifh ajrBuD;ESifh uyfum ajy;oGm;NyD;aemuf a&pyfodkU a&mufonfESifh wpfûydifeuf ajc&maysmufoGm;onfh vu©PmESifh uRefawmfwdkU\ rsufESmudk armfMunfhum rBuHwwfatmif &Sdaeav\/ xdktcg armifpH&Sm;u ]vmAsdKU? udkodef;armif? usKyf &dyfrdNyD} ajymí ,cifu acG;&yfí ywfcsmvSnfhum &SdcJhaom wdkufodkU oGm;&m ¤if;wdkufüum; ]armfawmfbkwfiSm;&ef &Sdonf} [laom qdkif;bkwfwpfckudk awGUav\/ xdktcg armifpH&Sm;vnf; ¤if;wdkufwGif;&Sd ukvm;r,m;ESifh oP²mefwlaom rdef;rBuD; wpfa,muftm; ar;jref;Munfh½Iojzifh od&Sd&onfrSm ¤if; \ cifyGef;tyÜ'lvmrSm raeUreuf rvif;ciftcsdefuyif vlwpfa,mufu iSm;&rf;oGm;ojzifh armfawmfbkwfESifh vkdufygoGm;aMumif;? armfawmfbkwfiSm;vmolrSm opfom;ajcaxmufwpfbufwyfvsuf &SdaMumif;/ raeUuwnf;u xGufoGm;onfrSm ,ckwdkif jyefrvmao;ojzihf pdwfrat; &SdaeaMumif;? ¤if;opfom;ajcaxmufESifh olrSm roGm;rD wpf&ufuyif vma&mufí armfawmfbkwf tvdk&SdaMumif;udk ajymNyD;vQif p&HaiGay; íxm;ESifhaMumif; ¤if;ESifhtazmf wpfa,mufygonfudk rdrd rjrifaMumif;? armfawmfbkwfrSm t0ga&mif aq;okwfí xm;onfjzpfaomaMumifh tjcm;armfawmfbkwfrsm;ESifhrwl? tvG,fwulESifh odjrifEdkifaMumif;rsm;ESifh rdef;rBuD;u ajymqdkavvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; ¤if;\ uav;tm; rkefUzdk; ESpfusyfrQay;NyD;aemuf xGufvmcJhav\/ vrf;c&D;wGif uRefawmfu ]udkif; b,fES,f vkyfrvJAsm} &Sm;/ /]cifAsm;jzifh b,fES,fh vkyfrvJ} uRefawmf/ /]uRefawmfjzifh onfhjyifarmfawmfbkwfwpfpif;iSm;NyD; vdkufrSmaygh} &Sm;/ /]onfenf; raumif;ao;bl;As? onfhxufaumif;wJh enf;&Sdao;w,f} uRefawmf/ /]'gjzifh tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;cdkifukd ajymNyD; a&aMumif;bufykvdyf armfawmf bkwf ESifh vdkufr,fAsm} &Sm;/ /]onfvdkvnf; usKyf rêudufbl;? usKyfu usKyfenf;ESifh usKyf vdkufNyD; aemufqHk; aocsmaygufa&mufrS ykvdyfudk ac:csifw,f}
31

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

uRefawmf/ /]'gjzifh b,fhES,fvkyfrvJAsm} &Sm;/ /][dkt&ifu &Srf;jynfe,fu reef;pdefwdkU trIwkef;u usKyfvufaxmufav;awG rSwfrdao;w,f r[kwfvm;} uRefawmf/ /]a*:&if*sDukvm;uav;awG[mvm;} &Sm;/ /]tppfyJAs? olwdkUuawmh usKyfwdkU ra&mufEdkifwJhae&m olwdkU a&mufEdkifw,f? usKyfwdkU r0ifEdkifwJh ae&mrSm olwdkUu tifrwef toHk;usw,fAs? udkif; udkif; nu wpfnvHk;vnf; rtdyf&bl;? onfuaeU we*FaEGaeUaemf? awmfygao;&JU? cifAsm; tvkyfoGm;zdkU r&Sdbl;? uJ vmAsm tdrfjyefNyD; tarmtyef;ajzMuOD;pdkU&JU} tdrfodkUa&mufvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf;tapcHwpfa,mufukdapvTwfvdkufNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwdkU vnf; qmavmifrGwfodyfvSonfhtavsmuf eHeufpm pm;aomufNyD;MuonfwGif avScg;rS qlnHpGm toHMum;NyD;aemuf? ESpfq,fcefUrQaom a*:&if*sDukvm;uav;wdkUonf tdrfay: odkU ajy;wufvm Muav\/ xdktcg armifpH&Sm;u acgifvlMuD; a*:&if*sDukvm;uav;tm; ]a[h tmyem; vmcJhOD;? aemufudk ig ac:&if rif;wpfa,mufom tdrfay:wufcJh? Onfhjyif vlawG wdkufatmufu apmifhaeyap? Mum;vm;? udkif; udkif; onfwpfcgawmh tm;vHk;wufvmwm cyfaumif;aumif;ygyJav? udkif; rif;wdkU tm;vHk; em;axmifMu} [k ajymojzifh ukvm;uav; wdkUvnf; pDwef;um &yfwefUvsuf &SdMuavvQif &Sm;/ /]armfwifvrf; odovm;} ukvm;uav;rsm;/ /(wûydifeuf oGufvufpGm) ]odw,f tpfudk} &Sm;/ /]at; armfwifvrf;u pNyD; jrpfaMumif;rSm txufbufukd vl q,fa,muf? atmufbufudk vlq,fa,muf cGJNyD; armfawmfbkwf wpfpif;udk awGUatmif vdkuf&Sm&r,f? armfawmfbkwfu aq;t0ga&mif okwfxm;w,f? armif;wJhukvm;emrnfu tyÜ'lvmwJh? Mum;&JU vm;} ukvm;uav;rsm;/ /(wûydifeuf) ]Mum;w,f tpfudk} &Sm;/ /]rif;wdkU awGUatmif &Sma&mh? awGU&if [dkrSm wpfa,muf tapmifh xm;NyD; ighqDvm csufjcif; vmajym? Mum;vm;} ]Mum;w,f tpfudk} &Sm;/ /]udkif; oGm;Muawmh} [k ajymvdkufvQif ukvm;uav;wdkUvnf; aysmf&TifpGm qif;ajy; Buav\/ ¤if;aemuf uRefawmfrSm wpfnOfhvHk; rtdyf&onfjzpfí yufvufukvm;xdkifay:ü tdyfaysmfrd&m armifpH&Sm;rSmrl tenf;i,frQ tdyfcsifpdwf r&SdbJ owif;pmjzwfydkif; ta[mif;rsm;udk vnf;aumif;? A[kokw pmtkyfBuD;rsm;udk vnf;aumif; vSefavSmum &SmazGvsuf &Sdav\/
32

a&TOa'gif;

nae oHk;em&DcefU &Sdojzifh uRefawmfvnf; tdyf&mrS Edk;avvQif armifpH&Sm;rSm yufvuf ukvm; xdkifay:ü aq;wHaomufumpOf;pm;pdwful;vsuf &Sdonfudk awGU&Sd&onf jzpf&m uRefawmf Ekd;onfudk jrifonfESifh &Sm;/ /]udkodef;armif tdyfa&;0NyDvm;} uRefawmf/ /]0ygNyDAsm} &Sm;/ /]cifAsm; tdyfwkef;u usKyf tcsnf;ESD; rjzpfbl;AsdKU} uRefawmf/ /]bmrsm; awGUovJAsm} &Sm;/ /(t*Fvdyfowif;pmzdkifa[mif;wpfckudk uRefawmftm; vSrf;í ay;NyD;aemuf) ]a[m'D rsufESmrSm zwfMunfhprf;} [k ajymojzifh uRefawmfvnf; zwfMunfh&m jrefrm t"dyÜm,frSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygaMumif;/ ppfajrjyifü vlowfrI jzpfyGm;jcif;taMumif; vGefcJhonfh {NyDv 11 &ufaeUwGif rufqdkydkawrD,m; ppfajrjyifü jrefrmppfom;wpfa,muf ESifhtdEd´,wdkif;om; ukvm;ppfom; oHk;a,mufwdkUonf &efolvlrsdK; jzpfaom wl&uDolaX; wpfOD;udk wdwfwqdwf vuf&zrf;qD;NyD;vQiftxuft&m&SdwdkUxH ydkUojcif; rûybJ ¤if;olaX; BuD; udk wdwfwqdwf owfjzwfí ¤if;\ypönf;Opömrsm;udk vk,uf,liifMuaMumif;? tqdkyg w&m;cHav;a,mufudk qdkif&mu ppfaq;ar;jref;&m jypfrIxif&Sm;onf jzpfí ¤if;av;OD;udk wpfuRef;odkU10ESpfpDrQuscHap&efpD&ifcsufcsrSwfvdkufaMumif;/ ypönf;rsm;rSmtzdk;rsm;pGmxdkuf wefaMumif;od&Sd&aomfvnf;w&m;cHwdkUuodk0Sufíxm;NyD;NyDjzpfaomaMumifhppfaq;aomfvnf; ray:aygufaMumif;/ uRefawmf/ /]onfowif;pm 1917 ckESpfu owif;pmyguvm;As} &Sm;/ /][kwfw,f/ trIqdk&ifjzifh vufonfay: ray: usKyfu owif;pm jzwfydkif; xkwfNyD; zdkifwGJxm;wm cifAsm; odw,f r[kwfvm;As? onfzdkifwGJxJrSm ,ckwdkif vufonfray:wJh trI 50 ausmfavmuf &Sdw,fAs? tckvdk wpfcgwpfcgawmh usKyf zdkifwGJ[m tifrwef toHk;usw,f} uRefawmf/ /]aumif;ygayAsm? 'gxuf onftrIrSm trIonf ESpfa,mufteuf [dkwpf a,muf taMumif; ajymprf;ygOD;Asm? ajryHkrSmygwJh ukvm; oHk;a,mufteuf wpfa,muf[mvm;Asm} &Sm;/ /]bmvJAs? [dE´Lukvm;xJu rSwfvdkUvm;? [dE´Lukvm;jzifh onfavmuf ajcaxmuf ao;yghrvm;As? udkif; udkif; usKyf zGifhajymr,f/ cifAsm; awG;Munfhprf;? onfvl[m ajcaxmuf tifrwef ao;w,f? zdeyfvnf; b,fawmhrS pD;zl;wJh vu©Pm r&Sdbl;? tifrwefvnf; oefpGrf;w,f? tqdyfvl;jrm;vnf; toHk;ûyw,f? udkif; b,fvdkvlxJuvJAsm} uRefawmf/ /]aumif;aumif; rawG;wwfygbl;Asm}

33

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/ /]udkif; udkif; cifAsm; awG;ae&if Mumaea&mhr,f? MuGufavQmufay:u [dkpmtkyfBuD; vSrf;prf;ygOD;Asm} [k ajymojzifh uRefawmfvnf; ]*ZufwD,m}ac: A[kokwtrsdK;pHk yg&Sdaom pmtkyfMuD; vSrf;,lay;urf;vdkuf&m armifpH&Sm;vnf; pmtkyfudk vSefavSm&SmazG&if; ]usKyfwdkU armifrdk;oD;u wpfuRef;jyefAsaemf? [kwfp? ukdif; wpfuRef;u vl&dkif;rsdK;rsm; jzpfrvm; Munfhprf;&atmif? a[m awGUNyDAsdKU? udkif; em;axmif} [k ajymí armifpH&Sm;vnf; pmtkyfrS zwfí jy&m jrefrmt"dyÜm,frSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygaMumif;/ ]tef'refac: wpfuRef;om;vl½dkif;rsm;taMumif;} tif'refuRef;om; vl½kdif;rsm;wdkUonf t&yf 3 ayrS 4 ayrQtwGif;omvQif &Sdonfjzpfí urÇmay:ü tao;i,fqHk;aom vlrsdK;[lí ac:qdkxdkufayonf/ ¤if; vl½dkif;rsm;rSmrl tvGefw&m cufxefMurf;êuwfvSonfjzpf&m t*Fvdyf tpdk;&wdkUonf ¤if;wdkUtm; ,Ofaus;aom trlt&mrsm;udk oifMum;jyoygaomfvnf; rwwfEdkifonf jzpfí aemufqHk;ü vufavQmhMu&av\/ odkU&mwGif xdkvl½dkif;wdkUrSm aus;Zl;wifwwfaom vlrsdK;jzpfojzifh rdrdwdkUtm;aus;Zl;ûyzl;aom olwdkUtm;rl tvGefpGJNrJpGmcspfcif wwfMuavonf/ xdkolwdkUonf tqdyfvl;aom jrm;ql;rsm;udk ajymif;wHjzifhrIwfí &efolrsm;udkvnf;aumif;?awmowÅ0grsm;udkvnf;aumif;owfjzwfzsufqD;wwf Muavonf/ xdkvlrsdK;wdkUrSm ao;i,fojzifh tcsdK;tpm;rusaom OD;acgif;rsm; vnf;aumif;? &ufpuf Murf;êuwf[ef&Sdaomrsufpdrsm;vnf;aumif;? ao;i,faom vufajcrsm; vnf;aumif; &SdMuavonf/ &Sm;/ /]udkif; b,fhES,fvJ udkodef;armif} uRefawmf/ /][kwfNyDAsdKU? onf armifrdk;oD;uvnf; wpfuRef;jyefqdkawmh [dkuRef;u vl½dkif;wpfa,mufrsm; olESifh twl ygcsifygvmr,f} &Sm;/ /]tif; wnfhwnfhajym&if cifAsm; &dyfrdw,fayghav} uRefawmf/ /]&dyfrdwm r&dyfrdwm tyxm;ygOD;Asm/ 'gxuf tyem;wdkUqDu bmowif;rsm; Mum;ao;ovJ} &Sm;/ /]rMum;ao;bl;As? odkUaomfvnf; Mum;ygvdrfhr,f raeygbl;} uRefawmf/ /]'gxuf usKyfwdkU udk,fwdkifvdkuf&&if raumif;bl;vm;} &Sm;/ /]rvdkygbl;Asm? aeygap}
34

a&TOa'gif;

uRefawmf/ /]udkif; 'gjzifh cifAsm; ae&pfOD;Asm? usKyfawmh vrf;avQmufacsOD;r,f} &Sm;/ /]b,fvJAs? rESif;nGefUwdkUqDudkvm;} uRefawmf/ /(tBuHudk odoGm;ojzifh rsufESmylylESifh) ]a&mufaumif; a&mufygvdrfhOD;r,f rSwfw,f? bmrsm; rSmvdkufOD;rvJ} &Sm;/ /]rSmp&m r&Sdygbl;Asm? 'gxuf rdef;rawGudk pum;ukefrajymESifhAsaemf? abmfbDvnf; ac: oGm;ygAsm? jyefydkUvdkufyg/ rvdkygbl;} ¤if;aemuf uRefawmfvnf; acG;udk ac:cJhí MunfhjrifwdkifodkU jyefydkUNyD;vQif rESif;nGefUtay:ü ,cifu xkwfazmfa&;om;cJhNyD;onftwdkif; arwåmpdwfpl;pdkufvsuf &Sdonf jzpfaomaMumifh ,dk;r,fzGJUum taMumif;&Smí tdrfodkU 0ifNyD;aemuf trItaMumif;rsm;udk jzef;oef;um &,farm ajymqdk aerdcJhygaMumif;/ tdrfodkU jyefa&mufonfhtcg 7 em&DausmfcefUrQ &SdNyDjzpf&m armifpH&Sm;\ aq;wHwdkESifh pmtkyfrSmrl ukvm;xdkifay:wGif &Sdaeaomfvnf; armifpH&Sm;udk rjrifonfjzpfí &SmazG&m armifpH&Sm;rSm eufeJaom trIwdkUü qifjcif pOf;pm;NrJ jzpfonfhtwdkif; acgif;tHk;rsm;udk ukvm;xdkifay:wGif pkyHkum aeomatmif cif;usif;NyD;rS ¤if;wdkUtay:rS aq;wH t½dk;&SnfBuD;udk aomuf½Ivsuf wpfnywfvHk; rtdyfrae pOf;pm;pdwful;vsuf &Sdav\/ eHeufvif;ojzifh vufzuf&nf aomuf&if; uRefawmfu ]b,fES,fvJ udkpH&Sm;? cifAsm; wpfnvHk; rtdyfygyJuvm;} &Sm;/ /]cifAsm; odwJhtwdkif;yAsm? usKyfu tNyD;rowfrjcif; tNidrf aewwfwJhvl r[kwfbl;? ½dkif;vdkufavw,fAsm/ bmr[kwfwmuav;ESifh vmNyD; xpfaew,f? vludkvnf; odNyD? olwdkUpD;oGm;wJh armfawmfbkwfudkvnf; odNyD/ 'gESifhawmif udpöacsmNyD; rjzpfwm? usKyf cHjyif;vSw,fAs? odkUaomfvnf; onfenf;ESifh r&vQif onfhjyifenf;ESifh vkduf&rSmayghav? wwfEdkifygbl;} ¤if;aeU nae uRefawmfvnf; tvkyfwdkufrS jyefvmvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; tdrfü r&SdESifhonfjzpfí pm;yGJü &SmazG Munfh½I&m uRefawmftwGuf atmufyg twdkif; pmwpfapmif a&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&ygaMumif;/

rdwfaqGMuD; udkodef;armif þtrIü pdwfrcsonfjzpfí usKyfudk,fwdkif vdkufacsNyD/ usKyf rjyefvmrD taMumif;xl; onfjzpfap? tyem;jyefvmí taMumif;Mum;onf jzpfap cifAsm; ÚmPf&Sdoavmuf pDrHESifhygav/ armifpH&Sm; ¤if;nOfhü uRefawmfonf þtrI\ taMumif;udkaomf vnf;aumif;? vufOD; trI&Sifjzpfol q&mr rESif;nGefU\ taMumif;rsm;udk vnf;aumif;? rdwfaqG armifpH&Sm;\ taMumif;rsm;udk
35

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

vnf;aumif; pOf;pm;pdwful;vsuf tdyfaysmfNyD;aemuf tdyfrufxJü uRefawmfvnf; rESif;nGefU\ vufudk udkifqGJum olckd;rsm;\ aemufodkU twif; ajy;vTm;vdkufygoGm;ojzifh armyef;onftcgrS vefUí Edk;vmygaMumif;/ eHeufvif;vQif uRefawmfonf wpfnOfhywfvHk; armifpH&Sm; rjyefvmonfjzpfí ylyifaom pdwfjzifh wdkufa&SUü &xm;armif;oGm;onfhtcgwdkif; armifpH&Sm;trSwfESihf arQmfvifhvsuf&Sd&m 8 em&DtcsdefcefUwGif jrif;&xm;wpfpD;onf wdkufa&SUü &yfNyD;aemuf tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;cdkifonf ,refaeUuuJhodkU rdrdudk,fukd txiftjrifBuD;vsuf [efBuD;yefBuD; r&SdbJ twefi,f ñdI;i,faom rsufESmxm;ESifh uRefawmftm; ]armifpH&Sm;wpfa,muf rvmao;bl; rSwfw,f} uRefawmf/ /]r&Sdbl;Asm? apmifhygOD;av? vmvkygNyD rSwfw,f? xdkifygOD;Asm} ckdif/ /]xkdifao;wmayghav? 'gxuf usKyfraeUu onftrIrSm xifjrifcsufudk cifAsm; Mum;rdw,f r[kwfvm;? tckawmh r[kwfjyefbl;AsdKU? bdk;uJwdkUvnf; vTwfvdkuf&NyD? usKyfawG;yHk rudkufao;bl;? 'gxuf cifAsm; rdwfaqG udkpH&Sm; wpfa,mufu awmfawmh awmfwJh oli,f wpfa,mufygyJ? wpfcgwpfavawmh enf;enf;uav; t,ltq t&ifvdkw,f rSwfw,f? odkUaomf olU[mu rSefwmu rsm;aew,fAs? ck reufyJ olUqDu w,fvDzkef; &w,f? tdrfu apmifhaeygwJh? ol vmcJhr,fwJh? wpfckckawmh ajc&mcHrdNyD rSwfw,fAs} [k ajymqdkvsuf &SdpOf avScg;rS ajcvSrf; av;av;jzifh wpfvSrf;jcif; wufívmonfh vlwpfa,muf\ ajcoHukd Mum;NyD;aemuf wHcg;udk acgufoHMum;ojzifh ]0ifcJhav} [k uRefawmfu ac:vdkuf&m touf ig;q,fausmft&G,fcefUrQ&Sd t0wfrsm;ü pufqDrsm; pGef;ayvsuf &Sdonfjzpfí pufarmif;orm;ESifh wlaom ukvm;tbdk;BuD; wpfa,mufonf armBuD;yef;BuD;&Sdonfh trlt&mESifh tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvmí ]armifpH&Sm; qif[dkif;} (armifpH&Sm; &Sdyg&JUvm; ) [k [dE´KpwefeDbmomjzifh ar;jref;avvQif uRefawmfvnf; r&SdaMumif;ESihf ajymqdkí udpöukd ar;jref;&m ukvm;BuD;vnf; rdrdrSm tjcm;r[kwf? pufq&m tyÜ'lvmjzpfaMumif; armifpH&Sm;u awGUvdkonf qdkí vma&muf&aMumif;ESifh rajymvdk ajymvdkESifh ajymqdkav\/ xdktcg uRefawmfu trIESifh oufqdkifaMumif;ESifh ajymqdkojzifh tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;ckdifvnf; ukvm;BuD; tm; odvdktm;BuD;ESihf ar;jref;&m ukvm;BuD;u ]qAÁvkyf tjcm;edrf;? armifpH&Sm; qAÁudk [rf'pfpae; ref;uwm;? armifpH&Sm;qyfudk uREkfyf ajymr,f? cifAsm;wdkUudk uREkfyf rajymbl;} ckdif/ /] 'gjzifh apmifhOD; bdkif} ukvm;BuD;/ /]uREfkyf rapmifhEdkifbl;? uREkfyf ,ck jyefr,f? olodcsif&if olUbmom ol vmayap? uREkfyf jyefr,f} [k ajymí wHcg;&Sd&modkU oGm;rnfûyavvQif tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;ckdif vnf; trIESifh ywfoufaMumif; odonfjzpfí tusdK;taMumif; odvdkvSonfESifh pdwftm;BuD;pGm xdkif&mrS xí ukvm;BuD;\vufarmif;udk qGJudkifum ]aeOD; bmblBuD;? trItaMumif; uREkfyfukd ajym&r,f/ rajymbJ roGm;&bl;? ajymNyD;rS oGm;&r,f? jyefcsif&if jrefjrefajym} [k ajymavvQif ukvm;BuD;vnf; tenf;i,f z,f½kef;NyD;aemuf r&aMumif; odonfESihf
36

a&TOa'gif;

]aumif;NyD? cifAsm;wdkU uREkfyfudk twif;qGJxm;w,faemf? usKyf rrHbl;? w&m;pGJr,f? aumif;NyD} [k ajymí ukvm;xdkifwpfckay:wGif armifpH&Sm;tm; apmifhOD;rnft[efESifh NidrfoufpGm xdkifvsuf &Sd&m uRefawmfESihf OD;tkef;ckdifwdkUvnf; aq;vdyfrsm;udk aomuf½Ium axG&mav;yg; pum;wdkUukd ajymqdkvsuf &SdMuav\/ xkdcPü ]aq;vdyfwpfvdyf ay;Muprf;Asm} [k ajymoHudk Mum;vdkufojzihf uRefawmfwdkU tHhMopGmESifh armfí MunfhvdkufMu&m ,cifu ukvm;BuD;rSm ukvm;r[kwf? armifpH&Sm; jzpfaMumif;udk tHhMopGm awGUjrifMu&av\/ xkdtcg armifpH&Sm;vnf; [uf[ufyufyuf &,farmvsuf ]usKyfudk,fusKyf ½kyfzsufenf; awmfawmfwwfw,fvdkUawmh xifrdyg&JU? odkUaomf onfavmuf awmif aumif;rSef;awmh r&dyfrdaybl;Asm} ckdif/ /]awmfygayw,fAsm/ usKyfwkdU ykvdyfrsufpdawmif vdrfEdkifygayw,f? cifAsm; toHxm; yHku wuJhudk ae&musw,fAsdKU? toHu tufvdkU uGJvdkU? wu,fh tbdk;BuD; oHyJ? odkUaomf cifAsm; rsufpdMunfhyHkawmh usKyf&dyfrdovdkvdk enf;enf;awmh &Sdvdkufyg&JU? awmfygayw,fAsm} &Sm;/ /]w,fvDzkef;uae ajymwm cifAsm;vm;} ckdif/ /][kwfygw,f} &Sm;/ /]b,fhES,fvJ cifAsm;trI} ckdif/ /]ae&m rusygbl;? [dkESpfa,muf zrf;xm;wmvnf; vTwfvdkuf&ygNyD} &Sm;/ /]ESpfa,muf vTwfvdkuf&vQif onfu ESpfa,muftpm; &vdrfhrayghAsm? rylygESifh? 'gxuf a&aMumif; ykvdyfbufu armfawmfbkwf jrefjref wpfpD; onfuaeUn vdkcsifw,fAsdKU} cdkif/ /]uRefawmfhwm0efxm;ygAsm? &ygaphr,f} &Sm;/ /]NyD;awmh ykvdyfESpfa,muf cyfawmifhawmifhxJu a&G;ac:cJhAsddKU} cdkif/ /]pdwfcsygAsm? ygygaphr,f? onfhjyifaumAsm} &Sm;/ /]onfhjyifawmh armifrdk;oD;udk usKyfzrf;vdkU &SdvQif olESifh usKyfESifh r&Sif;vif;wJh tcsuf uav;rsm; ar;zdkU usKyftdrfrSm em&D0ufavmuf cGifhûy&vdrfh,f} cdkif/ /]pdwfomcsygAsm? vlom rdygap? em&D0uf ruygbl;? wpfem&D ajymcsifwm ajymaeyg} &Sm;/ /]udkif; 'gjzifh onfuaeUn 7 em&DcGJavmuf armfawmfbkwfESifh xGufMu&atmif? 6 em&DcGJavmufudk cifAsm; onftdrf a&mufatmifvmcJhAsm? udkif; 'gygyJ} ¤if;aeU nae uRefawmfonf tvkyfrS jyefvmNyD;aemuf armifpH&Sm;ESihf twlwuG xrif;pm;aomufNyD;Muí ajcmufem&DausmfcefU &SdavvQif tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;cddkifvnf; a&mufvm &m
37

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/ /]b,fhES,fvJ jyifqifxm;cJhNyDvm;AsdKU} cdkif/ /]NyD;cJhygNyDAs? armfawmfbkwfu yef;qdk;wef;qdyfrSm} &Sm;/ /]OD;tkef;cdkif? ajcmufvHk;jyL;rsm;yg&JUvm;AsdKU} cdkif/ /]ygygw,fAsm} &Sm;/ /],rf;awmifhrsm; aoaocsmcsm MunfhNyD; xnfhxm;AsdKUaemf} cdkif/ /]pdwfcsygAsm} &Sm;/ /]udkif;? usKyfwdkU vufzuf&nf wpfcGufpD aomufzdkU tcsdef&Sdygao;w,f 0rf;aEG;atmif aomufvdkufMuOD;pdkUAsm} 7 em&DausmfcefUwGif uRefawmfwdkUvnf; yef;qdk;wef;qdyfurf;odkU qdkufa&mufMuavvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; armfawmfbkwfudk aocsmpGm MunfhNyD;aemuf ]eHab;u rD;pdrf;BuD;[m ykvdyfavSrSef; odomvSw,f? xkwfypfvdkufAsm} [k ajymí ajymonf twdkif; vdkufemNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwdkU oHk;a,mufESifh ykvdyfESpfa,mufwdkUvnf; armfawmfbkwfay: odkU wufMuav\/ ¤if;aemuf armfawmfbkwf armif;orm;tm; armifpH&Sm;u ]udkif; 'vbufudk armif;a[h} [k ajymojzifh armfawmfbkwfvnf; xGufvmcJhav\/ ¤if;aemuf {&m0wDukrÜPD oabFmusif;odkU a&mufavvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; armfawmfbkwfudk tHhBuD;buf acsmif;0wGif &yfapí rD;rsm;udk Nidrf;apNyD;vQif Nidrf0yfpGm apmifhqdkif;vsuf &SdMuav\/ xdkaeUonfum; vjynfhausmf 10 &ufjzpfojzihf vrxGufao;onfESifh wpfjrpfvHk; arSmifrnf;vsuf &Sd&m wHkuif;rsm; qGJaom oabFmi,fwdkUvnf; rD;wxdefxdefESifh jrpfaMumif;wpfavQmuf ul;oef; oGm;vmvsuf &SdMuav\/ xdktcg uReffawmfvnf; ysif;ysif;&SdonfESifh armifpH&Sm;tm; ]udkif;? udkpH&Sm;? cifAsm; ajc&mcHyHkuav; wpfqdwf ajymjyprf;ygOD;Asm} &Sm;/ /]aMomf? [kwfayw,f? onfvdkAs? usKyfu usKyfukvm;uav;awG t&Smcdkif;awmh onfarmfawmfbkwf[m aq;a&mifuvnf; xl;xl;jcm;jcm;rdkUvdkU teD; tem;rSm &SdvQifjzifh {uEÅ olwdkU awGU&r,fvdkU usKyf ,HkMunfw,f? usKyf taumifuav;awGuvnf; usKyf oifNyD;xm;vdkU tifrwef rsufpdpl;w,fAs? NyD;awmhvnf; armfawmfbkwfukvm;&JU rdef;r ajymcsuft& vif;cgeD;rS olwdkUxGufoGm;w,f ajymavawmh usKyfwdkU vl[m rvif;cif c&D;oGm;NyD; rdk;vif;wJhtcgrSm ykef;ckdNyD; aer,fqdkvQif {uEÅ c&D;a0;a0;BuD; ra&mufEkdifbl;? c&D;a0;a0; ra&mufao;vQifvnf; rkcs usKyfvlpk awGU&r,f? ,ck bmaMumifh rawGUygvdrfhrvJvdkU pOf;pm;Munfhawmh tBuHwpfck &wJhtwdkif; ukvm;vdk 0wfí oabFmusif;xJ oGm;NyD; axmufvSrf;pHkprf;Munfhawmh rif;bk&m;rsm;u armfawmfbkwf aq;t0ga&mifudk tñdka&mif jzpfatmifajymif;NyD; okwfxm;ESifhwmudk;As? onfawmh armfawmfbkwfawmh usKyf 'vacsmif;xJrSm awGUa&m? awGUpOftcgu armfawmfbkwfay:rSm vlwpfa,mufrQ r&Sdbl;? r&Sdavawmh tyÜ'lvm &Sdwwf&mudk puf½Hku ukvm;awG ar;jref;NyD;vdkuf? vdkufNyD; t&ufuav; bmuav;wdkuf? wdkufNyD; ar;Munfhawmh onfuaeUn c&D;oGm;r,fq
38

a&TOa'gif;

wJhtaMumif; od&wmudk;As? [dkvlpk taMumif;awmh usKyfar;vdkU r&bl;? b,frSm &Sdw,fqdkwmvJ olvnf; odyHk ray:bl;} cdkif/ /]'gjzifhvJAsm? usKyfvdkawmh olwdkU armfawmfbkwfay:wuf&rJh ae&mu apmifhNyD; zrf;a&maygh} &Sm;/ /]bm&rvJAsm/ armifrdk;oD;u omrnvl r[kwfbl;? vlyg;As? onfvdkrsm; armfawmf bkwfem;u apmifhr,fqdkvQif b,fawmhrS vmawmhrSm r[kwfbl;} cdkif/ /]'gjzihfAsm tyÜ'lvmudk ZGwfwG,fNyD; olwdkU &Sd&m vdkuftydkUcdkif;r,fAsm} &Sm;/ /]onfenf;vJ r&bl;As? ukvm;u ydkufqHrsm;rsm;&wmESifh at;NyD; aew,f? olUvlawG b,frSm aew,fqdkwm olUta&;vJ r[kwfbl;? wu,fvJ rodbl;? olUuyfvdkU tvum; &SdrSm ayghAsm} ckdif/ /][kwfyg&JUav? cifAsm;enf; taumif;qHk;ygyJ? aemufqHk;usrd&ifvJ NyD;wmygyJav? rdomrdygap qkawmif;&wmyJ? b,fhES,fvJAsm/ 9 em&Dausmf oGm;NyDaum? ray:vmao;yguvm;} [k ajymqdkvsuf &SdMupOf armfawmfbkwfwpfpD;vnf; 'vacsmif;0rS vsifjrefpGm xGufvmí &efukefbufodkU ul;rnfûyav&m armifpH&Sm;vnf; rD;jzifh ½kwfw&uf xdk;í MunfhvdkufonfwGif tñdka&mif&Sdonfudk jrifojzihf uRefawmfwkdU\ armfawmfbkwfarmif;orm;tm; ¤if;\ aemufodkU rDatmif vkduf&ef trdefUay;av\/ ,if;uJhodkU rD;a&mifjzifh xdk;í MunfhvdkufonfwGif ¤if;armfawmfbkwfvnf; uRefawmfwkdU\ tBuHtpnfudk &dyfrdonfh vu©PmESifh &efukefbufodkU rul;bJ jrpfnmodkU qefwufav\/ ,if;uJhodkU uRefawmfwdkU\ tBuHtpnfudk &dyfrdaMumif; od&SdavvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; ykvdyf"mwfrD;udk ¤if;armfawmfbkwfodkU wnfhwnfh xdk;apvsuf rsufajcrjywfatmif aemufrS ajc&mcH í vdkufap&m ¤if;armfawmfbkwfrSm pufukef ckwfvsuf &Sdojzifh tvGefvsifjrefpGm a&ay:ysHí oGm;bdouJhodkU &Sdojzihf uRefawmfwdkUrSm rDygrnfavm[k pdk;&drfruif; &SdaeMu&av\/ xdktcg armifpH&Sm;vnf; uRefawmfwdkU\ armfawmfbkwfudk pufukef ckwfaponfjzpf&m avSi,fvnf; a&xJü xdk;oGm;ojzifh a&yef;wkdUonf avSOD;rS yef;xGufvsuf a&wGif epfûryfrnfuJhodkU aMumufrufzG,f ckwfESifí vdkufav\/ ,if;uJhodkU ESpfpif;vHk; tpGrf;ukef ckwfESifí oGm;Muojzifh yxrü tawmif ESpf&mcefUa0;&mrS tawmif wpf&mrQom usef&Sdawmh onfjzpfaomaMumifh uRefawmfwdkU\ avSonf ¤if;wdkU\ avSxuf vsifjrefaMumif; xif&Sm;vsuf wa&GUa&GU wjznf;jznf; eD;í eD;í vmcJh&m tawmif ig;q,fcefUrQ usefawmhonfhtcgwGif oabFmwpfpD;onf wHkuif; ESpfpD;udk êud;jzifhqGJvsuf uRefawmfwdkU armfawmfbkwf ESpfpD;tMum;rS jzwfí 0ifoGm;av\/ xdktcg uRefawmfwdkU\ avSrSm oabFmi,fudk 0ifí wdkufrnfqJ qJ&SdonfwGif rwdkufrdap&ef vsifjrefpGm auGUvdkuf&m armfawmfbkwfuav;rSm a&wGif epfûryfí wpfcgwnf; tpwHk;acsawmhrnf[líyif xifrSwfavmufatmif apmifhiJhí oGm;av\/ ,if;odkU jzpfavvQif tifpydwfawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;wkdUvnf; tvGefw&m pdwfaygufvsuf wHkuif;rsm;udk ausmfuGif;í

39

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

wzef a&SUarmfawmfbkwfaemufokdU vdkufMujyef&m xdktcgürl tawmif ESpf&mausmfcefUrQ uGmjcm;í oGm;jyefonfudk awGU&av\/ odkU&mwGif uRefawmfwdkUvnf; pdwfrysufbJ rdvQifrdap rrdvQif a&epfí aoap[k atmufarhMuvsuf pufukef ESifjyefNyD;vQif vdkufjyef&m armfawmfbkwf ESpfpD;vnf; eD;í eD;í vmjyefojzifh aemufqHk;tawmif ESpfq,fcefUrQomvQif uGmjcm;avawmh\/ xdktcg tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;cdkifvnf; rD;a&mifudk wnfhwnfh xdk;apvsuf armfawmfbkwfOD;rS aeí ¤if;armfawmfbkwfukd &yfwefU&ef taMumif;ESifh [pfatmfum trdefUay;vsuf &Sd&m vlwpfa,mufvnf; ¤if;armfawmf bkwfay:rS aemufodkU vSnfhí uRefawmfwdkUtm; vufoD;udk qkyfumjyav\/ xdkcPü ajrmuftdkESifh wlaom vlykuav;wpfa,mufvnf; xdkol\ teD;ü xdkifae&mrS uRefawmfwdkUbufodkU vSnfhí Munfhvsuf&Sd&m &Sm;/ /][dktaumif ykuav;jrifMu&JUvm;? 'Dtaumif vufrsm;vIyfvdkU &Sd&if cifAsm; ajcmufvHk;jyL;ESifhom ypfvdkufAsdKUaemf? OD;tkef;cdkif} ¤if;aemuf pufukefESifí vdkufjyefojzihf avSwpfpD;pmrQom uGma0;MuavvQif ,cifu vlykuav;vnf; ½kwfw&uf xdkif&mrS xNyD;vQif uRefawmfwdkUbufodkU vSnfhí a`yGESifh o@mefwlaom t&mwpfckudk yg;pyfwGif awhNyD;vQif rIwfvdkufonfwGif OD;tkef;ckdif\ ajcmufvHkjyL; vnf; 'dkif;ceJ jrnfNyD;aemuf vlykuav;vnf; vufudk ajr§mufNyD;vQif vnfí oGm;NyD;rS jrpfxJodkU usoGm;av\/ xdkcPü ¤if;wdkU\ armfawmfbkwfvnf; ½kwfw&uf urf;bufodkU OD;vSnfhí ckwfoGm;&m uRefawmfwdkU\ avSOD;ESifh ¤if;wdkU\ avSyJhrSm wpfaycefUrQomvQif vGwfoGm;í tonf;at;cref; oDoDrQvGJí oGm;av\/ ¤if;aemuf uRefawmfwdkUvnf; ¤if;wdkUaemufodkU vdkufMujyef&m ¤if;wdkU\ armfawmfbkwf onf urf;odkU OD;jzifh wnhfwnfh xdk;0ifav&um; xdktcgü 'Da&usvsuf&Sdonf jzpfaomaMumifh EGHrsm;wGif OD;pdkufvsuf wifaeav\/ xdktcg uRefawmfwdkU\ armfawmfbkwfvnf; ¤if;wdkU\ avSESifh eHab;csif; ,SOfvsuf EGHwGif OD;pdkufum ½kwfw&uf &yfwefUav\/ xdkcPü ¤if;armfawmfbkwfay:rS vlvnf; avSay:rS ckefcsí urf;ay: odkU ajcusif wufajy;rnf ûy&m xdkol\ opfom;ajcaxmufonf EGHwGif uRHí aeojzifh rEIwfEdkifbJ &Sdonfjzpf aomaMumifh uRefawmfwdkUvnf; vG,fulpGm zrf;qD;Mu&av\/ ¤if;aemuf uRefawmfwdkUonf armfawmfbkwf ESpfpif;udk wGJvsuf &efukefqdyfurf;odkU jyefvmMu&m ¤if;armfawmfbkwfOD;rSmum; oHaowåmwpfvHk;onf oHêud;rsm;ESifh csnfaESmifvsuf &Sdonfudk awGUojzifh ¤if;onfum; ckd;&myg ypönf;rsm; yg&Sdaom oHaowåmwnf;[k awG;rdMu &av\/ ¤if;aowåmay:üum; opfom;ajcaxmufESifhvlonf vufxdyfcwfum ykvdyfESpfa,muf\ tvnfwGif rdIifum xdkifvsuf &Hzef&Hcg ykvdyfom;wdkUtm; rdrd\ vufxdyfjzifh ½dkufESufum &Sdaeojzihf armifpH&Sm;u

40

a&TOa'gif;

]a,mufsm;uyJ udkrdk;oD;&,f? onfavmuf tm;i,fvdkU jzpfEkdif½dk;vm;? a&mhAsm aq;vdyfrsm; aomufygOD;} [k ajymí aq;vdyfrsm; wnfNyD;vQif ]onfavmufawmif ukwfukwfuwfuwf BuHpnfNyD;vmcJh&/ aemufqHk;usrS rdoGm;w,f 0r;fenf;p&maumif;aywmyav} armifrdk;oD;/ /(armifpH&Sm;ay;aom aq;vdyfudk rD;ñdSí aomufvsuf) ]0rf;enf;qdk bmajymzdkU &SdovJAsm? 'gayr,fh armifbdk;&GJudk owfwm uRefawmf r[kwf&ygbl;Asm? jrpfxJusoGm;wJh t½dkif;aumifuav;owfwmyg? uRefawmfu vGefNyD;rS odygw,fAsm? onftwGuf aumifuav; udkawmif vufoD;ESifh wpfcsuf ESpfcsuf ydwfNyD; xdk;rdygao;w,f} &Sm;/ /]'gawmh tjypfvnf; rwifESifhav? cifAsm;u êud;ESihf wG,fNyD;vmaewkef; olUcrsmu armifbdk;&GJukd onfenf;ESifh rudkifvQif b,fenf;ESihf udkifEdkifrvJ} oD;/ /]cifAsm;u wu,frsufpdESifh jrifovdkyJ? w,fodyguvm;? onfvdkAs? uRefawmfwdkU wufwJhtcsdefu onftcef;xJrSm armifbdk;&GJ r&SdwJh tcsdefrSef;NyD; wufwmyJAs? tcgwdkif;awmh onftcsdefrSm ol vufzuf&nfaomufqif;wJh tcsdefyJ? [dknurS olaocsifvdkU rqif;wmbJ? odkUaomf uRefawmf raMumufygbl;? rSefrSefajymygw,f? wu,fvdkU bdk;&GJwdkU tazudkxGef;ausmfom jzpf&if uRefawmf udk,fwdkif owfNyD;om;yJ? csrf;om ray;ygbl;? êud;ay;½HkruvdkU q,fcg jyefay;ap? raMumufygbl;? odkUaomf olUom;rsm;tay:rSmawmh &efûid; r&Sdygbl;Asm? rawmfwq [dktaumifuav; aemufvdkU jzpfoGm;&wmyJ} &Sm;/ /]cifAsm; tcef;xJ a&mufawmh bdk;&GJ aoESifhNyDayghav} oD;/ /]aoESihfygNyD cifAsm? qdyfvl;jrm;wJhcifAs? jyif;xefvdkufwm? uRefawmf tcef;xJ êud;ESihfwufvmawmh vlaoaumifMuD;u oGm;BuD;NzD;NyD; uRefawmfhMunfhNyD; &,fovdk xdkifaevdkuf wm awmfawmfawmif vefUoGm;ao;wmudk; cifAs? raumif;ygbl; cifAsm? onfypönf;awG[mudk usdefpmoihfwJh ypönf;awG xifyg&JU/ ola&muf&m vlUvufrSm vdkufNyD; 'ku©ay;wJh ypönf;awG cifAs? olaX; ,mukwfvnf; toufao&Sma&m OD;xGef;ausmfvnf; ykdifom ydkif&w,f? wpfoufvHk; pdwfrcsrf;om&bl;? tck uRefawmfvnf; vufxJ a&mufcg&Sdao;? wpfuRef;vm;? b,fvm; jyefa&muf&acsOD;awmhr,f} xdkcPü uRefawmfwdkU\ armfawmfbkwfvnf; yef;qdk;wef;wHwm;odkU qdkufa&mufvk eD;avvQif armifpH&Sm;u ]udkif; udkrdk;oD; a&mufvnf; a&mufawmhr,f? usKyfwdkU tdrfvdkufNyD; tusdK;taMumif; ajymprf;ygOD;Asm? onfypönf;awG b,fyHk&vdkU OD;xGef;ausmfESifh cifAsm;ESihf b,fyHk t½Iyft&Sif; &SdMuw,fqdkwm Mum;prf;yg&apAsm/ usKyfu ykvdyf r[kwfygbl;As} oD;/ /]ajymcsifvSacs&JUAsm? uRefawmfuvnf; tifrwef ajymcsifygw,f? odkUaomf uRefawmf vdkufcGifh&yghrvm;}

41

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/ /]&ygw,fAsm? udpö r&Sdygbl;? usKyf ajymNyD; twdkif;Asaemf? udktkef;ckdif} [k ajymí tifpydwfawmftm; MunfhvdkufavvQif tifpydwfawmfonf cGifhray;vdkaomfvnf; ajymrdonfh pum;jzpfojzifh ]aumif;ygNyDAsm? odkUaomf w,fMuD; rMum;apESihfAsaemf} [k ajymav\/ xdktcg armifrdk;oD;u armifpH&Sm;tm; ]cifAsm; ykvdyfvnf; r[kwfbl; ajymw,f? usKyfemrnfvnf; cifAsm; odw,f? ykvdyfawG ay:rSm vnf; MoZm&Sdw,f? cifAsm; b,folvJAs} [kar;ojzifh armifpH&Sm;u ]usKyf armifpH&Sm;ygAs} [k ajymvQif xdkolvnf; ]aMomf usKyf Mum;zl;w,fAsdKU} ajymvsuf armifpH&Sm;udk csD;rGrf;aom rsufESmxm;ESifh Munfhum &Sdaeav\/ n 11 em&DtcsdefcefUwGif uRefawmfwdkU tdrfodkU qdkufa&mufMuavvQif ykvdyfESpfa,mufESihf tifpydwfawmfwdkUvnf; twlwuG vdkufygvmMuonf jzpf&m armifpH&Sm;vnf; aumfzDESifh rHkUaowåmrsm;udk tm;vHk;tm; auR;arG;NyD;aemuf pm;aomufNyD;MuvQif &Sm;/ /]udkif; udktkef;cdkif? aowåmMuD;zGifhprf;Asm? bmrsm; ygovJ Munfhprf; Mu&atmif} ykvdyfom;/ /]aomhaum q&m} ckdif/ /]armifrdk;oD; aomhay;vdkufuG,f} oD;/ /]a&xJ csypfcJhNyD? ikwfacsayawmh} ckdif/ /]w,fnpfwJh taumifudk;? uJ bdk;rSDwdkU twif; zGifhMua[h} xdktcg ykvdyfESpfa,mufESifh uRefawmfwdkUonf oHaowåmudk acR;rsm;usatmif zGifhMu&m twefMumrS aowåmonf ½kwfw&uf yGifhoGm;í aowåmwGif;odkU iHkUum MunfhMuonfwGif ausmufoHywåjrm;[lí wpfckrQ r&Sdonftjzpfudk awGU&Sd &av\/ xdktcg uRefawmfwdkUtm;vHk;wdkUvnf; armifrdk;oD;\ rsufESmudk wûydufeuf MunfhvdkufMu&m armifrdk;oD;rSm &,farmvsuf &Sdonfudk awGUojzifh tifpydwfawmfu ]rif; b,fhES,fvkyfwmvJ a[htaumif} oD;/ /]tHhMow,fAsm? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tyifyef;cHNyD; usKyfu onf ypönf;awGudk vufxJra&muf a&mufatmif axmifraMumuf wef;vJ raMumuf êud;vJ raMumufbJ vdkufNyD;vmcJh? vufxJa&mufumrS cifAsm;wdkUu 0ifNyD; aESmuf,Sufwmrsm; usKyfu tvG,fwulESifh tyfvdrfhr,f xifMuovm;As/ cifAsm;wdkU armfawmfbkwfu usKyfwdkUukd vdkufvdkU rvGwfrSef;vJ oda&m usKyfvnf; aowåmzGifhNyD; ausmufawG pdefawG wpfqkyfpD wpfqkyfpD jrpfxJ BuJypfcJh&? toJawmif emvdkufygao;&JUAsm? &Smcsifvsif &SmMuayawmh wpfjrpfvHk;ESHUaewmyJ} ckdif/ /(r,HkMunfvnf; r,HkMunf? pdwfvnf; ysufvSaom rsufESmxm;ESifh) ]rnmygESifhuG,f? rif;ypfcsifvQif aowåmyg csypfcJha&maygh? rnmygESifhuG,f}
42

a&TOa'gif;

oD;/ /]aowåmyg cscJhvQif onfavmuf tbdk;xdkufwJh ypönf;awGudk cifAsm;wdkU ikyfNyD; prf;,lrSmayghAs? &½dk;vm;Asm/ cifAsm;wdkUavmuf yg;vdkU} ckdif/ /(qkaiG r&rnfudk pdk;&drfojzifh trsufxGufaom rsufESmxm;ESifh) ]a[htaumif rif;vkyfyHk rw&m;bl;uG,f? wu,fqdkawmh} oD;/ /(xkdif&mrS xí rD;xGufrwwf &Sdaom rsufvHk;rsm;ESifh Munfhí) ]bmrw&m;ovJAs? bmrsm; rw&m;ovJAs? usKyf touf usKyfpGefUNyD; &Smxm;wJh ypönf;udk olrsm; rpm;aomuf apcsifvdkU usKyfvTifhypfwm usKyf bmrw&m;ovJAs? onfypönf;rsm; olrsm; pm;&pf&r,fqdkvQif usKyftouf q,fjyef taocHr,fAs? pm;jcif;pm;vQif usKyfom pm;r,f? usKyf rpm;&vQif a±ayapAs? vlpm;wm usKyf rMunfhEdkifbl;? em;vnfvm;} [k ajymvsuf trsufMuD;vSaom rsufESmxm;ESihf &SdaeavvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; xdkif&mrS xí xdkol\ ausmudk oyfvsuf ]udkif; udkif; [kwfygNyDav? odkUaomf cifAsm; tjzpftysufvJ usKyfwdkU Mum;&atmif jyefajymOD;rSayghAs/ Mum;yg&apOD;Asm? usKyfwdkUvJ} oD;/ /]cifAsm;wpfa,mufjzifh awmfawmf&Sdw,f? cifAsm; Mum;csifvQifjzifh usKyf ajym&wmaygh} [k ajymí armifrdk;oD;onf trsufajyvsuf aq;wpfvdyfudk rD;ñdSum aomufNyD;vQif atmufygtwdkif; jyefajymav\/ ]onfvdkygAsm? usKyfu txufcsif;wGif; [kr®vif;ûrdUom;As? i,fuwnf;u trdrsm; tzrsm;udk awmfawmf 'ku©ay;cJhwJh taumifuav;ayghAsm? tvkyfvJrvkyfcsifbl;? tdrfrSmvJ ulazmfavmifzuf r&bl;? Muufwkduf? zJ½dkuf? xef;&nfaomuf EGm;cdk;? wu,fhvlqdk; vkyfaecJhwmayghav? [kde,frSmawmh rdk;oD;wdkU rdk;aygufwkdU qdkvQif vlwdkif; aMumufMu&wmudk;As? onfvdkESihf qdk;qdk;ayay avavvGifhvGifhESifh aecJh? vGefcJhwJh ppfMuD;twGif;rSm ppfrIxrf;zdkU tpdk;&u vltpkrSm &GmuvJwGef;? olBuD;uvJ wGef;? ûrdUtkyfuvJ wGef;? 0kdif;NyD; wGef;Muavawmh usKyfvJyJ e,frSm MumMumaevQif cufacs&JUvdkU ppfxJvdkufrdcJhwmudk;As? vdkufNyD; ppfajrjyifrSm trIxrf;NyD;aewkef; jzpfcsifawmh wpfnrSm usKyfESifh ukvm;oHk;a,mufESifh wGJNyD; uif;apmifh Muwmudk;As} &Sm;/ /]ukvm;oHk;a,muf trnfu rmrufqif? 0g[pfcef? ewifqifwJh r[kwfvm;} oD;/ /]tppfyJ? cifAsm; b,fhES,fodovJ? aMomf [kwfayw,f? cifAsm;u udkpH&Sm;ayudk;As? 'gESifh onfnu onfvdkAs? uif;apmifhawmhm onftem;u av;a,mufwpfpk? NyD;awmh udkufoHk;&m cGmNyD; [dktem;u av;a,mufwpfpk? wJuav;awGESifh wpfpk wpfpk apmifhMuwmudk;As? av;a,mufteuf ESpfa,mufu em;NyD;aevQif ESpfa,mufu aoewfxrf;NyD; wJa&SUu acgufwHkUacgufjyef vrf;avQmufMuwmudk;As? wl&uD ppfwyfuvJ usKyfwdkUESifh ra0;vSbl;As? ac:vdkufvQif Mum;&rwwfbJ? 'gESifh nq,fem&DausmfausmfavmufrSm uRefawmfESifh ukvm;wpf a,muf ESihf acgufwHkUacgufjyef avQmufMuvdkU wJa&SUrSm qHkMuNyD; vGeftoGm;rSm uRefawmfh ycHk;udk ûzef;ceJqdk aemufuae qGJwJhNyD; oJay:rSm vSJvdkufyga&mAs? vSJvdkufvdkU uRefawmfvnf; yufvufuav; vSefNyD;aewkef; uRefawmfhtazmf ukvm;oHk;a,mufu uRefawmfh tem;rSm wpfa,mufu yg;pyfudk vufESifhydwf? wpfa,mufu vufESpfzuf csKyfxm;? wpfa,mufu aoewfatmfvefcRefESifh uRefawmfh&if awhwJhNyD; ]rma';*g;} wJh ajymwmudk; cifAs/ va&mifuvJ tifrwef aumif;avawmh atmfvefukvm; rsufESmudk jrifvdkuf&? olUrsufESmxm;Munfh&wm
43

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

wu,fhudk uRefawmfh ]rma';*g;} r,fh vu©PmyJ cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfvnf; ukvm;pum; enf;enf;yg;yg; wwfwmESifh atmfvQifjzifh owfacs&JUvdkU NidrfNidrfuav; aevdkufygawmh? ckeifu atmfvefcRefESifh ukvm;u olwdkU tBuHudk uRefawmfvkdufvQif uRefawmfrSm aiGrsm;rsm;BuD; &r,fwJh? rvdkufvQifjzifh ckcsufjcif; owfNyD; oJxJrSm ûryfypfvdkufr,fwJh ajymwmudk;cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfvnf; aiG&rSmudk onfavmuf rufarmvdkU r[kwfygbl;? toufuav;wpfacsmif; ESajrmwmESifh? r&,fygESifhAsmwdkU? vltbdk;rwefayr,fh udk,hf toufawmh ukd,fESajrmao;wmudk;As} &Sm;/ /] 'gaMumifh &,fwm r[kwfygbl;Asm? ajymomajymyg} oD;/ /]onfawmhrS uRefawmfu tusdK;taMumif;ar;awmh olwdkUu awmfawmfMumvQif wl&uDppfwyfbufu ukvm;olaX;wpfa,muf vmvdrfhr,fwJh? vmwJhtcgrSm olwdkU b,fhES,fyJ vkyfvkyf? uRefawmfu tomuav;Munfhae&r,fwJh? NyD;awmhum &p&m&SdwJh aiGudk uRefawmfwdkU av;a,muf tnDtrQ cGJa0NyD; ,lMur,fwJh ajymwmudk; cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfu e*dkuvJ cyfrdkufrdkuf[mrdkU aiG&rJh vrf;qdkawmh olwdkUtBuHudk vdkufzdkU oabmwlrdwmudk; cifAs? 'gESifh oabmwlNyD;awmh uRefawmfwdkUvnf; tajcrysuf aoewfxrf;NyD; vrf;avQmufaecJhMu? 11 em&Dxdk;vdkUvJ ray:vm? 12 em&Dxdk;vdkUvJ b,folrS ray:vm? em&Djyefwpfcsuf? ESpfcsuf? oHk;csuf xdk;ogm;awmh uRefawmfh ukvm;awGu vmrS vmyg rvm;vdkU aerxd? xdkifrxd jzpfukefMu wmudk;cifAs? 'gESihf uRefawmfwdkUvnf; vl;vmcyfNyD; aeMuwkef; ûzef;ceJqdk oHk;em&DcGJ ausmfausmf avmufrSm avcRefoH wpfcsuf cyfwdk;wdk; Mum;vdkuf&wmudk; cifAs? onfawmh ukvm;awGu ]tmwm;? tmwm;}ESifh yg;pyfu &GwfNyD; NidrfaeMu? awmfawmfuav;Mumawmh ukvm; vlykuav; wpfa,muf a[m[dku oHaowåmudkifwJhNyD; wJxJ ajy;0ifvmwmudk; cifAs? ukvm;rsufESm Munfh&wmu aMumufyHk&vdkufwm cifAsm? wpfoufrSm onfavmufaMumufwJhvl uRefawmfjzifh wpfcgrS rawGUbl;ygbl; cifAsm? 'gESifh ukvm;awGu 'Dukvm;udk wJxJac: oGm;? wJxJa&mufawmh olwdkU ukvm;udk pD&ifMur,fvdkU BuHMuwmudk;cifAs? uRefawmfawmh 0wå&m;rysuf wJjyifu pef'vD apmifhaewmudk; cifAs? 'gESihf wJxJrSm 15 rdepfavmuf wdk;wdk;ESifh ajymNyD; awmfawmfMumawmh ckeifu ukvm;vlykuav;u tvefUwMum;ESihf wJjyif xGufajy;vmyga&m cifAs? ukvm;vlykav;u ykyk00uav;ESihf ajy;vmvdkufwm cifAsm? ajcwHu wkdayrJh ajcEIwfu oGufavawmh jreffvdkufwm cifAsm? aemufu ajcwH&SnfMuD;ESihf ukvm;u "m;udkifNyD; vdkufvmwm rrDEdkifbl; cifAs? vuvJ omavawmh va&mifrSm ukvm;ykuav;[m toufab; aMumuf&SmvGef;vdkU zkwfvdIufzkwfvdIufESifh uRefawmfhqD ajy;vm&Smwm? uRefawmfjzifh tckawmif rsufpdxJ jrifrdygao;&JU cifAsm? 'gESifh uRefawmfhtem;vJ a&mufua&m uRefawmfu ukvm;uav;udk oem;aomfvnf; olUypönf; vdkcsifwmwpfaMumif; wu,fvdkU olvGwfNyD; ajy;ae&ifvJ uRefawmfyg 'ku©a&muf&rSm jrifwmu wpfaMumif;aMumifh olUtoufudk riJhñSmEdkifbJ uRefawmfxrf;NyD; avQmufaewJh aoewfESifh olUajcaxmufwdkuav; ESpfacsmif;Mum; uefUvefUNyD; vSJvdkufwm ukvm;uav;vnf; tGwfceJqdk ajrMuD;ay: vdrfhoGm;&Smyga&m cifAs? 'Dvdk vdrfhoGm;onfESifh wûydifeuf olUaemufu "m;ukdif yD; vdkufvmwJh ukvm;u oJay:rSm 'l;axmufwJhNyD; ukvm;yk&if0udk "m;ESifh pdkufvdkufwm wpfcsufrS ratmfEdkif&Smbl;? ukvm;ykuav; toufxGuf&Smyga&m cifAsm? onfawmh uRefawmfwdkU av;OD;om; wJxJrSm wGif;wl;NyD; ukvm;ykuav; tavmif;udk ûryf? ûryfNyD; wJxJu olUoHaowåmudk zGifhMunfhMu wmudk;cifAs? zGifhvdkufawmh cifAsm va&mifrSm vSvdkufwJh ausmufoHywåjrm;awG tifrwef t&nfaumif;wmudk; cifAs? uRefawmfjzifh onfausmufrsdK;awG jrifvnf; rjrifzl;bl;? Mum;vnf; rMum;zl;bl; cifAsm? ig;&wDavmufpD&SdwJh pdefBuD;awGu 37 vHk; cifAs? ausmufeDu 21 vHk;cifAs? jru 39 vHk;cifAs? ykvJu 97 vHk;cifAs? onfhjyif ausmufawG uRefawmfrjrifbl;wJh ausmufqef;
44

a&TOa'gif;

awG qdkwmawmh rGaewmyJ cifAs? 'gESihf uRefawmfwdkU ausmufawG wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pD oa&rsm; usatmif udkifMunfhMuNyD;? b,f[mu b,fESpfvHk;qdkwm pm&if;rSwf? rSwfNyD; aowåmxJ jyefxnfhMuwmudk; cifAs? 'gESifh reufrdk;vif;yga&m cifAsm} &Sm;/ /]aeygOD;As? onfukvm;ykuav;u bmudpö vmwmwJhwHk;} oD;/ /]onfukvm;ykuav;u ausmufukefonfwJh cifAs/ oJuEåm&xJc&D;oGm;&mrSm "m;jyawG wdkufvdkU vlpkuGJNyD; xGufrdxGuf&m xGufajy;vdkU wl&uD ppfwyfxJ a&mufoGm;owJh cifAs? a&mufawmh wl&uDppfAdkvfu olUrSm ypönf;awGygwm &dyfrdavawmh BuHpnfr,f vkyfavawmh olu rouFmwmESifh t*Fvdyfppfwyfbuf ul;vmcJh&SmwmyJ cifAs? uRefawmfh ukvm; wpfa,mufESifh aeUcif;uawGUvdkU olwdkU pDrHNyD;xifyg&JU cifAsm? onfawmh uRefawmfukvm;u ]t*Fvdyf ppfAdkvf rsm;[m tifrwef w&m;ojzifh &SdaMumif;? &efoljynfom;jzpfaomfvnf; ppfom; r[kwfbl;qdkvQif b,fvdkrS rvkyfwwfaMumif;? ypönf;rsm;ygvQifvnf; pdk;&drfzdkUr&SdaMumif; bmaMumif;ESifh ajymNyD; aeUcif;uwnf;u El;xm;NyD;om;qdkudk;cifAs} uRefawmf/ /]usm;aMumufvdkU &SifMuD;udk; &SifMuD; usm;xufqdk;qdkwmrsdK; usaewmudk; cifAs} oD;/ /][kwfyg&JUAsm? 'gESifh reufrdk;vif;awmh uRefawmfwdkUvnf; pcef;ajymif;&yga&m cifAsm? ajymif;&awmh ckeifu oHaowåmudk uRefawmfwdkU ypönf;uav;awGxJ 0SufNyD; ,loGm;Mu wmudk;cifAs? onfawmhum olwdkU ukvm;wyfESifh uRefawmfwdkU jrefrmwyfESifh uGJoGm;yga&m cifAsm? uGJayr,fh wyfom uGJw,f? olwdkU wyfa&m uRefawmfwdkU wyfa&m udkif½dkûrdU a&mufMuudk; cifAs? onftwGif;rSm ukvm;awGu ypönf;awGudk uRefawmf vufxJrSm xm;w,f? aomhawmh olwdkU ,lxm;w,f cifAs? 'gESifh udkif½dkûrdUvJ a&mufyga&m? uRefawmfvnf; ypönf;awG xdef;odrf;&wm 0efav;wmESifh av;a,mufom; oabmwl? yvDysufMuD; wpfckxJ oGm;NyD; ûryfMuwmudk; cifAs? ûryfNyD; ûryfwJhae&mESifh bmESifh aoaocsmcsm yHkpHawG bmawG qGJNyD; wpfa,muf wpfckpD ,lxm; Muwmudk; cifAs? ,lxm;NyD; uRefawmfwdkU av;OD;om;? wpfOD;udk wpfOD; rjypfrSm;ygbl;? wpfa,mufwnf; aumif;pm;zdkU b,ftcgrS rBuHpnfygbl;&,fvdkU opöma& trsdK;rsdK; aomufMu&wmudk; cifAs? onfvdkvJ 0SufNyD;a&m bmrS rajymESifh aemufwpfaeUrSmyJ uRefawmfwdkU zrf;yga&m cifAsm? zrf;yHku onfvdkwJh cifAsm? wl&uDppfAdkvfBuD;u olUppfwyfu {nfhonf olaX;wpfOD; aysmufoGm;aMumif; aysmufoGm;NyD;wJhaemuf b,ftcsdef b,fESpfem&DrSm t*FvdyfppfwyfxJu b,fwJudk 0ifNyD; oGm;aMumif; jrifvdkufwJh oufaoESifhwuG pma&;NyD; wkdifwef;wmudk; cifAs? wdkifwef;awmh uRefawmfwdkU pcef;cswJh ae&mrSm wl;azmfNyD; &Smawmh ukvm;ykuav; tavmif;udk awGUwmudk; cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfwdkU av;OD;om;udk zrf;NyD;ppf? ppfawmh uRefawmfwdkUu uG,f? uG,fayr,fh tavmif;MuD;u xif&Sm;aeavawmh jypfrI xif&Sm;vdkU wpfuRef;udk q,fESpfpD uscHap&ef pD&ifcsuf csvdkufwmudk;cifAs? csvdkufNyD;wJhaemuf *sr'g ESpfa,mufESifh ppfom;av;a,muf apmifhMuyfNyD; uRefawmfwdkU av;OD;udk oabFmESifh wifNyD; wpfuRef;ydkUvdkufwmudk; cifAs} [k ajymNyD;vQif armifrdk;oD;vnf; aq;vdyfudk awmif;í rD;ñdSNyD; aemuf qufvufí ajymjyefonfrSm ]'gESifh oabFmay:vdkufoGm;Muawmh...} ckdif/ /]aeygOD;? ypönf;awGawmh razmfbl;vm;}

45

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

oD;/ /]b,fu azmfrvJAsm? azmfayr,fh vGwfrSmrS r[kwfbJ? 10 ESpf axmifuscHNyD; vGwfwJhaeUusrS azmf,lNyD; aysmfaysmfMuD;aeMur,fvdkU tm;cJxm;ESihfMuwmudk; cifAs} &Sm;/ /]tif; [kwfygNyD? qdkygOD;} oD;/ /]'gESifh oabFmay:a&mufawmh uRefawmfwdkU apmihfMuyfwJh *sr'g ESpfa,mufu onfhjyif oabFmpD;rsm;ESihf zJ½dkufMuwmudk;cifAs? uRefawmfwdkUawmhjzifh rjrif&ygbl;? aemufrS od&ygw,f? odyHkuawmh onfvdkcifAs? wpfn[mawmh uRefawmfu tdkuftdkuf&SdwmESifh oabFm ukef;ywf ay:rSm wufNyD; avñSif;cH&if;} ckdif/ /]rif;wdkU xGufzdkU tcGifh&ovm;} oD;/ /]oHajcusOf; ESpfqifh cyfvsufyg cifAsm? onfhtay: a&v,facgifBuD;rSm bmwwfEdkif rSmwkef;? 'gESifh uRefawmf wpfa,mufxJ wpfaxmifhrSm ukyfNyD; vuav; Munfh&if; udk,fhwdkif;jynf udk,fvGrf;qGwfNyD; aewkef; vlESpfa,mufvmwm OD;xGef;ausmfESifh OD;om[efwdkUukd; cifAsm? uRefawmfhudk olwdkU rjrifbl;? rjrifawmh olwdkUESpfa,muf ukef;ywfay:rSm pBuøavQmuf&if; pum;ajymaeMuwmudk;cifAs/ onfawmh OD;xGef;ausmfu ]usKyfawmh cufNyDAsm? ygorQaiGvnf; ukefNyD? ukefwJhtjyif aMuG; 500d avmufawmif [dktaumifhqD wifaeNyDAs? cifAsm; odw,f r[kwfvm;? onfaiGudk oabFm rqdkufcif qyfvQifqyf? rqyfvQif qdkif&mudk wdkifwef;r,fwJhAs? usKyfrSm qyfp&mvnf; r&Sdbl;? usKyfawmh &Sufw,f? aoawmhr,f? b,fawmhrS rrdkufcJhbl;ESifh} OD;om[ef/ /]r[kwfwmAsm? onfavmufESifh bmudpö &Sd&rSmwkef;? usKyfqDu vSnfhwmaygh? eufjzefusvsif aumfcsifaumfrSmyg} OD;xGef;ausmf/ /]udkif; eufjzefwpfaeU aumfvQifaumf? raumfvQifawmh usKyf vlUjynfrSm raeawmhbl;? usKyfom;awG usKyf&SufvSw,fAsm} vdkU ajymNyD; olwdkU ESpfa,muf xGufoGm;wmudk; cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfhrSm olwdkU ESpfa,muf ajymwJh pum;Mum;NyD; tBuHay:NyD; usef&pfcJhwmudk; cifAs? 'gESifh eufjzefusawmh raeUu tcsdefrSm raeUu ae&mem; uRefawmfoGm;NyD; apmifhae jyefwmudk;cifAs? aejyefawmh awmfawmfMumawmh OD;xGef;ausmf wpfa,mufxJ aygufvmwJhNyD; ukef;ywfay: pBuøavQmuf&if; tifrwef pdwf½IyfwJh trlt&mESifh aq;vdyfBuD; w0if;0if;ESifh zGmaewmudk;cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfu tem;uyfwJhNyD; ]OD;xGef;ausmf cifAsm? uRefawmf pum;uav; wpfcGef;ESpfcGef; wdkifyifyg&ap cifAsm} vdkU ajymawmh olu ]b,folvJa[h armifrdk;oD;vm;? bmudpövJ} wJh? onfawmh uRefawmfu uRefawmfhrSm ypönf;Opömrsm;pGm ûryfESHxm;&SdaMumif;? onfypönf;rsm; qdkif&mudk tyfESH&vQif wpfuRef; uszdkU ESpfrsm;avsmhayghrnf xifaMumif;ESifh prf;NyD; uRefawmfu ajymMunfhwmudk; cifAs? onfawmh olu ]rif;ypöfn;awGu tzdk;b,favmuf wefovJuGJU} wJh? onfawmh uRefawmfu ]tenf;qHk; ig;odef;zdk;avmuf &Sdvdrfhr,fcifAsm} vdkUajymawmh olu ]aMomf ig odNyD? onftrIu &wJh ypönf; awGvm;} wJh? onfawmh uRefawmfu ][kwfw,fq&m} vdkUajymawmh olu ]aeygOD;uG,f b,ft&mrsdK;rqdk pOf;pOf;pm;pm;vkyfyg? tpdk;&udk jyeftyfvdkUvJ rif;rSm tusdK;&SdcsifrS &SdrSmuGJU? ra&&mbl;? onfawmh [kwfvm;? r[kwfvm; igod&atmif rif;wdkU tjzpftysufawG jyefajymprf;ygOD;uG,f} vdkU ajymwmudk; cifAs/
46

a&TOa'gif;

]ajymawmh uRefawmfu tjzpftysufudk tukeftpif jyefajym? ajymayr,fh ypönf;ûryf xm;wJhae&mawmh uRefawmf rajymbl;aygh cifAsm? 'gESifh uRefawmf ajymwmawG olem;axmifNyD; twefMumatmif pOf;pm;? pOf;pm;NyD;awmh olu ]aeOD; rif;Opöm igwpfa,mufxJawmh rBuHwwfbl;? OD;om[ef ac:acsOD;r,f} qdkNyD; awmfawmfMumawmh OD;om[efqdkol ac:vmwmudk; cifAs? ac:vmawmh uRefawmfu ckeifutwdkif; wpfcg jyefNyD; tusdK;taMumif;udk tajymckdif;vdkU ajym&jyefyga&m cifAs? ajymNyD;wJhaemuf OD;xGef;ausmfu ]udkif; rif;Opöm tpdk;&ESifh qdkifwJh udpör[kwfbl;? tpdk;&udk rtyfavESifh? igwdkU wwfEdkifoavmuf ulnDr,f? b,fvdkrsm; rif;u ulnDapcsifovJ? ulnDNyD; igwdkUudk rif; b,favmufay;rvJ} vdkU ar;wmudk; cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfu uRefawmfESifhwuG uRefawmf rdwfaqG oHk;a,mufudk vGwfajrmufatmif ulnDyg? ulnDNyD;wJhaemuf ypönf;awGudk tnDtrQ cGJa0NyD; ,lygr,fvdkU ajymwmudk;cifAs/ ]onfawmh olu ]vGwfajrmufzkdU ulnDwmawmh [kwfygNyDuG,f? odkUaomf ckcsufjcif; rif;wdkUudk vGwfatmifawmh igwdkUvJ rwwfEdkifbl;uGJU} wJh? onfawmh uRefawmfu ]ckcsufjcif; bm[kwfrvJ cifAsm? uRefawmf enf;enf;ajymygr,f? wpfuRef;a&mufawmh tusOf;orm;rsm;[m onfhjyifaxmifrsm;rSmvdk tifrwef usOf;usOf;usyfusyfMuD; r&Sd? acsmifacsmifcsdcsd tcsdefESifh oGm;cGifh vmcGifh &w,fqdk? [kwfuJh r[kwfvm;} vdkU ar;awmh OD;xGef;ausmfu ]igwdkUvJ onfvdkyJ Mum;zl;w,f} wJh cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfu ]aumif;NyD? onfawmhum cifAsm;wkdUu b*Fvm;qD? rm'&yfqDu &GufavSuav;wpfck0,f? 0,fNyD; pm;eyf&du©mawG uRefawmfwdkU av;a,muftwGuf jynfhpHkatmif wifcJh? wifcJhNyD;aemuf wpfuRef;u qdyfurf;wpfckrSm vmNyD; uyf? onfawmh uRefawmfwdkU av;a,muf ntcg qif;vmNyD; xGufajy;Mur,f? ukdif; b,fhES,fvJAsm} vdkU ar;awmh OD;xGef;ausmfu ][kwfawmh [kwfygNyDuG,f? rjzpfEkdifp&mvJ r&Sdygbl;? odkUaomf rif;ajymwJhtwdkif; rSef rrSefudkig a&S;OD;pGm pHkprf;Munfh&vdrfhr,f? pHkprf;MunfhvdkU rif;ajymwJh twdkif; ypönf;awG awGUvdkU &SdvQif rif;tMuHtwdkif; igwdkUvdkufemr,f} vdkUajymwmudk;cifAs/ ]onfawmh uRefawmfu uRefawmfhtusOf;orm; ukvm;tazmf oHk;a,mufudk wdkifyifyg &apOD; qdkNyD; wdkifyif? wdkifyifawmh aemufqHk;usawmh olwdkUuvJ oabmwl&SmMuwmygyJ cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfwdkU b,fhES,fvkyfovJ? ypönf;0Sufxm;&m t&yf\ ajryHkudk ul;? ul;NyD; olwdkUudkay;? ay;NyD; OD;xGef;ausmfu wpfuRef;a&mufawmh cGifhcHNyD; oGm;Munfh? MunfhvdkU wu,f&SdvdkUvQif uRefawmf ajymwJhtwdkif; avSuav;wpfck iSm;NyD; pm;a&&du©mESifh tjynfhtpHk vmzkdUudk; cifAs? 'gESifh onftBuHtwdkif; ajcmufOD;om; oabmwl opöma&aomufMujyefyga&m cifAsm? uJ wdkwdk ajymawmhr,f? wpfuRef;a&mufyga&m cifAsm? a&mufawmh OD;xGef;ausmfu cGifhcHNyD; OpömMunfh&,fvdkU oGm;yga&m cifAsm? oGm;vdkufwm ray:vmbl; cifAs? ray:vmawmh aemufawmh OD;om[efqD pm&owJh? oljzifh rusef;rmvdkU cGifhcHNyD; jrefrmjynf jyefoGm;NyDwJh? uRefawmfhudkawmif pmjyao;w,f? aemufawmh OD;om[efvJ jyefoGm;a&m? uRefawmfwdkUrSm wpfuRef;tzwfwifNyD; ypönf;vJqHk;? vlvJ rvGwfESifh rGwfNyD;usef&pfcJhwmudk;cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfhpdwfxJ b,hfES,fjzpfovJ? {uEÅ OD;xGef;ausmfqdkwJh taumif uRefawmfwdkUudk ESyfwmyJ? onfawmh wpfoufrSm olUtay: vufpm; racs&vQif raebl;qdkNyD; vGwfaMumif;csnf;yJ BuHpnfcJhwmudk; cifAs? onftcgusawmh uRefawmfrSm ypönf;vdkcsifvdkU onfavmufr[kwfygbl; cifAs? vludk vufpm;acscsifwJh pdwfavmufyJ &Sdygawmhw,f? onfvdkESihf vGwf&mvGwfaMumif; BuHpnfNyD;aecJh? wpfvxuf wpfv wpfESpfxuf wpfESpf ul;NyD;omvmcJh? tBuHudkyJ txrajrmufcJhygbl; cifAsm? onfvdk&Sdaewkef; wpfaeUoüawmh wpfuRef;u vl½dkif;uav; wpfa,muf awmpyfrSm zsm;NyD;vJae? uRefawmfvnf; aq;uav; 0g;uav; 0goem ygwmESifh ukoay;cJh? aysmufoGm;&Smwmudk; cifAs?
47

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

onfawmh onft½dkif;uav;u uRefawmfhudk tifrwef aus;Zl;wifNyD; b,ftcgrS rcGmbl;? aemufu waumufaumuf vdkufaewmudk;cifAs? aMomf 'gxuf ajym&OD;r,f? uRefawmfh ajcaxmuf[m tpu taumif;yg cifAsm? wpfuRef;a&mufwJhaeUrSmrS opfvHk;zdrdvdkU aq;½HkwufNyD; ajcjzwfypf&vdkU opfom;ajcaxmuf wyfxm;&ygw,f? 'gESifh ckeifu vl½dkif;uav;u uRefawmfhudk tifrwef cspfcifNyD; aeUa&mnOfhyg twlwuG aeavawmh uRefawmfvJ olwdkU bmompum; rsm;wwfNyD; wpfaeUoüawmh uRefawmfu xGufajy;csifwJhtaMumif;rsm; wdkifyifMunfhwmudk;cifAs/ onfawmh olu olUrSm avSwpfpD; &Sdw,fwJh? onfavSay:rSm tkef;oD;awG? bmawG pm;p&mawG rsm;rsm;0SufxnfhNyD; qdyfurf;u csHKwpfckrSm 0SufNyD;xm;r,fwJh? tcGifhomwJh tcgrSm xGufNyD;ajy;vQif olvnf; vdkufygr,fwJh ajymwmudk; cifAs/ ]onfawmh uRefawmfvJ olUtBuHtwdkif; vdkufNyD; wpfnrSm wpfuRef;u q&m wynfhESpfa,muf xGufajy;vmcJhwmudk; cifAs? vrf;c&D;rSm a&mufvdkufwJh 'ku©qdkwmawmh rajymygeJUawmh cifAs? ao&oavmufrS raumif;ygbl;? onfvdkESifh wpfvavmuf 'ku©cHNyD; uHtm;avQmfpGm puFmyla&muf? tJ'DrSm ydkufqHav; bmuav; ulvDvkyf&SmNyD;rS &efukefudk oabFmESifh jyefcJhwmudk;cifAs? &efukefa&mufawmh OD;xGef;ausmfaewJh t&yfudk&Sm/ &SmvdkU awGUa&m? awGUawmh olu tifrwef owdESifh aeavawmh olUtoufûzwfzdkU BuHvdkUudk r&bl; cifAs? onfvdkESifh aewkef; wpfaeUoü olUtonf;toef jzpfaew,fvdkU Mum;a&m? Mum;vdkU olUtdrf0if;xJ reJBuHNyD; 0ifoGm;ygw,f? uRefawmfvJ a&mufua&m olvJ toufaysmufyga&m cifAsm? onfnu uRefawmf 0ifNyD; tdrfaxmifrI ypönf;awG bmawG arTaESmufNyD; &Smao;w,f? &SmaywJh rawGUbl;As? rawGUvdkU tavmif;rSm pmawmif uyfxm;ao;w,f? aemufawmh uRefawmf olUom;rsm; awGUavovm;vdkU owif;em;cHNyD;ae? olwdkUvJ rawGUbl;wJh cifAs? awGUrJhawGUawmh rsufESmMuuf ay:rSm oGm;NyD; awGUowJh? awGUaMumif;vJ uRefawmfMum;a&m? uRefawmfh wynfhESifh uRefawmfESihf ESpfa,muf oGm;wJhNyD; olUcg;rSm êud;csnfvTwfvdkufw,f? wufoGm;vdkufwJhtaumif cifAsm? wu,fharsmufusaewmyJ? 'gESifh trdk;ay:u taygufu olqif;? qif;awmh bdk;&GJu uHqdk;csifawmh tcef;xJrSm &Sdae&Smwmudk; cifAs? 'gESifh olUqdyfvl;jrm;ql;ESifh rIwfvdkufwm yGJjcif;NyD;&Smyga&m cifAsm? aemufNyD;awmhrS uRefawmfu jywif;aygufu olcsay;wJh êud;ESifh wG,fNyD; wuf? wufvmawmh bdk;&GJ aoESifh&SmNyD? onfawmh rwwfEdkifygbl;vdkU aumifuav; em;o,f wpfcsuf ESpfcsuf ykwfNyD; oHaowåmudkcs? aomhudk bdk;&GJtavmif;u ,l? ,lNyD; oHaowåmudk êud;ESifh jywif;aygufu avQmcsNyD; uRefawmfqif;? qif;NyD; wynfhausmfudk ajc&mvuf&m rusef&pfatmifvdkU jywif;wHcg; tydwfckdif;NyD; vmwJhvrf;u jyefqif;apcJhwmudk;? 'gygyJ cifAsm? r&Sif;wm &Sd&if ar;ygawmh} &Sm;/ /]onfuaeUn bmvkyfr,fvdkU armfawmfbkwfESifh ul;ovJ} oD;/ /]aMomf onfvdk cifAs? onfavmufrsm;wJh ywåjrm;awGudk onfjynfrSm a&mif;vQif uRefawmfhyHkyef;ESifh b,folurS ,HkMunfrSm r[kwfavawmh eufjzefxGufr,fh oabFmESifh b*Fvm;vdkufr,fvdkU cifAs} &Sm;/ /]aMomf [kwfvm;? NyD;awmh usKyf qdyfvl;jrm;tdwfuav; wpfck awGUw,f? jrm;awGvJ awGUw,f? onf[m awGUawmh cifAsm; wynfhausmfrSm ypfp&m jrm; r&Sdbl; rSwfw,f/ onfuaeU nawmh armfawmfbkwfay:uaeNyD; usKyfwdkUudk ypfao;oudk;As? b,fu &ovJ}

48

a&TOa'gif;

oD;/ /]jrm;awG tukef usae&pfw,f? ajymif;wHrSm xnfhxm;wJh jrm;ql;wH wpfacsmif;yJ usefw,f} &Sm;/ /]aMomf [kwfuJhvm;? onf[m usKyf rwGufrdbl;AsdKU} [k ajymvQif tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;cdkifvnf; xdkif&mrS xí ]udkif; OD;pH&Sm;? awmfawmfvJ tcsdefvifhoGm;NyD? ar;p&m ukefavmufNyD rSwfw,f? usKyfwdkU jyefyg&apAsm? cGifhûyyg/ armifrdk;oD; rdwmawmh cifAsm; aus;Zl;ayyJ? odkUaomf qkaiGawmhjzihf w,fBuD; &zdkU rjrifbl;AsdKU? ywåjrm;awGvJ qHk;&Smayaygh? udkif; ar;p&m&Sdao;ovm;} &Sm;/ /]r&Sdygbl;Asm? nOfhvJeufygNyD? jyefMuygawmh} ¤if;aemuf tifpydwfawmfESifh ykvdyfESpfa,mufwdkUvnf; w&m;cHudk ac:í wdkufay:rS qif;oGm;Mu&m uRefawmfrSmrl ¤if;trIwGif a&S;OD;pGm trI&Sif jzpfaom q&mr rESif;nGefUuav;\ qHk;yg;aom ypönf;b@mrsm;taMumif;udk pOf;pm;pdwful;vsuf ypönf;yif r&Sdaomfvnf; ¤if;\ tay:ü jzpfay:rdaom arwåmpdwfonf wdk;í wdk;í omvQif vmcJhonf jzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;\ rsufESmuav;udk wa&;a&; xifjrifvsuf &SdpOf armifpH&Sm;u ]ypönf;qHk;ayrJh oli,fruav;u w,fNyD; rdef;r yD&SmaywmuyJAsm} [k cyfûyH;ûyH; ajymvdkufojzifh uRefawmfrSm tBuHudk odoGm;ojzifh rsufESmylylESifh tdyfcef;odkU 0if&av\/

49

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

2/ armifpH&Sm;onf tb,faMumifh vlysdKBuD;vkyfí aeygoenf; aEG&moDtul;jzpfojzifh yljyif;aom aEGtcgü naecif;tcsdefwGif uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm; wdkUonf oHk;xyfwdkuf trdk;ay: odkU wufMuNyD;vQif yufvufukvm;xdkif wpfckpDESifh avñSif;cH vsuf &SdMupOf Owk&moDtaMumif;rSpí a&mufwwf&m&m axG&mav;yg;pum;wdkUudk ajymqdkvsuf &SdMu&m aemufqHk;ü rdef;rtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí tdrfaxmif&ufom; ûy&jcif;\ tusdK;tjypf wdkUudk wpfa,mufwpfcGef; xifjrifcsufay;vsuf &SdMuav\/ uRefawmf/ /]'ku©rsm;wmawmh [kwfw,f udkpH&Sm;&JU? EdkUayr,fh cifAsm;vnf; touf av;q,fausmfvdkU ig;q,f csOf;vmawmh tdkrif;rpGrf; &SdwJhtcgrSm ausmaxmuf aemufcH qdkwmvdkU om;orD; wpfa,mufwpfav &Sdatmifawmh tdrfaxmif&ufom; ûyOD;rS awmfr,f xifw,fAs} &Sm;/ /]om;orD; q,fa,muf &SdvdkU rdbrSm ausmaxmufaemufcH &wJh om;orD; b,fESpf a,muf ygr,f xifovJ? om;orD; &SdwJh rdbawG wpf&m&SdwJh teufu ighrSm tm;udk;&wJh om;wpf a,muf &SdNyD? orD; wpfa,muf &SdNyDvdkU &J&JBuD; pdwfcs&wJh rdb b,fESpfa,muf &Sdr,f xifovJ} uRefawmf/ /]'gawmh t[kwfom;y? EdkUayr,fh oufBuD;&G,f&if jzpfwJh tcgusawmh udk,fhaoG; udk,hfom;xJu wpfa,mufwpfav &Sdw,f qdkwm aumif;wmayghAs} &Sm;/ /]wefyg rdwfaqG? om;orD; vdkcsifvdkU rdef;r,lwJh vl&,fvdkU b,frSm Mum;zl;vdkUvJ? rdef;rudk cspfrd êudufrdvdkU ,lMu&wm r[kwfbl;vm;As} uRefawmf/ /]cifAsm;rSmawmh olwpfyg;vdk rdef;rwpfa,mufudk pwifNyD; cspfrJh êudufrJh vlwpfa,muf r[kwfvdkU wjcm;taMumif;jyNyD; wdkufwGef; &wmyAs} &Sm;/ /]rcspfbl;? rêudufbl;&atmif cifAsm;u usKyfudk tmoa0g uif;aew,f rSwfvdkU vm;As} uRefawmf/ /]EdkU cifAsm; cspfzl; êudufzl;vdkUvm;As} xdktcg armifpH&Sm;onf yufvufukvm;xdkifay:wGifyufvufvSefumxkdif&if; tvGefa0;uGm onfh t&yfodkU arQmfí Munfhaeaom rsufESmxm;rsdK;ESifh twefMum pum;rajymbJ MunfhaeNyD;aemuf oufjyif;csvsuf &Sm;/ /]cifAsm;ESihf oduRrf;Muwm av;ig;ajcmufESpf&SdoGm;NyD? cifAsm;udk onftaMumif; usKyfwpfcgrS rajymzl;ao;bl;? odkUaomf aeOD; usKyf jyOD;r,f} [k ajymNyD;vQif armifpH&Sm;onf wdkufrdk;ay:rS atmufodkU qif;oGm;av\/ wpfcPrQMumaomtcg armifpH&Sm;onf "mwfyHk wpfckudk ukdifvsuf wufvmí
50

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/ /]a&mh udkodef;armif? aoaocsmcsm Munfhprf;? onfrdef;rrsdK;udk cspfêudufzl;wJh ol[m aemufxyfNyD; cspfEdkif êudufEdkifygOD;awmhrvm;Asm} [k ajymí "mwfyHkudk uRefawmhftm; ay;ojzifh uRefawmfonf "mwfyHkudk aocsmpGm Munfh½I&m ½kwfw&uf pum;rajymEdkifbJ rsufvHk;rsm; jyL;vsuf &Sdaerdav\/ pifppfaomfum; rsm;pGmaom rdef;rwdkUonf acsmMuyg\? vSMuyg\/ odkU&mwGif xdk"mwfyHkwGif yg&Sdaom rdef;rrSm omrntm;jzifh acsmarmvSyjcif;xuf rdzk&m;ozG,f cHhx,f odkufûrdufpGm &Sdaom udk,f[ef taetxm;ESihf csdKat;Munfvif tvGefvQif cspfcifzG,faumif;aom rsufESmxm;wdkUonf wpfOD;aomolü a&maESmvsuf &Sd&mum; wpfckaom *kPfxl;onf wpfckaom *kPfxl;\ Muufoa&udk wdk;wufapvsuf ½IjrifolwdkU\ pdwfü zdkvdIuf tHhMozG,f&m wpfckyif rSwfxif&ay\/ xdkxuf tHhMozG,f&mwpfckrSm xdkrdef;r\ rsufvHk;rsm; jzpfav&m ¤if;\ rsufvHk;wdkUrSm txl;ojzifh ÚmPfynm eufeJxufjrufaMumif; xif&Sm;aponf jzpfaomaMumifh ½kyfyHkyifjzpfaomfvnf; ¤if;½kyfyHkudk Munfhrdaom olwdkUrSm xkdrdef;ronf ig\ tonf; ESvHk;acsmif twGif;ü ckduyf ykef;atmif;vsuf &Sdaom pdwful; tBuHtpnfudkyif od&SdavNyDwum;[k xifrSwf avmufatmif &Sday\/ uRefawmfonf "mwfyHkudk MunfhNyD;aemuf armifpH&Sm;vufodkU jyeftyfí xdkrdef;r\ t*Fg½kyfudk csD;rGrf;ajymqdkav&m armifpH&Sm;onf uRefawmf ajymqdkonfh pum;rsm;udk em;axmif onfh vu©Pm r&SdbJ "mwfyHkudk pdkufai;um MunfhNyD;aemuf oufyifh½Ií "mwfyHkudk &SyftuÐstdwfü xnfhxm;vdkufav\/ uRefawmf/ /]"mwfyHk&SiftaMumif;udk wqdwfavmuf rMum;&bl;vm;Asm} &Sm;/ /(ta0;odkU arQmfMunfhaeonfh rsufESmxm;rsdK;ESifh awGa0um &SdaeNyD;aemuf) ]b,folUrS usKyf rajymzl;ygbl;Asm? odkUaomfvnf; pum;pyfrdvdkU ajymjy &OD;rSmyJAsm} ¤if;aemuf armifpH&Sm;onf tHhMozG,f&maumif;vSaom atmufyg tjzpftysufrsm;udk ajymí jyav&m uRefawmfonf ¤if;\ pum;twdkif; r[kwfbJ 0w¦KoGm; tpDtpOfuJhodkU wnfxGifNyD;vQif qdkif&m qdkif&m tcef;cef;cGJí a&;om;azmfjyvdkufayownf;/ tcef; 1 vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif; ESpfq,fausmfcefUtcsdefu wpfnoü touf q,fh&SpfESpf t&G,fcefU rdef;rysdKwpfa,mufESifh toufESpfq,fhig;ESpfcefUvkvifysdK wpfa,mufonf rEÅav;ûrdU taemufjyif *kPfwef&yfuGuf&Sd wpfckaom tdrfMuD; vomcef;wGif orD;&nf;pm;bm0 Muifem,k,aom trlt&mESifh pum;ajymqdkvsuf &SdMuav\/ xdktdrfMuD;onfum; ûrdU0efOD;vluav;\ tdrfMuD; jzpfav&m rdef;rysdKuav;rSm OD;vluav;\ wpfa,mufwnf;aom orD;jzpfí trnfrSm rdrdBuD; [lí wGifav\/ rdrdBuD;\ zcifonf armifausmfjr\ zcifESifh oli,fcsif; jzpfMuonfhtavsmuf armifausmfjronf xdktdrfodkUi,fpOftcgrSpíoGm;vm 0ifxGufavh&SdcJhonf jzpf&m ûrdU0efOD;vluav; onfvnf; armifausmfjronf oli,fcsif;\ om;jzpfonfhjyif pOf;pm;qifjcifwwfonfh ÚmPfynm ESifhvnf; txl;ojzifh jynfhpHkcJhonf jzpfaomaMumifh rdrd\orD; BuD;jyif;onfhtcgü ¤if;olESifhyif vufxyfxdrf;jrm;aptHh[k tBuH&SdcJhav\/ armifausmfjr\ zcifuvnf; xdkenf;twl tBuHtpnf&SdcJh[ef wlav&m aocgeD;qJqJü ol\om;tm; ¤if;tBuHtpnfudk zGifh[ajymqdkNyD;vQif tz\ pum;udk em;axmif&pfap&ef twefwef rSmxm;cJhav\/ rdrdBuD;rSmvnf; t½kyft&nftm;jzifh vnf;aumif; qdkzG,f&mr&Sd jzpf&
51

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

avum; armifausmfjrrSm zcif\ pum;udk vdkufem&ef rsm;pGm rcJ,Of;bJ xdktdrfodkU a&S;uenf;wl 0ifxGufoGm;vm&if;ESifhyif wpfaeUoü vli,fwdkU bm0 cspfêudufaMumif;udk zGifh[ajymqdkNyD; jzpfMuav\/ armifausmfjrrSm xdktcgü ukd;wef;pmar;yGJukd atmifjrifNyD; jzpfaomfvnf; pma&;pmcsD tp&Sd aom tpdk;& trIxrf; tvkyftudkifrsdK;ü vkyfudkif&ef rvdkvm;onfjzpfí zcif\ tvkyfjzpfaom yGJpm;vkyfief;udk qufvufvkyfudkifcJh&m armifausmfjronf ¤if;vkyfief;udkvnf; rESpfoufonf jzpfaomaMumihf rnfodkUaom tvkyfrsdK;onf rdrd\ txHk0goemESifh avsmfnDonfudk a&G;cs,f&if 0wfaMu0wfukefrQomvQif qufvuf vkyfudkifvsuf &SdcJhav\/ ,cka&;om;azmfjyvsuf &Sdaom nOfhtcgüum; OD;vluav; vifr,m;wdkUonf rdwfaqG wpfa,muf\ tvªr@myfodkU oGm;a&mufvnfywfcdkuf jzpfojzihf orD;&nf;pm;ESpfa,mufwdkUonf ta&;BuD;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk wdkifyifvsuf &Sdaeonfh vu©PmESifh tdrfa&SUvomcef;wGif &SdaeMu&m rdrdBuD;/ /]udkudkjruvJ? udkudkjr&,f zGifhajym&ifvJ ajymjyprf;yg&Sif? uRefrudk r,HkMunf EdkifvdkU pum;ukef rajymovm; udkudkjr&JU} jr/ /(&nf;pm;onf\ vufuav;udk ,k,Muifemaom trlt&mESifh udkifvsuf) ]ajymvdkU rawmfwJh pum;rdkU rajymbJ &Sdygw,f ESr&,f? udkudkUudk ,HkMunfvdkU&SdvQif ajymorQ pum;avmuf ESifh ,ck wif;wdrfNyD; aemufusawmh tjzpftysuf tvHk;pHkukd &Sif;vif;NyD;jyygr,f ESr&,f} MuD;/ /(EIwfcrf;plvsuf) ][ifhtif; oabmrusEdkifbl;? ajym&r,f? tck tukefajymjy&r,f} jr/ /]cufygNyD ESr&,f? tck zGifhNyD; ajymvdkU&SdvQif udkudkUrSm tEÅ&m,fBuD; jzpfvdrfhr,f ESr&JU? ukdif; onfavmuf ajym&if ESru auseyfygawmhuG,f} BuD;/ /]uRefrwpfa,mufwnf; ajym½HkESifh udkudkUrSm toufqHk;½IH;zdkU &Sdw,fvm;} jr/ /]toufqHk;½HI; wwfygw,f ESr&,f} BuD;/ /]b,fvdk udpörsm;ygvdrfh odcsifvdkufwm udkdukd&,f} jr/ /]odcsdefwefawmh odygvdrfhr,f ESr&,f? onf;cHvdkufygOD;? udkif; onfawmh ESru udkudk ajymwJh twdkif; ,ck wpfv ESpfv twGif;rSm udkudk rvmayr,fh pdwfrqdk;ESifh? udkudkUtaMumif;udk b,folu b,fvdkyif raumif;ajymaomfvnf; ESr r,HkMunf&pfESifhaemf} BuD;/ /]uRefrwdkU tdrfudk ukdudk rvm&atmif b,foGm;rvdkUvJ udkudk&JU} jr/ /]b,foGm;r,fvdkUvJ rajymEkdifbl; ESr} BuD;/ /]EdkU olrsm;u raumif;ajym&atmif udkudku bmrsm; vkyfcJhvdkUvJ udkudk&,f} jr/ /]'gvnf; udkudk rajymEkdifbl; ESr&,f? udkdukdUudk ,HkMunfvdkU&SdvQif tppt&m&mrSm rsufpdrdSwfNyD; vHk;vHk;MuD; ,HkMunf&pfygawmh ESr&,f? a[m a':a':wdkU? OD;wdkU jyefvmMuNyD? oGm;NyD ESra&}
52

a&TOa'gif;

¤if;aemuf armifausmfjronf tdrfaemufavScg;rS vsifjrefpGm qif;í oGm;av&m rdrdBuD;rSm wm;qD; jcif;iSm rwwfEdkifbJ rsuf&nf0dkif;vsuf armifausmfjr oGm;&modkU arQmfMunfhum usef&pfav\/

tcef; 2 armifausmfjronf rdrdBuD;wdkU\ tdrfrS qif;vmcJhí ausmufaoG;wef;vrf; wpfavQmuf vsifjrefpGm avQmufvmcJh&m jrif;&xm;wpfpD;udk awGUonfESifh wufpD;NyD;vQif jrif;&xm;orm;tm; "m;wef;&yfuGufodkU armif;ESifapav\/ aps;csdKawmf ajrmufbuf&Sd "m;wef;&yfuGufodkU a&mufaom tcg armifausmfjronf jrif;&xm;ukd &yfapí &xm;cay;NyD;vQif tenf;i,f ajcusifavQmuf NyD;aemuf wpfckaomwdkuftdkMuD;odkU a&mufí rdrdtm; olwpfyg;wdkU jrifavoavm[k awmifajrmuf av;yg;wdkUudk Munfh½INyD;vQif rdrd\ tdwfü ygaom aomhESifh wdkufwHcg;udk zGifhí wdkufwGif;odkU 0ifoGm;av\/ twGif;odkU a&mufaomtcg armifausmfjronf wdkufwHcg;udk wzef ydwfNyD;aemuf rdrd\ tdwfxJü aqmif,lcJhaom vufESdyf"mwfrD;udk xkwfí xkd;Munhf&m avScg;ü aumif;rGef oyf,yfpGm 0wfqifvsuf ½kyf&nfoem;urm; &Sdaom oli,fr wpfa,muf\ tavmif;onf acGvsuf &Sdaeonfudk awGUjrif&av\/ xkdtcg armifausmfjronf xdwfvefU tHhMoonfh trlt&m tenf;rQ r&SdbJ EIwfcrf;udk udkufum olli,fr\ tavmif;udk Munfh½INyD;aemuf tavmif;ay:rSausmfí wdkufay: odkU avScg;rS wufoGm;av\/ ¤if;wdkuftdkBuD;üum; pm;yGJukvm;xdkif bD½dkrS pí tawmf twef crf;em;oyf,yfaom tdrfaxmif ypönf;wdkUjzifh jynfhESufvsuf &Sdaomfvnf; xkdtcsdeftcgü vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ r&SdbJ wdwfqdwfpGm &Sdaeav\/ wdkufay: odkU a&mufaomtcg armifausmfjronf wpfckaom pma&;pm;yGJodkU oGm;NyD;vQif tHqGJrsm;udk wpfckNyD;vQif wpfck qGJEkwfí twGif;ü &Sdaom t&m0wåKrsm;udk arTaESmufum &SmazGav\/ twGif;üum; aMomf'DrefpmcsKyf? wHqdyfawmfacgif;? "mwfyHk oHk;av;ck? pma&;puúLrsm; tp&Sdonfh ypönf;wdkUudk awGUav&m armifausmfjronf wpfckpD wD;acgufum Munfhav\/ wpfck aom tHqGJüum; vdkPfoH ygonfudk Mum;av&m armifausmfjronf ¤if;udk aocsmpGm pHkprf; Munfh½I onfwGif tzHk;wpfck yg&Sdonfudk awGU&Sd&av\/ xkdtcg armifausmfjronf rdrdü toifhaqmif ,lcJhaom vufeufrsm;ESifh ¤if;tzHk;udk prf;oyfí zGifhav&m aemufqHk;ü tzHk;onf yGifhoGm;í twGif;üum; acgufvsuf&Sdaom puúLwpf&Gufudk awGU&Sdav\/ xdkpm&Gufudk jzefUí rD;a&mifwGif MunfhNyD;aomtcg armifausmfjronf pdwfauseyfonfh vu©PmESifh rdrd\ tuÐstdwftwGif;odkU acgufxnfhí wdkuf\ tay:rS qif;rnf ûyav\/ xdkaemufrS wpfzef tBuH&onfh vu©PmESihf armifausmfjronf pm;yGJ&Sd&modkU wHkUjyefí vmNyD;vQif rdrd\ tdwfrS vufudkify0gudk xkwfNyD;aemuf rdrd udkifwG,fcJhorQaom t&m0wåKwdkUü rdrd\ vuf&m rxif&pfapjcif;iSg vufudkify0gESifh aphiSatmif txyfxyf yGwfwdkufav\/ ¤if;aemuf armifausmfjronf vufESdyf"mwfrD;udk xdk;vsuf avScg;rS qif;vmcJh&m oli,fr \tavmif; teD;odkU a&mufaomtcg MuufoD;xrdav\/ odkU&mwGif pdwfudk wif;NyD;aemuf tavmif;\rsufESmudk rD;a&mifESifh wnfhwnfh xdk;vsuf twefMum MunfhNyDvQif OD;acgif;udk&rf;vsuf oufjyif;csrdav\/ xkdaemuf armifausmfjronf wdkufay:rS aqmif,lvmcJhaom pm&Gufudk
53

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

tuÐstdwfrS xkwfNyD;aemuf oli,fr\ vufü xnfhNyD;vQif wdkufatmufü aphiSatmif vufESdyf "mwfrD; ESifh xdk;í MunfhNyD;rS wdkufjyifodkUxGufí wHcg;udk ydwfxm;cJhav\/ xdktcgüum; armifausmfjrrSm rdrd\ tBuHtpnf txajrmufavNyD[laom rsufESmxm;rsdK;ESifh xGufvmcJh&m wdkufatmufü vufESdyf"mwfrD;ESifh xdk;í MunfhpOftcgu wpfckaom AD½dktwGif;rS rdrdtm; acsmif;ajrmif; Munhf½Ivsuf &Sdaom vlwpfa,mufudk awGUjrif&rl xdkodkUaom rsufESmxm;rsdK; &SdEdkifrnf r[kwfacs/ tcef; 3 txufyg tjcif;t&mwdkU jzpfysufNyD;onfhaemuf oHk;&ufajrmufaom aeUü armifausmfjr onfausmufaoG;wef;&yf&Sd rdrd\ aetdrfü t*Fvdyfowif;pm wpfapmifudk zwf½Ivsuf&Sd&m atmufygtwdkif; awGU&Sd&av\/ "m;wef;&yfü xl;qef;aom vlowfrI jzpfyGm;jcif;taMumif; ]&efukefûrdUrS pyg;yGJpm;BuD; OD;MumnGefUonf rEÅav;ûrdUodkU tvnftywfqif;vmcJh&m "m;wef;&yfwGif wdkufwpfvHk;udk acwåiSm;&rf;aexdkifcJhonf jzpfaMumif;? ¤if;yGJpm;BuD;onf a&TbdkûrdUü udpöav;wpfck ay:aygufonfESifh wdkufudk ydwfxm;cJhNyD;vQif acwåoGm;a&muf cJhonf jzpfaMumif;? udpöNyD;í ,refaeU naeu a&TbdkrS jyefvmaomtcg rdrd\ wdkufcef; twGif; avScg;&if;ü opfvGifaom t0wftpm;rsm;udk 0wfqifvsuftouf 20 ausmft&G,f cefU &Sdí t½kyft&nfESifh jynfhpHkaom oli,frwpfa,muf\ tavmif;udk awGU&Sd&onf jzpfaMumif;? xdktaMumif;udk ykvdyfXmeodkU taMumif;Mum;NyD;aemuf ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh twl rnfonfh ypönf;rsm; aysmufqHk;ao;onfudk wdkufwGif;ü Munfh½IMu&m pm;yGJtHqGJrsm;udk arTaESmuf&SmazGxm;onfh txdrf;trSwfwdkUudk awGU&Sd&onf jzpfaMumif; xkdUjyif pm;yGJtHqGJü tHzHk;twGif;&Sd vQdKU0Sufí xm;cJhaom puúLwpf&GufrSmvnf; aysmufqHkvsuf&Sd&m ¤if;puúLrSm OD;MumnGefUomvQif toHk;0ifí tjcm; olwdkUü toHk;rusonf jzpfaomaMumifh rnfodkUaom olcdk;onf rnfonfh tBuHtpnfESifh ¤if;puúLudk ckd;,lonfrsm;udk rawG;awmEdkifatmif &SdaMumif;}

þrQ zwfNyD;vQif jr/ /(wpfa,mufwnf; pdwful;rdonfrSm) ]b,fhES,fvJ? puúLudk oli,frvufrSm igñSyfNyD; xm;cJhygw,f? b,folu 0ifNyD; ,loGm;jyefygvdrhf? w,fusyfyguvm;} ¤if;aemuf qufvufí zwfjyefonfrSm ]OD;MumnGefUa&mufvmaomtcgü wdkufwHcg;onf aumif;rGefpGm ydwfqdkUvsuf &Sdonf[k awGUjrif& onf jzpfaomaMumifh oli,fronf wdkufwGif;odkU rnfonfhenf;ESifh 0ifa&mufí ¤if;tm; owfoGm;aomolonf rnfonfhenf;ESifh xGufcGmonfudk rawG;awmwwfEdkifatmif &Sd&aMumif;/ oli,fr\ tavmif;udk ,ck tcg aq;½HkBuD;odkU ydkUNyD;NyD jzpf&m q&m0efrsm;u ¤if;oli,fronf 'Pf&m r&Sdojzifh rnfonfhenf;ESifh toufqHk;½HI;&onfudk trSef rajymEdkifao;aomfvnf; aoG;½dk;
54

a&TOa'gif;

om;½dk;jzifh aoqHk;jcif; r[kwf? olwpfyg; owfí aoqHk;onfrsm;rSm ,HkrSm;zG,f&m r&SdaMumif;? ykvdyft&m&SdwdkUonfxdkoli,frrSmrnfolrnf0gjzpfonfudkaxmufvSrf;pHkprf;vsufyif&SdaeMuaMumif;} owif;pmudk zwf½INyD;aemuf jr/ /(wpfa,mufwnf; ûyH;&,fvsuf) ]axmufvSrf;Muav axmufvSrf;Mu? b,fol b,f0g&,fvdkU rif;wdkU ay:atmif axmufvSrf;Ekdif&if axmufaywmaygh? udkif; wpfcgjzifh ig tBuHatmifaumif;yg&JUuG,f}

tcef;(4) armifausmfjronf rdrdBuD;ESifh xkdaeUnwGif awGUqHkNyD;onfUaemuf rdrdBuD;wdkU{/f tdrf oGm;a&muf0ifxGufjcif;r&Sd jzpfcJhav&m wpfaeUoü rdrdBuD;xHrS ta&;BuD;aom pmwpfapmifudk &&Sdav{/f / ¤if;pmrSm ... wdkifyifar;jref;&ef &Sdí uGsefrwdkUtdrfodkU ,aeUn qufqufvmcJhyg udkudkjr/ ] rdrdBuD; } armifausmfjronf xkdpmudk&&Sdaomtcg oGm;&rnf roGm;&rnfudk twefMumatmif pOf;pm;NyD;aemuf aemufqHk;ü rnfonfUudpöta&;BuD;aeonfudk od&SdvdkonfESifh t0wfrsm;vJvS,fí rdrdBuD;tdrfodkU xGufvmcJhav{/f / rdrdBuD;onf olwpfyg; rMum;apvdkaom pum;udk ajymvdk onfjzpfaomaMumifh rdbrsm; r&SdonfU tcsdeftcgwGif rSmxm;vdkufjcif; jzpf&um; xkdnü armifausmfjr oGm;a&mufaomtcg ESpfa,mufwnf; pum;ajymcGifh &cJhav{/f / a&mufvQifa&mufjcif; rdrdBuD;onf armifausmfjrudk udpö tBuD;tus,f wpfpHkwpf&m ray:aygufbJvsuf rdrdwdkU aetdrfodkU vrf;jzwfí xm;onfudk jypfwifpum; ajymMum;aomtcg armifausmfjru rdrd ,cifuyif wifBudKajymxm;aom pum;twdkif; tjypfwif rapm&ef awmif;yef onfwGif rdrdBuD;u ½kwfw&uf BuD;/ /]uGsefr wpfck ar;csifw,f? udkudk rSefrSef ajymrvm;} jr/ jr /]ar;ygAsm? ajymwmaygh} BuD;/ /]"m;wef;u OD;MumnGefU wnf;wJhwdkufrSm rdef;uav; wpfa,muf tavmif; awGUw,fqdkwm udkudkjr Mum;&ovm;} jr/ jr /]owif;pmrSm zwfrdygw,f} BuD;/ /]aool rdef;uav;[m b,folvJvdkU udkudkjr rodbl;vm;} jr/ jr /(tvGeftHhMoaomfvnf; rsufESmrysufapatmif[efaqmifvsuf) ]awmufwD; awmufwJh ESr&,f? bmqdkifvdkU udkudk od&rSmvJ}
55

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

BuD;/ /(rsufESmudk aphaphMunfUvsuf) ]wu,fhudk rodbl;vm;} jr/ jr /]BuHBuHpnfpnfAsm? b,fhES,faMumifh rqDrqdkif ar;ygvdrfh ESr&,f} BuD;/ /]rqdkif qdkifqdkif? od rodudkom ajzprf;yg udkudkjr&,f} jr/ jr /(&,farmvsuf) ]aeUcif; aeUvnf tdyfaysmfoGm;vdkU tdyfrufrufNyD; ua,mifuwrf; ar;rdar;&m avQmufar;aeNyD rSwfw,f? "m;wef;u OD;MumnGefUwdkufrSm rdef;uav;wpfa,muf aowmESifh ausmufaoG;wef;rSmaewJh udkudkjrESifh bmqdkifvdkUvJ ESr&,f} BuD;/ /(vufravQmhbJ) ]rodbl;ayghav} jr/ jr /ajzzdkU vdkao;ovm; ESr&,f} BuD;/ /twnfUtvif; ajzprf;yg udkudkjr&JU} jr/ jr /(pdwfemaom trlt&mESifh) ]aeygOD; ESr&,f? b,folursm; udkudkUtaMumif; raumif;owif; b,fvdkrsm; ajymxm;vdkU udkudkUudk ar;cGef;awG bmawG xkwfae&wmvJ ESr&,f} BuD;/ /]uGsefr ar;wmudk ajzygOD; udkudkjr&JU} jr/ jr /]wu,f ar;aewmvm;} BuD;/ /]tdk wu,faygh udkudkjr&JU} jr/ jr /(0rf;enf;aom trlt&mESifh) ]tHhMoyg&JU ESr&,f? udkudkUrSm tjcm; tvkyfawG rsm;vGef;vdkU tcsdefr&ekdif&wJh txJrSm ESru vmwJhNyD; ppfvm; aq;vm; ar;vm; jref;vm;ESifh vkyf&atmif udkudkowfw,f xifvdkU ar;aewmvm; ESr&,f} [k ajymavvQif rdrdBuD;rSm rdrdMum; aom owif;onf rrSefaom owif; jzpfacsrnfwum;/ igonf cspfvSaom &nf;pm;tay:ü taMumif;rJh oufouf ouFmruif; jzpfrdacswum;[k 0rf;enf;aom trlt&mESifh rdrd{/f pum;udk EIwfodrf;NyD;vQif jyuf&,f jyKvdkaomoabmESifh ar;jref;aMumif; ajymqdk&m tjcm;pum;wdkUudk qufvuf ajymqdkMuNyD;vQif ESpfOD; cGJcGmoGm;Muaom [lowwf/

tcef;(5) tdrfodkU a&mufonfESifh awGU&Sdav&m ¤if;rSm wNydKifeuf armifausmfjronf pm;yGJü pm&Gufi,fwpfckudk

]ta&;BuD;aom udpöwpfckESifh wdkifyif&ef vma&mufcJh&m rdwfaqGESifh rawGU&í 0rf;enf;aMumif;? tm;vyfcJhygvQif eufjzef eHeuf jzpfap? nae jzpfap uGsefawmf{/f aetdrfodkU tvnftywf vma&mufapvdk ygaMumif;/ armifxGef;jrifh}
56

a&TOa'gif;

¤if;pmudk zwf½I&aomtcg armifausmfjronf rsufESmysufí oGm;av{/f / armifxGef;jrifh qdkolrSm a&SUaevkyfief;ESifh toufarG;olwpfa,muf jzpfcJh&m &efukefNrdKUü pHkaxmufarmifpH&Sm; [lí ray:aygufrDuyif rEÅav;NrdKUü cufcJeufeJaom trIrsm; ay:aygufonfUtcg ykvdyfwdkUtm; tBuHÚmPfay;jcif;? &Hzef&Hcg udk,fwdkifpHkaxmufay;jcif; ponfwdkUudk jyKvkyfvsuf &Sdojzifh tpdk;& trIxrf;yif r[kwfaomfvnf; pHkaxmufjcif;vkyfief;ü tawmftwef eHrnf&olwpfa,muf jzpfavonf/ armifausmfjronf armifxGef;jrifhxHrS txufygpmudk &&Sdaomtcg tvGefw&m xdwfvefY wkefvIyfjcif; jzpfav&um; tdrfOD;cef;ü yufvufukvm;xdkif wpfckay:wGif xdkifum twefMum atmif pOf;pm;NyD;aemuf om;a&aowÅåmü t0wftpm;rsm; xnfUNyD; qGJí qif;vmav{/f / tdrfa&SUü jrif;&xm;wpfpD;udk awGUojzifh armifausmfjronf jrif;&xm;ay:odkU wufNyD;vQif &xm;armif;orm; tm; rD;&xm; blwm½HkodkU armif;ESifapcJhav{/f / blwm½HkodkU armifausmfjr qdkufa&mufaomtcg &efukefodkU oGm;aom pmydkU&xm;BuD;onf taiGU wacsmif;acsmif; vTwfvsuf blwm½Hka&SUü &yfwefUum &Sdae&m c&D;onfwdkUonf vufrSwf½Hk a&SUü wdk;a0SUum vufrSwfrsm; 0,f,lvsuf &SdMuav{/f / armifausmfjronf jrif;&xm;ay:rS qif;oufcJhNyD;vQif 'kwd,wef; vufrSwfaygufodkU oGm;a&muf&m vufrSwfpma&; r&Sdcdkuf jzpfojzifh om;a&aowåmudk ysOfjym;ay:ü wifNyD;aemuf &yfwefUum apmifhqdkif;vsuf &Sdav{/f / xdkcPü vlwpfa,mufonf armifausmfjr{/f teD;ü &yfum owif;pmwpfapmifudk zwf½Ivsuf&Sd&m armifausmfjronf xdkol{/f ykcHk;ay:rS ausmfí owif;pmudk MunfUvdkufonfwGif pmvHk;BuD;rsm;ESifh atmufygtwdkif; acgif;wyfxm;onfU owif;wpfckudk awGUjrifzwf½I&av{/f "m;wef;&yf vlowfrIESifh pyfvsOf;í txl;tqef; awGU&jcif; xdkacgif;pOfudk awGUjrifonfESifh wNydKifeuf armifausmfjronf ¤if;owif;pmudk blwm½kH&Sd pmtkyfqdkifrS 0,f,lzwf½I&m atmufygtwdkif; awGUjrifav{/f / ]"m;wef;&yf vlowfrIESifh pyfvsOf;í pHkaxmufbufqdkif&m tifpydwfawmf armifbwifESifh |metkyf armifoef;azwdkUonf pHkaxmufjcif;vkyfief;ü tvGefw&m txHk0goem yg&Sdí uGsrf;usif em;vnfaom a&SUaeBuD; armifxGef;jrifh{/f ulnD axmufyHhjcif;jzifh OD;MumnGefU{/f wdkufcef;udk aocsmpGm pHkprf;&SmazGvsuf &SdMu&m armifxGef;jrifh{/f xifjrifcsufrSm jypfrIusL;vGefaomolonf 0g&ifholwpfa,muf jzpfaomaMumifh ajc&m vuf&mrQ rusef&pfapatmif vHkNcHKpGm zHk;zdedkifonfudk awGU&Sd&aMumif;? tavmif;udk MunfU½IpHkprf;aom q&m0efBuD;{/f xifjrifcsufrSm xdkrdef;uav;onf udk,fwGif;odkU xdk;oGif;aom tqdyfwpfrsdK;jzifh touf qHk;½IH;&onf[k rSwfxifaMumif;? ¤if;tqdyfonf pm;&aom tqdyfr[kwf? aoG;ESifha&maESmatmif jyGwfi,fESifh xdk;oGif;&aom tqdyfrsdK; jzpfonf[k qdkzG,f&m&Sdaomfvnf; rnfonfUae&mü jyGwfi,fESifh xkd;oGif;onfU 'Pf&mudkvnf; rawGU&Sd&onf jzpfaomaMumifh rsm;pGm usyfwnf;cJ,Of;jcif; &SdaeaMumif;} pojzifh awGUjrifzwf½I&av{/f / ¤if;owif;udk zwf½INyD;onfESifh wNydKifeuf armifausmfjronf pdwfoabm ajymif;vGJ oGm;onfU vu©PmESifh om;a&aowåmudk wzef aumuf,lNyD;vQif blwm½HkrS xGufvmcJh&m jrif;&xm;wpfpD;ESifh tdrfodkU jyefvmcJhav{/f / tdrfodkU a&mufaomtcg a&TrsufrSefwyfvsuf &Sdaom

57

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

vlwpfa,mufonf tdrfOD;cef;ü xkdifum pmtkyfwpftkyfudk zwf½Ivsuf &SdonfESifh awGUav&um; armifausmfjronf yxrü rsufESmysufí oGm;NyD;aemuf [efvkyfum teD;odkU csOf;uyfNyD;vQif jr/ jr /]udkxGef;jrifh a&mufaeNyDvm;? awmfawmfMumoGm;NyD rSwfw,f} jrifh/ /(armifausmfjr{/f trlt&mudk aphaphMunfUvsuf) ][kwfuJh? reufrS awGUzdkUvdkU atmufarhwm? ,ckawmh udpöu ta&;BuD;vmavawmh nwGif;csif;yJ wpfacgufjyefNyD; vmcJh& w,fAs? uGsefawmfh pmuav; awGUw,f r[kwfvm;} jr/ jr /]awGUygw,f? awGUvdkU eufjzefeHeufrS vmr,fvdkU pdwful;aewmygyJ} jrifh/ /(om;a&tdwfudk MunfUvsuf) ]om;a&aowåmawG bmawGESifh b,foGm;rvdkUvJAs} jr/ /]om;a&aowåm aomhysufaewmESifh aomhjyifwJhqdkifrSm tyfxm;wm vrf;BuHKwmESifh jr 0ifNyD; a½G;,lvmcJhygw,fAsm} jrifh/ /]'gxuf udpöwpfck ta&;BuD;aew,fAs? cifAsm; ulnDedkif ulnDprf;yg} jr/ jr /]bmudpövJ udkxGef;jrifh} jrifh/ /]"m;wef;&yfu vlowfrItaMumif; cifAsm; Mum;NyD;NyDvm;} jr/ jr /]OD;MumnGefU tdrfu vlowfrItaMumif;vm;? owif;pmrSm awGUrdygw,f? bmjzpfvdkUvJ} jrifh/ /]ykvdyfu olwdkU pHkaxmufvdkU r&edkifvdkU uGsefawmfhudk vmNyD; tyluyf aejyefNyDAs} jr/ /]awmfawmfvnf; eufeJwJh trIuav;ESifh wlw,f} jr jrifh/ /]eufeJwmuawmh bmajymp&m &SdrvJAsm? ajc&mcHvdkUudk ,ckxufxd wpfpGef;wpfprS ray:ekdifao;bl;? 'gxuf udkausmfjr aowJh rdef;uav;udk cifAsm; rodbl;vm;} jr/ jr /(tvGefw&m tHhMoaom rsufESmxm;ESifh) ]BuHBuHpnfpnf udkxGef;jrifh&,f? cifAsm;wdkU trIpHkaxmufwJh vlrsm;[m vljriforQudk &mZ0wfaumifcsnhf rSwfaeNyD xifw,f} jrifh/ /(armifausmfjr{/f rsufESmudk aphaphMunfUvsuf) ]rajymwwfygbl; cifAsm? cifAsm; todxJursm; jzpfaervm;vdkU ar;rdwmygyJ} jr/ jr /]b,folb,f0g&,fvdkU ykvdyft&m&SdawGawmif pHkprf;vdkU ray:edkifatmif &SdwJh rdef;uav;wpfa,mufudk uGsefawmfu tdrfuaeNyD; odedkifyghrvm;Asm? rouFm&ifvnf; wnfUwnfU om zGifhNyD; ar;vdkufyg? 'Drdef;uav;udk cifAsm;u uGsefawmf owfw,fvdkU xifovm;} jrifh/ /]pdwfr&SdygESifhAsm? odrvm;vdkU ar;rdjcif; jzpfygw,f? rod&ifvnf; NyD;a&maygh} jr/ /]aeprf;ygOD;Asm? b,fhES,faMumifh cifAsm;u uGsefawmf odw,fvdkU xifedkif&ovJ} jr jrifh/ /]usDpm;NyD; ar;wmygAsm? pHkaxmuf tifpydwfawmf udkbwifu onftaMumif;udk cifAsm; odvdrfhr,fvdkU xifaewJhtwGuf uGsefawmfu odvdkodjim; vmNyD; pHkprf;jcif; jzpfygw,f?
58

a&TOa'gif;

rodvdkU&Sd&ifvnf; aemufxyfNyD; ar;zdkU r&Sdygbl;Asm} [k NyHK;&,fum ajymNyD;aemuf armifxGef;jrifh onf armifausmfjrudk EIwfqufí tdrfay:rS qif;oGm;av&m armifausmfjrrSm pdwfrauseyfaom rsufESmxm;ESifh armifxGef;jrifhtm; rsufarSmifMuKwfum MunfUí usef&pfav{/f /

tcef;(6) aemufwpfaeUü pHkaxmuf pmwpfapmifudk &&Sdav{/f / tifpydwfawmf armifbwifonf pmwdkufrS atmufyg

]pma&; tpD&ifcHygonf tifpydwfawmfrif; cifAsm? uGsefawmf{/f wdkufcef;twGif; awGU&Sdaom oli,fr{/f taMumif;udk xyfavmif; pHkprf;&ef rvdkawmhyg? oli,frudk owfolonf tjcm;r[kwf? uGsefawmfyif jzpfygonf/ xkdoli,fronf rnfoljzpfí uGsefawmfonf rnfonfUtaMumif;aMumifh ¤if;{/f toufudk qHk;½IH;atmif pD&if&onfudkrl xkwfazmfa&;om;&ef uGsefawmftvdkr&Sdyg/ ykvdyft&m&SdwdkY{/f 0wå&m;rSm tavmif;wpfckudk awGU&SdcJhvQif ¤if;udk rnfol owfonf[k od&SdcJhvQif vHkavmufonf[k uGsefawmf rSwfxifygaomaMumifh taMumif;udk pHkvifpGm azmfjyjcif; rjyKbJ uGsefawmf owfaMumif;udkom 0efcHvdkufygonf/ 0efcHNyD;aemuf uGsefawmfhudk &SmazG&efvnf; rvdkawmhyg/ uGsefawmfonf tpdk;& tjypf'Pfudk rcHvdkonf jzpfí rdrdudk,fudkrdrd pD&ifvdkufygonf/ OD;MumnGefU} pmudkzwf½INyD;aemuf pHkaxmuf tifpydwfawmf armifbwifonf |memtkyf armifoef;azESifh wdkifyifMu&m twefi,fMumaomtcg tifpydwfawmf armifbwifonf armifxGef;jrifh tdrfodkU a&mufí ¤if;pmudk armifxGef;jrifhtm; jyav{/f / armifxGef;jrifhonf tHhMoaom trlt&mESifh pmudk zwf½INyD;aemuf wD;wdk;pum; wdkifyifMuNyD;vQif armifbwif jyefoGm;onfESifh wNydKifeuf armifausmfjr{/f aetdrfodkU oGm;a&mufjyefav{/f / armifxGef;jrifh tdrfay:udk wufvmonfudk jrifonfESifh wNydKifeuf jr/ ö jr /]bmudpö vm&jyefovJAs? vlowfrI udpyJvm;} jrifh/ /]tppfyJ udkausmfjr? owfwJhvlu pmESifh a&;NyD; ajzmifhcsufay;aeNyDAs} jr/ /]tvdk [kwfuJhvm;Asm? b,folUqDudk ajzmifhcsufay;ovJ} jr jrifh/ /]tifpydwfawmf udkbwifqDudk pmESifh a&;NyD; ajzmifhcsufay;w,f? pmukdawmif uGsefawmf ,lvmcJhao;w,f? a&mh 'DrSm cifAsm; MunfUcsif MunfUygvm;} [k armifausmfjrtm; jy&m armifausmfjronf pmudk zwfvsuf&SdpOf armifxGef;jrifhonf armifausmfjr{/f rsufESmxm;udk pdkufai;um tuJcwfvsuf &Sdav{/f / pmudk tprS tqHk;wdkif zwfNyD;aemuf armifausmfjronf rsm;pGm ta&;rBuD;onfU trlt&mESifh pmudk armifxGef;jrifh{/f vufodkU jyeftyfvsuf jr/ jr /]'D[m cifAsm; b,fhES,f oabm&ovJ}
59

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

jrifh/ /]uGsefawmfawmh wu,fa&;wJh pmyJ xifwmyJ} jr/ jr /]b,fhES,faMumifh cifAsm; xifedkifovJ} jrifh/ /]OD;MumnGefU udk,fwdkifu 'Dpmra&;&if 'Dhjyif b,folu0ifNyD; b,fvdk tBuHtpnfESifh a&;OD;rSmvJAs} jr/ jr /]aeygOD;As? OD;MumnGefU[m olUudk,fol owfvdkufNyDvdkU cifAsm;wdkU ,HkMunfw,fvm;} jrifh/ /]'DvdkyJ xif&wmyJ} jr/ jr /]tavmif;udk cifAsm;wdkU awGUovm;} jrifh/ /]aMomf [kwfw,fAsdKU? tavmif;udkawmh rawGUao;bl;} jr/ jr /]tavmif;udk awGUrS pdwfcs&awmhrayghAs} jrifh/ /]'DudpörSm cifAsm;oabm b,fvdk&ovJ} jr/ /]uGsefawmh oabmuawmh owfaMumif;udk 0efcHNyD;? owfwJhvl[m udk,fUudk,fudk jr tqHk;pD&ifvdkufNyDvdkU taMumif;Mum;vdkU&Sd&if ykvdyfu qufvufNyD; vufonfay:atmif rpHkprf; apzdkU ÚmPfqifNyD; a&;vdkufwJh pmvm;vdkU awG;rdw,fAsm} jrifh/ /]cifAsm; ajymovdkvJ awG;p&m &Sdaeygw,f} ¤if;aemuf armifxGef;jrifhESifh armifausmfjrwdkUonf trItaMumif;udk tprS tqHk;wdkif jyefvSefajymqdk&if; toD;oD; xifjrifcsuf ay;vsuf&SdMu&m armifxGef;jrifhonfvnf; armifausmfjr rsufESm ysufonf rysufonfudk aocsmpGm tuJcwfvsuf &Sdav{/f / xdkUaemufrS jrifh/ /]waeYavmufawmh tifpydwfawmf udkbwifudk cifAsm;ESifh awGUatmif usKyf ac:cJhOD;rAsm} jr/ jr /(½kwfw&uf rsufESm ysufoGm;í) ]awmif;yefyg&apAsm? rac:cJhygESifh} jrifh/ /]bmjyKvdkUvJ} jr/ jr /]uGsefawmfu cifAsm;odwJhtwdkif; cyfat;at; aecsifwJhvlAs? ykvdyft&m&SdawG bmawGESifh a&maESmpyf,Suf aecsifwJhvl r[kwfygbl;} jrifh/ /]edkUayr,fh udkbwifu cifAsm;ESifh awGUcsifw,fvdkU ajymw,f} jr/ jr /]awGUcsifvdkU&Sd&ifvJ ac:vmcJhwmayghav? odkUaomf b,fawmhavmuf vmMurSmvJ} jrifh/ /]wpf&uf ESpf&uf twGif;ayghAsm} [kajymqdkNyD;aemuf armifxGef;jrifhonf armifausmfjr tm; EIwfqufí tdrfay:rS qif;oGm;av{/f / armifausmfjronf pD;u&ufwpfvdyfudk rD;ñSdí aomuf½SL&if; twefMumatmif pOf;pm; pdwful;aeNyD;rS
60

a&TOa'gif;

]pHkaxmuf aygufp a,mifa,mif awGUMua&mayghuG,f xGef;jrifh&,f}

bma,mifa,mifESifh

rif;ESifhig

'Dwpfcg

tcef;(7) wpfaeUaom naecif;tcsdefü jrif;&xm;wpfpD;onf ausmufaoG;wef;vrf;&Sd armifausmfjr aetdrfa&SUü qdkufa&mufNyD;aemuf rdrdBuD;onf armifausmfjr{/f tdrfay: odkU wufoGm;í tapcH OD;jrwfomtm; armifausmfjr r&Sdygoavm[k ar;jref;av{/f / xkdtcg tapcH OD;jrwfomu armifausmfjrrSm ,ref eHeufuyif udpöwpfckESifh a&Tbdke,fodkU oGm;aeaMumif; ajymjyonfwGif rdrdBuD;onf OD;jrwfomtm; ar;vdkaom pum;tenf;i,f &SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh {nfUcef;ü 0ifí xdkifav{/f / ¤if;aemuf rdrdBuD;onf NyHK;csdKaom rsufESmxm;ESifh BuD;/ /]b,fhES,fvJ OD;jrwfom? tckwavm &SifwdkU q&mBuD;u tvnftywf tm;BuD; rsm;aew,f xifw,f} om/ om /]rvnfygbl; rrav;&,f} BuD;/ /]uG,fraeygESifh OD;jrwfom&,f? uGsefru tukefodNyD;om;yg} om/ /]umvom;qdkwm vnfwJhtcgvJ vnfwmaygh rrav;} om BuD;/ /]a&Tbdk oGm;umeD; bmrsm; rSmxm;cJhao;vJ} om/ om /]rrav;twGufawmh bmrS rrSmcJhbl; rrav;&JU} BuD;/ /]uGsefr twGuf rrSm&if b,folUtwGuf rSmcJhao;ovJ} om/ om /]rcifMunfqdkwJh rdef;uav;wpfa,muf vmar;vdkU&Sd&if aps;csdKpmwdkufBuD;rSm olUeHrnfESifh pmrsm; a&mufraebl;vm;vdkU oGm;NyD;ar;zdkU rSmxm;cJhw,f} BuD;/ /]b,fu rcifMunfvJ OD;jrwfom&JU} om/ om /]uGsefawmfvJ rjrifzl;bl; rrav;&JU} BuD;/ /]edkU olwpfcgrS vmrar;ao;bl;vm;} om/ om /]rvmao;bl; rrav;&JU} BuD;/ /]'gjzifh udkudkjr rSmcJhwJh pum;vJ rajym&ao;bl;aygh} om/ om /]rajym&ao;bl; rrav;&JU}

61

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

BuD;/ /]'gjzifh uGsefr ajymr,f OD;jrwfom? tvdk tdrfa&SUu jrif;&xm; qdkufaeyguvm;? b,folygvdrfh? wefawmh rcifMunfqdkwm olyJ rSwfw,f? aeOD; OD;jrwfom? udkudkjr rSmcJhwJh pum;udk olUudk rajymESifhOD;? uGsefrqDudkom t&ifvTwfvdkuf? Mum;&JUvm;} om/ om /]aumif;ygNyD rrav;} xdkcPü 0wfpm;wefqm aumif;rGefpGm 0wfqifvsuf tvGefw&m tcsdK;tpm;useaom oli,frwpfa,mufonf jrif;&xm;ay:rS qif;vmí 0if;twGif;odkU 0ifvm&m avScg;OD;wGif OD;jrwfomESifh awGUí oli,fronf tdrfay: odkU wufvmav{/f / {nfUonfoli,fronf {nfUcef;ü rdrdBuD;udk awGUjrifaomtcg tHhtm;oifhonfU trlt&mESifh qkwfqdkif;&yfwefUvsuf &Sdav&m rdrdBuD;u avmu0wfysLiSm rsufESmxm; csdKompGmESifh ae&mxdkifcif; ay;onfwGif wpfckaom ukvm;xdkifü 0ifíxdkifav{/f / oli,frESpfa,mufwdkUonf rdrdwdkU "r®wmxHk;pHtwdkif; wpfa,muf{/f ½kyftqif;ESifh 0wfyHkpm;yHk taetxm;wdkUudk wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf MunfU½I tuJcwfMuNyD;aemuf BuD;/ /]rcifMunfqdkwm rSwfw,f} Munf/ /]rSefygw,f? udkausmfjr wpfa,muf &Sdygovm;&Sif} BuD;/ /]udkausmfjr onfuaeU reufuyJ a&TbdkoGm;vdkU rcifMunfqdkwm vmar;vdkU&Sd&if ESpf&uf oHk;&uftwGif; jyefvmvdrfhr,fvdkU ajym&pfygvdkU rSmoGm;ygw,f} Munf/ /]jzpfrSjzpf&av&Sif? udpöu ta&;BuD;vdkU vmcgrS olESifh vGJaeygNyD? &SifESifh qdk&ifaum b,fvdk awmfygovJ&Sif} BuD;/ /]i,foli,fcsif;rdkU armif&if;ESrvdk tifrwef cifMuwmygyJ&Sif? uGsefr eHrnfu rdrdBuD;ygwJh? tck b,ft&yfu vmwmygvJ&Sif} Munf/ /]tr&yl&NrdKUu vmcJhygw,f? oda[mif; uGsrf;a[mif;ygyJ} BuD;/ /]rSmxm;p&m pum;rsm;&Sd&ifvJ OD;jrwfomudk rSmxm;cJhedkifygw,f&Sif} Munf/ /]tdk aeygap? oljyefvmrSyJ uGsefr aemufxyfNyD; wpfacgufvmygOD;r,f? 'DtwGif; oljyefvmvdkU&Sd&if uGsefr vmNyD; ar;wJhtaMumif; ajymvdkufygawmh&Sif} xdkcPü OD;jrwfomonf {nfUonfrsm;twGuf umzDESifh rkefUyGJrsm; jyifqifum ,lvmNyD;aemuf wnfcif;auGs;arG;av&m oli,frESpfa,mufwdkUonf umzDaomuf&if; oifhavsmf aom pum;wdkUudk tvdkuftxdkuf ajymqdkMuvsuf wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf tuJcwfum &SdaeMuav{/f / rdrdBuD;{/f pdwfü xdkoli,fronf tr&yl&u vmonf qdkaomfvnf; 0wfyHkpm;yHkrSm tvGefw&m tcsdK;usí zD;yHkvdrf;yHkrSmvnf; &efukefolESifh wlonf[k rSwfxifrdav&m? rcifMunf{/f pdwfüvnf; xkdoli,fronf rEåÅav;olyDyD EGJUEGJUaysmif;aysmif; tvGefyif MunfUíaumif;aomaMumifh armifausmfjrESifh orD;&nf;pm;yif jzpfavoavm[k awG;xifrdav{/f /
62

a&TOa'gif;

q,frdepfcefUrQ xdkifaeMuNyD;aemuf rcifMunfonf rdrdBuD;udk EIwfqufum tdrfay:rS qif;NyD;vQif jrif;&xm;ESifh jyefoGm;av&m rdrdBuD;onfvnf; ig;rdepfcefUrQ qdkif;iHhNyD;vQif jrif;&xm; wpfpD;udk ac:apí aps;csdKbufodkY armif;ESifapav{/f / aps;csdKajrmufbuf pmwdkufBuD;odkY a&mufaomtcg jrif;&xm;udk &yfwefUapNyD;aemuf rdrdBuD;onf pmwdkdufAdkvftm; rcifMunftrnfESifh pmwpfapmif qdkufa&mufvsuf &Sdygoavm[k ar;jref;&m pmwdkufAdkvfonf pmtdwftajrmuftjrm; pkyHkxm;onfUteufrS pmtdwfwpftdwfudk a&G;cs,fNyD;vQif rdrdBuD;tm; ay;av{/f / ]aps;csdK pmwdkufAdkvfrS aus;Zll;jyKí rcifMunf awmif;cHvmaomtcg ay;&ef} [k a&;om;yg&Sdonfudk awGU&Sd&av{/f / ¤if;aemuf rdrdBuD;onf pmwdkufAdkvftm; aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymMum;í jrif;&xm;ay: odkU wpfzefwufNyD;vQif pmtdwfudk vrf;c&D;ü zGifhí zwfav&m pmukd zwfNyD;onf{/f tqHk;ü tvGefw&m tHhMovSonfU vu©PmESifh rdrdBuD;rSm taMumifom;ai;vsuf &Sdav{/f / armifausmfjronf rdrdtBuHtpnfudk a&SUaearmifxGef;jrifh &dyfrdod&Sdrnf pdk;&drfojzifh rEÅav;NrdKUrS a&SmifcGmí ae&onfUtaMumif;udk ,cifwpfywfu a&;om;azmfjycJhNyD;avNyD/ a&Tbdk 'dpBudwf 0ufvufNrdKUtydkif ocGwfawm&GmteD; wpfckaom a&uefBuD; eHab;ü wpfaeUaom naecif;tcsdefwGif armifausmfjronf vlwpfa,mufESifh wD;wdk; wdkifyifvsuf &SdMu&m jr/ jr /]b,fhES,fvJAsdKU udka'ge? cifAsm; 'Dudkvmwm b,folrsm; &dyfrdao;ovJ} e/ /]b,fol &dyfrdrvJAsm? [dktrI jzpfNyD;uwnf;u rEÅav;NrdKUu xGufcGmNyD; a&mufwwf&m&m avQmufoGm;aevdkufwm ,ckrS cifAsm; ac:vdkU vmcJhwmyJ? tpdk;& pHkaxmuf udkbwifuawmh 'DtrIudk vufavQmhvdkufNyDqdk [kwfuJhvm;} jr/ jr /]ol vufavQmhwmu udpö r&Sdbl;As? rSefwJhtwdkif; &dyfrdoGm;rSmom pdk;&drfae&wJh vlESpfa,muf &Sdw,f} e/ /]b,folrsm;vJAsm} jr/ jr /]yxr wpfa,mufu usKyfwdkU rdwfaqG udkxGef;jrifhyAsm} e/ /][m 'Dvlu tvum;vl ygAsm? a&SUaerdkUvdkU Oya'uav; enf;enf;em;vnfwmESifh wwfa,mifum; vkyfNyD; avQmufMuGm;aewJh vlygAs? 'gxuf ajzmifhcsuf a&;ay;vdkufwJh pmaum b,fhES,faeovJAsdKU} jr/ jr /]tifpydwfawmf udkbwifu ,HkMunfwJh vu©Pm&Sdw,f? udkdxGef;jrifhawmh ,Hk[ef rwlbl;As? awmfawmf yg;wJh vlyJ} e/ /]'gxuf aool rtkef;pdef&JU rdwfaqG rcifMunf wpfa,mufaum b,frSm aeovJAs}
63

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

jr/ jr /]tr&yl& a&mufaew,fvdkU Mum;w,f} e/ /]rawmfwq rcifMunfu rEÅav;rsm;oGm;NyD; olU oli,fcsif; b,faeovJvdkU pHkprf;cJhvdkU &Sd&if usKyfwdkU tBuHtpnfawmh *Gusrukefaybl;vm;Asm} rtkef;pdef

jr/ jr /]rpdk;&drfygESifhAsm? rawmfwq rEÅav; oGm;jyefvdkU &Sd&if usKyfwdkU tBuH ysufrukefatmif usKyfu pmESifh a&;NyD;ygNyD} e/ /]aeygOD;Asm? rcifMunfu rtkef;pdef aowJhtaMumif;udk wpfenf;enf;ESifh odroGm; aybl;vm;Asm} jr/ jr /]b,fenf;ESifh odedkifrSmvJ? tavmif;udkvnf; ol rjrif? tavmif; tu,fvdkU oljrifapumrl aoNyD;wJhaemuf &dkufwJh "mwfyHk qdkwm ½kyfzrf;zdkU awmfawmf cufygw,fAs} e/ /]'gjzifh usKyfwdkU pdk;&drfzdkU &Sdwm ESpfa,muf &Sdw,fvdkU cifAsm; ajymw,f? 'kwd,vlu b,folvJAsm} jr/ jr /]orm"dNrdKU0ef OD;vluav;&JU orD; rdrdBuD; ayghAs} e/ /]rdrdBuD;vm;As? olu bmqdkifvdkU usKyfwdkU tBuH odedkifrSmvJ} jr/ jr /]bmaMumifh odw,fvdkUawmh usKyf rajymwwfbl;? odkUaomf trSef rkcs enf;enf; rouFmwJh vu©Pm &Sdw,f? usKyfuvJ r&ru twif;vJ rar;0Hh ygbl;As? ar;vdkuf&if omNyD; rouFm jzpfoGm;rSm pdk;&ao;w,f} e/ /]pdk;&drfzdkUyAsm? trsm;BuD; pdk;&drfzdkUy? aeOD; cifAsm;wdkU ESpfa,muf &efrsm; jzpfMuzl;ovm;} jr/ jr /]rjzpf&ygbl;Asm? olYbmomol rouFm wmygyJ} e/ /]cifAsm; udku enf;enf; vdkoGm;ygw,f? rlvuwnf;u rouFm rjzpfap&atmif cifAsm;u vkyfzdkU aumif;w,f} jr/ jr /]usKyftjypf r[kwfbl; rdwfaqG? olu b,fu b,fvdk owif;&NyD; usKyfudk rouFmwm rqdkekdifbl;? 'DtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufNyD; usKyfudk zGifhar;zl;w,f} e/ /]cifAsm;u 'Dawmh ouFmruif; jzpfwJhpdwf vHk;vHk;aysmufatmif ajymrjyvdkufbl;vm;} jr/ jr /]ajymawmh vG,fw,f rdwfaqG? tvkyfqdkwm vkyfMunfUrS cufrSef; odwm} e/ /]'gjzifh awmfawmf tusyfom;yJAsdKU? rdrdBuD; oabmudkvnf; usKyf odw,f? awmfawmf pdwfBuD;wJh rdef;uav; wpfa,mufyJ? udk,fU&nf;pm; jzpfNyDaumvdkU csrf;omay;rJh rdef;uav; wpfa,muf r[kwfbl;? r[kwfrcH csifwwfwJh oabm jywfawmufwJh pdwfoabmvnf; &Sdavawmh trIESifh awGUvm&if udk,fU&nf;pm;&,fvdkU ñSmwmvdrfUr,f r[kwfbl;? enf;vrf; &Sdoavmufawmh jyKvdrfUr,f xifw,f} jr/ jr /]cifAsm; awG;wmvJ w,fr&dkif;bl;}
64

a&TOa'gif;

e/ /]aeygOD;Asm? udkxGef;jrifh qdkwJh vlESifh rdrdBuD; ESifhu oduGsrf;zl;ovm;As} jr/ jr /]odyHk r&ygbl;Asm? wpfcgrS ajymoH rMum;zl;ygbl;} e/ /]'gjzifh awmfao;&JUAsdKU? rouFmwJh vlESpfa,muf awGUqHk ESD;aESmMur,f qkd&if usKyfwdkU tBuHawG ay:ukefrSm omNyD; pdk;&drf&w,f} jr/ jr /]'gvJ rSefw,f} e/ /]udkausmfjrudk usKyf wpfckawmh csD;rGrf; csifw,fAsm? [dkaeUu cifAsm; OD;MumnGefU a,mifaqmifNyD; ykvdyfqDrSm wdkifcsufawG bmawG &J&J0Hh0Hh ay;0Hhwm usKyf tHhMooAsm? 'Dvdk ½kyfajymif;wJh twwfawG cifAsm; b,fwkef;u oifxm;ovJ} jr/ jr /]'DvdkayghAsm? 'Dbufu usKyfu 0goem xHkwmESifh &,fp&m armp&m jzpfatmif vkyfzdkU avhusifhNyD; xm;zl;w,f? udkif; odkUaomf usKyfukd csD;rGrf;aevdkU udpörNyD;ao;bl;As? usKyfwdkU tBuHudk &dyfrdwJh vlESpfa,muf &Sdwm trSefyJ? 'DESpfa,mufudk usKyfwdkUu ekdifeif;zdkU a&SUudk b,fvdk aqmif&Gufr,f qdkwm tBuHxkwfMuzdkUu ta&;BuD;w,f} [k ajymNyD;aemuf xdkolESpfa,mufwdkUonf aq;jyif;vdyf udk,fpDñSdvsuf wJeHab;ü xdkifum rdrdwdkU{/f tBuHtpnfrsm;udk ESD;aESmwdkifyifvsuf &SdaeMuav{/f /

tcef;( 8 )

rdrdBuD;onf armifausmfjru rcifMunfxH a&;om;ay;ydkYvdkufaom pmudk pmwdkufrS jzwfí ,lcJhNyD;aemuf pmudk azmufí zwfrdaomtcg tvGefw&m tHhMovSaom pdwfjzpfay:cJhNyD;vQif rcifMunf taMumif;udk awG;rdwdkif; orD;&nf;pm;wdkU bm0 jzpfay:wwfonfU remvdk 0efwdkaom pdwfonfvnf; rcHedkifatmif zdpD;vsuf &Sdav{/f / xkdtcsdefrSpí rdrdBuD;onf xdktrI udpudk tjrpf&if;odkU wdkifatmif pHkprf;od&SdaptHh[k aeUa&m ö nOfUyg rdrdü &SdorQ ÓPfudk xkdtrIü toHk;jyKvsuf &SdcJhav{/f / aemufwpfaeUü rdrdBuD;onf rcifMunfqdkaom rdef;uav;rSmvnf; ¤if;trIESifh pyfvsOf;í armifausmfjrESifh BuHazmfpnfzuf jzpfrnf[k xkdpmudk axmufjcif;tm;jzifh awG;awmrdonf jzpfí rcifMunfxHrS pum;&orQ atmuftpf npfxkwfrnfU tBuHtpnfESifh armifausmfjr{/f aetdrfodkU oGm;a&mufav{/f / tdrfodkU a&mufaomtcg tapcH OD;jrwfomESifh awGUí rcifMunf vma&mufcJhvQif rdrdxH ac:cJh&ef rSmxm;NyD;vQif {nfUcef;rS apmifhqdkif;vsuf &Sdae&m wpfem&DcefUrQ Mumaomtcg rcifMunfonfvnf; a&S;enf;twl jrif;&xm;wpfpD;ESifh qdkufa&mufvmav{/f / rdef;uav; ESpfa,mufwdkUonf {nfUcef;ü xdkifum pum;ajymqdkvsuf &SdMupOf rdrdBuD;onf rcifMunfxHrS pum;&ekdiforQ tpfatmifvSnfUywfum ar;jref;ygaomfvnf; rcifMunfrSm vlowfrI taMumif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í tu,fpifppf rodaomaMumifh aomfvnf;aumif;? odkUwnf;r[kwf rdrdBuD;uJhodkUyif yg;eyfaom rdef;uav; wpfa,muf jzpfaomaMumifh toGm;tvmudk &dyfrdí bl;uG,faomaMumifh

65

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

vnf;aumif; &Sdae&um; rdrdBuD;onf rnfonfU xl;jcm;aom owif;udkrQ xyfí rod&SdedkifbJ &SdaecJhav\/ xdktcg rdrdBuD;onf pum;ppfxkd;aom tvkyfudk vufavQmhNyD;vQif tBuHwpfrsdK;ESifh? rcifMunfu rdrdtm; EIwfqufí &xm;ESifh jyefoGm;aomtcgwGif rdrdBuD;onf tjcm;&xm; wpfpD;ay:odkU wufí wHcg;udk tvHkydwfNyD;aemuf jrif;&xm; armif;orm;tm; a&SUrS armif;oGm;aom jrif;&xm;udk rvSrf;rurf;rS rDatmif vdkuf&ef ajymjyav{/f / jrif;&xm; ESpfpD;wdkUonf ajrmufbufodkU armif;ESifMuí aps;csdKawmfBuD;buf 'efaygufxrif;qdkif wpfqdkifodkU a&mufaomtcg rcifMunf ygoGm;aom &xm;onf qdkifa&SUwGif &yfwefUí rcifMunfonf qdkifwGif;odkU 0ifoGm;av{/f / xkdtjcif;t&mudk rdrdBuD; awGUjrif&aomtcg jrif;orm;tm; ¤if;qdkifudk ausmfvGef armif;apí reD;ra0;odkU a&mufaomtcg &yfwefUapNyD;vQif qdkifa&SUrS wpfzef armif;ESifjyefav{/f / ,if;uJhodkU acgufwHkUacgufjyef qdkifa&SUrS jrif;&xm;udk armif;ESifapí rdrdBuD;onf jrif;&xm; twGif;rS qdkifudk acsmif;ajrmif; MunfU½I rdaomtcgwGif rcifMunfonf wpfckaom pm;yGJwGif xdkifvsuf a[mif;EGrf;aom t0wftpm;rsm; 0wfqifxm;ojzifh bdef;pm; uwfaus;udkufESifh oP²mefwlaom vlwpfa,mufESifh pdwftm;BuD;pGm pum;ajymqdk wdkifyifvsuf &SdaeMuonfudk awGUjrif&av{/f / rcifMunfrSmrl rnfonfU tpm;tpmudkrQ rpm;raomufbJ ar;jref;&ef &SdorQudk pdwftm;xufoefpGm ar;jref; pHkprf;vsuf &Sdav&m xdkolrSmrl tpm rawGU&onfrSm MumvSonfU vu©PmESifh yvkyfyavmif; pm;aomuf&if; acgif;ndwfum vnfndwfumjzifh &Hzef jyefMum; ajzqdkvsuf &Sdav{/f / em&D wpf0ufcefUrQ wkdifyifMuNyD;aemuf xdkol ESpfa,mufwdkUonf tjyifodkU xGufvm&m rcifMunfonf jrif;&xm; wpfpD;ay: odkU wufawmhrnfqJqJ &SdonfwGif xdkvlonf qdkif&Sif ukvm;xHrS cJwHESifh pmwpf&Gufudk awmif;NyD;vQif wpfpHkwpfckudk a&;om;í pm&Gufudk rcifMunf{/f vufodkU ay;tyfNyD;aemuf jrif;&xm;vnf; armif;ESif oGm;av{/f / xdkolrSm ESpfouf tm;&&Sdaom vu©PmESifh rcifMunf{/f jrif;&xm; armif;ESif oGm;&mudk arQmfMunfUum usefae&pfonfudk rddrdBuD; awGUjrif&av{/f / ¤if;aemuf rdrdBuD;onf a&S;enf;twl rcifMunf{/f jrif;&xm;aemufodkU vdkufjyefap&m blwm½kHBuD;odkU ausmfvGefí a[mfukef;&yfuGufodkU a&muf&Sdaomtcg rcifMunf{/f jrif;&xm;onf ,dk,Gif; ysufpD;p jyKaeaom tdrftdkBuD; wpfaqmif{/f a&SUü &yfwefUí rcifMunfonf tdrfay: odkU wufoGm;av{/f / rdrdBuD;onfvnf; rdrd{/f jrif;&xm;udk reD;ra0;rS &yfwefUapNyD;vQif t&dyftuJudk MunfU½Ivsuf&Sd&m q,frdepfcefU Mumaomtcg rcifMunfonf tdrfjyifodkU xGufvmí &xm;ay: odkU wufNyD;vQif blwm½HkbufodkU armif;ESif oGm;jyefav{/f / xdktcgürlum; rdrdBuD;onf rcifMunf{/f aemufodkU rvdkufawmhbJ q,frdepfcefUrQ qufvuf&yfwefU apmifhqdkif;NyD;vQif ¤if;tdrfBuD; a&SUodkU armif;ESif apav{/f / tdrfa&SUü jrif;&xm;udk &yfNyD;vQif rdrdBuD;onf tdrfay: odkU wufoGm;&m toufav;q,fausmf t&G,fcefUrQ &Sdaom tdrf&Sif rdef;rBuD;ESifh awGUí rdef;uav; wpfa,muf rvma&mufygoavm[k ar;jref;&m ,ckyif jyefoGm;aMumif;ESifh jyefajymonfwGif BuD;/ /]jzpf&av&Sif? enf;enf;uav; vGJoGm;wmaygh}
66

a&TOa'gif;

&S tdrf&Sif/ /]ckuav;wifyJ qif;oGm;ygw,f} BuD;/ /]a':a':ESifh oda[mif; uGsrf;a[mif; yJvm; a':a':} tdrf&Sif/ /]rawGUzl; rjrifzl;ygbl; rdef;uav;&,f? rtkef;pdefESifh oli,fcsif;qdk xifyg&JU? awGUcsif&SmvdkUwJh? rtkef;pdefuvnf; ta0; oGm;aecdkuf jzpfaew,f} BuD;/ /]rtkef;pdefqdkwm a':a':ESifh b,fES,fawmfovJ} tdrf&Sif/ /]b,fvdkrSawmh rawmfygbl; wlr&,f? orD;uav;vdk wlruav;vdk cspfcifNyD; oluvJ rdrJh zrJh? ta':uvJ rkqdk;r jzpfavawmh twlwl aygif;pyfNyD; aeMuwmygyJ} BuD;/ /]rtkef;pdef a':a':ESifh twlwlaewm b,favmuf MumyvJ} rf tdrf&Sif/ /]wpfESpfausmf ESpfESpfeD;yg; &SdkygNyD} BuD;/ /]tckawmh rtkef;pdef b,foGm;ygovJ} tdrf&Sif/ /]ysOf;rem;rSm olU aqGrsdK;rsm; &SdvdkU tvnfoGm;ygw,f wlr&,f} BuD;/ /]rtkef;pdef 'DrSm aecJhwJh tcgrSm a,mufsm; {nfUonfrsm; tvnftywf vmzl;ovm; a':a':} tdrf&Sif/ /]vlwpfa,mufawmhjzifh rMumrMum vmwm jrifrdygw,f} xdktcg rdrdBuD;onf rdrd\ tusÐtdwfü xnfUxm;aom &ifxdk; "mwfyHkudk xkwfí jyNyD;vQif BuD;/ /]'D"mwfyHk wqdwfavmuf aoaocsmcsm MunfUyg a':a': 'Dvludk jrifzl;ovm;} tdrf&Sif/ /("mwfyHkudk aocsmpGm MunfUNyD;aemuf) ][m 'Dvlaygh? rtkef;pdefqD rMumrMum vmvnfwJh armifMumnGefU qdkwm} BuD;/ /]emrnfrsm; rSm;yr,f a':a': pOf;pm;ygOD;? udkMumnGefU [kwfuJhvm;? udkausmfjrqdk r[kwfvm; a':a':&JU} tdrf&Sif/ /]armifausmfjrvdkU rMum;zl;ygbl; wlr&,f? armifMumnGefU ygyJ} BuD;/ /]vlawmh 'DvlyJaemf a':a':} tdrf&Sif/ /]'DvlrS 'Dvltppfygawmf? ESmwH pif;pif; rsufcHk; cyfwkwfwkwfESifh a':a': aumif;aumif;BuD; rSwfrdygw,f} BuD;/ /]olaeawmh b,ft&yfrSm aeowJhvJ} tdrf&Sif/ /]ae&yfawmh aoaocsmcsm rodbl;awmh? pdwfoabmawmh tifrwef aumif;[ef wlw,f}

67

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

BuD;/ /]'Dhjyifaum a':a': olU taMumif;udk bmrsm; odao;ovJ} tdrf&Sif/ /]oluvJ pum;u cyfenf;enf;? ta':uvJ olrsm;vdk ar;vm; jref;vm; rvkyfavawmh bmrS onfUjyif rod&ygbl; wlr&,f} BuD;/ /]'gxuf rtkef;pdef taMumif; awmfawmf aumif;aumif; odovm;? rdbrsm;ESifh a':a':ESifhu oda[mif; uGsrf;a[mif; yJvm;} tdrf&Sif/ /]r[kwfygbl; wlr&,f? uGsrf;Muwm ESpfESpfavmufyJ &Sdygao;w,f? b,fvdk taMumif;aMumifh ar;ygovJ wlr&,f} ö BuD;/ /]tifrwef ta&;BuD;wJh udptwGuf ar;jref;&ygw,f a':a': 'gxuf ckeifu vmar;wJh rcifMunfqdkwm 'Dudk a&mufzl;ygovm;} tdrf&Sif/ /]rvmzl;ygbl; wlr&,f} BuD;/ /]uGsefrESifh 'DvlESifh[m orD;&nf;pm; b0 cspfBudKufaeMuNyD; awmif;&rff;r,fhqJqJ &SdaevdkU ar;ygw,f a':a':&,f} tdrf&Sif/ /]aeOD; wlr&,f? olwdkUawmh wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,muf cifcifrifrifawmh &SdwmyJ? ajymyHk qdkyHk trlt&m axmufMunfUawmhjzifh orD;&nf;pm; vu©Pmawmhjzifh r&Sdbl;? odkUaomf ESpfa,mufwnf; wdk;wdk; wdk;wdk;ESifh ajymaeMuwmawmhjzifh a':a': Mum;w,f} BuD;/ /]orD;&nf;pm;yif r[kwfaomfvnf; wdkifyifp&m taMumif;xl; wpfpHkwpfckawmh &Sdw,fvdkU qdkcsifoaygh a':a':} tdrf&Sif/ /][kwfvdrfhr,f wlra&? vlrodatmif wdkifyifp&m taMumif; wpfckawmh &Sdw,fvdkUawmh xifw,f} xdktcg rdrdBuD;rSm armifausmfjronf rtkef;pdefxH rMumcP vma&mufjcif;udk vnf;aumif;? rcifMunfonf armifausmfjrxH vma&mufí armifausmfjruvnf; rcifMunfxH pmwdkufrSwqifh pmay;pm,l jyKjcif;udk vnf;aumif;? rcifMunfESifh rtkef;pdefwdkUonf todtuGsrf; jzpfMuonfudk vnf;aumif; axmufcsifh&aomf trSef rkcs ¤if;wdkU oHk;OD; oHk;zvS,f wpfBudwfwnf; wpfÓPfwnff; jzpfí vQdKU0Sufaom udpö wpfckü twlwuG aqmif&Gufvsuf &SdMuaMumif;udk awG;rdonfwGif pdwfESvHk; romr,m jzpfcJhav\ / tdrf&Sif ta':BuD;vnf; rdrdBuD;\ romr,m rsufESmudk jrifavvQif a,mufsm;wdkU rnfonfrSm rdef;rom; tay:ü vdrfvnf vSnfUjzm; oabmxm; rwnfrMunf &Sdwwfjcif;rSm rdrdü udk,fawGUyif jzpfaomfvnf; xdkolrSm rdrd tuJ cwfrdoavmuf ajzmifhrwf wnfMunfyHk&onf jzpfaomaMumifh txifvGJí pdwfESvHk; roufrom rjzpf&ef taMumif;ESifh ajymMum;ygao; aomfvnf; rdrdBuD;url emrnf&if; twdkif; r[kwfbJ trnfvTJí todzGJUjcif;u ajzmifhrSefaom tMuHtpnf r[kwfedkif[k ,lqrdav\ / ¤if;aemuf rdrdBuD;onf rcifMunfESifh aemufwpfBudrf xyfrH awGUqHkcJhonf jzpfu taMumif;rsm;udk ray:vQif ay:atmif xyfavmif;í ar;jref;OD;rnf[k tMuHjzpfonfESifh tdrf&Sif ta':BuD;tm; aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymMum;NyD;vQif rdrd\ aetdrfodkU jyefvmcJhav\/
68

a&TOa'gif;

tcef; ( 9 ) a&Tbdk awmifvuf ocGyfawm&Gmonf teD;tyg;ü tjcm;aom &Gmrsm;uJhodkU wpfaygif; wpfpnf;wnf; pk½Hk; zGJUpnf;í pnf;½dk;rsm; um&Hxm;jcif; r&SdbJ ig;tdrfvQif wpfpk q,ftdrfvQif wpfpk tp&Sdonfjzifh tuGJuGJ tjym;jym; wjcm;pD &Sdaeaom &GmjyefUus,fBuD; jzpfavonf/ &Gm\ tpGef0,f ao;i,faom tdrfwpfaqmif twGif;ü armifausmfjronf a[mif;EGrf;aya&aom txnfwdkUudk 0wfqifvsuf armifa'ge qdkolESifh wD;wdk; wdkifyifvsuf &SdMu&m e/ /]rcifMunfESifh awGYatmif oGm;r,fqdkwJh tBuH[m awmfr,f rxifygbl; udkausmfjr&,f} jr/ jr /]bmaMumifhvJAs} e/ /]ckae tcgrSm rEÅav;udk cifAsm; oGm;zdkU oifhawmfr,f vdkUudk usKyf rxifbl;} jr/ /]b,fhES,f vkyfrvJ udka'ge? rcifMunfu rdrdBuD;ESifh awGUcJhw,fvdkU jr pma&;vdkufavawmh rdrdBuD;u 'DtrIrSm b,favmuftxd odw,fqdkwm usKyf aoaocsmcsm odcsifw,fAs} e/ /]'guawmh cifAsm; oabm ayghAsm? odkUaomfvnf; owd 0D&d,ESifhom oGm;ayawmh udkausmfjr? armifxGef;jrifh qdkwJh vluvJ awmfawmf yg;wJh vlAs? rcifMunfESifh yl;aygif;NyD; wpfywf½dkufrSmudkvJ pdk;&ao;w,f} jr/ jr /]cifAsm; pdk;&drfwmvJ w,fr½dkif;bl;? odkUaomf pdwfcsygAsm? owdwref ÓPfajruwkwf qdkwJh pum;vdk owd 0D&d,udk raygh ravsmhapbJ onf&efudk usKyf BuHNyD; NzdKzsufcJhr,fAsm? rpdk;&drfygESifh? udkif; ajymae Muma&mhr,f? rD;&xm;vnf; tcsdefeD;NyD xifw,fAsdKU? blwmudk oGm;vdkufOD;rS awmfr,f? usKyf r&SdwJh tcgrSm cifAsm; uvJ rayghravsmh apESifhAs? MuyfMuyf owdxm;&pfAsm? Mum;vm;} e/ /]usKyf twGufawmh pdwfcs&pfyg udkausmfjr&,f} ¤if;aeU ajcmufem&D tcsdefcefUwGif armifausmfjronf aumif;rGef oyf&yfpGm qif,if 0wfpm;vsuf rEÅav; blwmodkU qdkufvmaom ppfudkif;&xm; ay:rS qif;oufNyD;vQif jrif;&xm; wpfpD;ESifh tmV0Dvrf;&Sd [dkw,fodkU oGm;a&mufav\ / [dkw,fodkU qdkufa&mufNyD;aemuf armifausmfjronf acsmifusaom tcef; wpfcef;udk 0ifoGm;NyD;aemuf pm;p&m tenf;i,fudk rSmxm;í apmifhqdkif;vsuf&SdpOf [dkw,fa&SUü jrif;&xm;wpfpD; qdkufa&mufjyefí rcifMunfonf &xm;ay:rS qif;vmav\ / rcifMunfonfvnf; bdGKifukvm;udk ar;jref;í armifausmfjr &Sd&m tcef;odkU 0ifoGm;NyD;aemuf xdkol ESpfa,mufwdkUonf 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;om EIwfqufMuav\/ ¤if;wdkU ESpfa,mufonf oda[mif; uGsrf;a[mif; jzpfMuonfU twdkif; avmu0wf ysLiSm tmvmy ov’my pum; ajymqdkMuNyD;aemuf Munf/ /]tHhMoyg&JU&Sif? uGsefr vmr,f qdkwm od&ufom;ESifh wu,fvdkU udpö ta&;BuD;wJh twGuf ta0;NrdKU&Gm oGm;&apumrl tdrfrSmawmh rSmxm;cJhzdkU aumif;ygw,f}
69

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

jr/ jr /]rSmcJhom;yJudk;? rcifMunf pmwdkufrSm pmoGm;NyD; ,lzdkU OD;jrwfomu rajymbl;vm;} Munf/ /]rajymyguvm;&Sif} jr/ jr /(tHhMovsuf) ][m b,fhES,f r[kwfwm? OD;jrwfomu rajymbl;vm;} Munf/ /(acgif;cgvsuf) ][ifhtif; bmrS rajymbl;&Sifh} jr/ jr /]b,fhES,fvJAsm? rcifMunf vmvdkU&Sd&if aps;csdK pmwdkufBuD;oGm; rcifMunf emrnfESifh pmwpfapmif ra&mufbl;vm;vdkU ar;zdkU usKyf rSmxm;cJhw,f} Munf/ /]ajymvJ rajym? pmvJ r&bl;&Sifh} jr/ jr /]OD;jrwfomBuD; b,fhES,f vkyfygvdrfhrvJ? w,f *Guswmudk;} Munf/ /]'D[m aeygapawmh&Sif? vlcsif; awGUMuNyD? pmr&ayr,fh ta&;rBuD;yg&Sif? rtkef;pdef wpfa,muf aysmufaewm cufvSw,f? ysOf;rem; oGm;w,fqdkvkdU oHBudK;½dkufNyD; ar;awmhvJ olU aqGrsdK;rsm; rtkef;pdef rvmwJh taMumif; oHBudK; jyef½dkufygw,f? 'gESifh ol b,fudk oGm;wwfwmudk udkausmfjr rodbl;vm;&Sif} jr/ jr /][m usKyfvJ bmod rvJAsm? ta0; oGm;aewJh vlar;vdkU b,frSmajymedkifrvJ rcifMunf} Munf/ /]uGsefrjzifh rtkef;pdef twGufrS pdwfrat;bl; &Sif? olaewJh tdrfu ta':u ajymawmhvJ ysOf;rem; oGm;wm 15 &ufavmuf &SdNyDwJh? uGsefruvJ 15 &ufavmuf twGif;uyJ rtkef;pdefqDu rEÅav;rS aeNyD; ay;vdkufwJh pmwpfapmif &ao;w,f} jr/ jr /]b,frvJAs? 'Dpm ygao;vm;} Munf/ /]pmawmh rygbl;&Sif? tdrfrSm arhusef&pfcJhw,f} jr/ jr /]bm taMumif;rsm;vJ Asm} Munf/ /]tvGef ta&;BuD;wJh udpö wpfck &SdvdkU uGsefrESifh wdkifyifcsif ygw,fwJh? uGsefruvJ csufcsif; rtm;wmESifh rvmekdifbl;&Sifh? vmjyefawmhvnf; a[m olESifh rawGUbl;} jr/ ö jr /]ta&;BuD;wJh udpöqdkwm b,fvdk udprsm;vJ rcifMunf rawG;rdbl;vm;} Munf/ /]uGsefr awG;rdwmuawmh tdrfaxmif&ufom; jyKzdkU tBuHtpnf&SdvdkU uGsefrESifh wdkifyifcsifw,f xifwmygyJ&Sif} jr/ jr /]b,folESifhrsm; xifrdvdkUvJ} Munf/ /][dkwkef;uawmh udkausmfjrESifh[m ta&mw0if aeMuavawmh &D;wD;&m;wm; xifrdayw,f&Sif}

70

a&TOa'gif;

jr/ jr /]xif&ifvJ vGJrSmaygh rcifMunf? usKyfwdkUu armifvdk ESrvdk cspfcifMuwmyJ? usKyfrSmvJ orm"dNrdKU0ef OD;vluav;&JU orD; rdrdBuD;ESifh awmif;awmh &rf;awmhr,f qJqJom;yJ} Munf/ /]uGsefr odygw,f} jr/ jr /]aeygOD;Asm? rcifMunfESifh rdrdBuD;ESifh b,frSm awGUMuwmvJ} Munf/ /]&Sifh tdrfrSm awGUwmaygh} jr/ /(rsufvHk; jyL;vsuf) ]aMomf [kwfvm;? b,fyHk awGUMuwmvJ Asm} jr Munf/ /]uGsefru &SifESifh awGUcsifvdkU &SifhtdrfoGm;awmh ola&mufESifh aevdkU qD;NyD; {nfUcHw,f&Sifh? 'Dawmh uGsefrwdkU {nfUcef;rSm xdkifNyD; &Sifh taMumif;udk twefMumBuD; ajymMu ao;w,f} jr/ jr /]aeygOD;Asm? rtkef;pdef taMumif;rsm; ygMuao;ovm;} Munf/ /]BuHBuHpnfpnf&Sif? vlwpfbufom;udk remvdk 0efwdkwJh pdwf jzpfay:apatmif uGsefr tvum; vkyfyrvm; &Sif} jr/ jr /]rSefayw,f rSefayw,f? 'gESifh rtkef;pdef b,foGm;w,fqdkwm usKyf odvdkufw,f xifNyD; rcifMunfu usKyfqD vmar;wmayghav} Munf/ /]&SifwdkU ESpfOD;[m tifrwef tuGsrf;0ifwJh rdwfaqG jzpfavawmh odwef aumif;yg&JUvdkU ar;&wmygyJ&Sif} jr/ jr /(pOf;pm; pdwful;aeonfU vu©PmESifh twefMum qdkif;iHh aeNyD;aemuf) ]xGufoGm;wm 15 &ufavmuf &SdNyD? pm&wmuvJ 10 &ufavmuf &Sdao;w,f? awmfawmfawmh tawG;& usyfwmyJAsdKU} Munf/ /]tawG;& cufwm rwwfedkifbl;vm;? udkausmfjr} aeygOD;&Sifh? wqdwfavmuf ulnDNyD; &Smay;zdkUaum

jr/ jr /]w,fcufw,fAs? rdrdBuD;ESifh r*FvmaqmifcgeD; qJqJ jzpfavawmh rawmfwq olMum;oGm;rSjzifh rouFmp&m jzpfygvdrfhr,f rcifMunf&,f} Munf/ /]uGsefr txif ajym&rSmjzifh rdrdBuD;u tckvJyJ &Sifh tay:rSm rouFmbl; xifw,f} jr/ jr /]bm rouFmwmvJ rcifMunf} Munf/ /]bm&,fvdkUawmh uGsefr rajymedkifbl;? ol ajymyHk qdkyHk ar;yHk jref;yHk axmufcsifhNyD; MunfU&wm &Sifh tay:rSm ouFmruif;bl;vdkU uGsefr xifw,f} jr/ jr /(wkefvIyfaom trlt&mESifh) ]rtkef;pdef taMumif;awmh ol odyHk r&ygbl;aemf? rcifMunfu bmrS pum;pyfNyD; rajymcJhbl; r[kwfvm;}

71

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

Munf/ /]rajymygbl;&Sif} jr/ jr /]aumif;ygw,fAsm} Munf/ /]'gwJh aeygOD; udkausmfjr&,f? 0g;&rf;ajy;aeovdk bmvdkvdk xifaeMuyguvm;} ckwavm &Sif rEÅav;u cGmNyD;aewm

jr/ jr /(rsufvHk;jyL;vsuf) ]tvdk b,folawGu xifwmvJ rcifMunf&JU} Munf/ /]rdrdBuD; ajymyHk qdkyHk axmufMunfU&awmh 'DvdkyJ xifyHk&w,f? wdkuf½dkufBuD;awmh zGifhNyD;ajymwm r[kwfbl;aygh? &SifhrSm bmrIvJ&Sifh b,ftwGufvJ&Sifh} jr/ jr /]xifcsifovdk xifMuygapAsm? aemufqHk;wpfaeUusawmh bGif;bGif;BuD; ay:ygvdrfhr,f} Munf Mun/ / ]aeygOD;? bmrIvJ ajymprf;ygOD;&Sifh} jkr/ /]ckawmh rajymyg&apeJU rcifMunf? odkUaomf rcifMunfwpfck usKyfudk uwdxm;& vdrfhr,f} Munf Mun/ /]bmrsm;vJ&Sif} jr/ jr /]'DuaeU rcifMunfESifh awGUqHkwJh taMumif; b,foludkrS rajymygbl;qdkwm uwdxm;apcsifw,fAsm} Munf Mun/ /]rajymygbl;&Sif? pdwfomcsyg} xdktcgüum; bGdKifukvm;wpfa,mufonf tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvmí ykvdyft&m&Sd wpfa,mufu ]rdef;rqyf} tm;awGUvdkí tjyifrS apmifhqdkif;vsuf &SdaMumif; ajymqdkonfwGif ESpfOD;pvHk;wdkUrSm &ifwGif;ü xdwfceJ jzpfoGm;Muavaomfvnf; jyifyürll rsufESmrysufapbJ rcifMunfu csdKomaom toHjzifh ]ac:cJhyg? ac:cJhyg? 0ifcJhygap} ajymvdkufojzifh bGdKifukvm;onf tjyifodkU xGufoGm;av\/

tcef;(10) (10) bdGKifukvm; xGufoGm;NyD;onfESifh wNydKifeuf armifausmfjronf xdkif&mrS ½kwfw&uf xí ]rcifMunfudk usKyf rSmxm;yg&apaemf? ckeifu xm;cJhwJh uwdudk rarhygESifh? udkif; usKyf oGm;OD;r,f} [k ajymNyD; armifausmfjronf xrif;csuf pm;yGJrsm; &SdonfU [dkw,f tapcHrsm; &Sd&m rD;zdkbufodkU aemufaz;wHcg;jzifh xGufoGm;í rD;zkdacsmifodkU a&mufaomtcg tdrfom oGm;rnfa,mifa,mif jyKNyD;aemuf [dkw,faemufaz; wdkufwHcg;rS xGufoGm;av{/f / ,if;odkU &SdpOf pHkaxmuf armifbwifonf rcifMunf&Sd&m tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifí

72

a&TOa'gif;

wif/ /]rcifMunf qdkwm rSwfw,f} Munf/ /(½Tifys Munfvifaom rsufESmxm;ESifh) ]rSefygw,f&Sif? bmudpöygvJ} wif/ /]ar;p&muav; &SdvdkUyg? rcifMunfudk ar;yg&ap} Munf/ /]ar;edkifygw,f&Sif} wif/ /]'Dtcef;xJrSm rcifMunfeJU vlwpfa,mufeJU pum;ajymaeMuw,f r[kwfvm;? tck ol b,fa&mufoGm;ovJ} Munf/ /]xGufoGm;ygNyDaum &Sifh} wif/ /]tvdk b,fu xGufoGm;ovJ Asm} Munf/ /]ol xGufoGm;wmygyJ&Sif? 'geJU uGsefrudk awGUcsifw,f qdkwm b,fvdk taMumif; xl;vdkUvJ&Sif} wif/ /]ol b,fxGufoGm;ovJ ajymprf;yg? &D;wD;,m;wm; rvkyfprf;ygESifh} [k ajymNyD;aemuf armifbwifonf tcef;jyifü apmifhaeaom ykvdyf wpfa,muftm; 0g;&rf;ajy; wpfa,muf xGufajy;ESifhaMumif; ajymqdkí csufcsif; vdkuf&SmazGMu&ef trdefU ay;av\ / ¤if;aemuf armifbwifonf rcifMunftm; ar;cGef; trsdK;rsdK; xkwfvsuf&Sd&m rcifMunfonfvnf; armifbwif{/f vdk&if;tcsufudk em;rvnfonfU vu©PmESifh a0hvnfvnf ajzqdkvsuf &Sdav\ / wif/ /(rsufarSmifukwfum rcifMunftm; MunfUvsuf) ]'D tcef;xJrSm armifausmfjr qdkwJh vlESifh cifAsm;ESifh pum; ajymaeMuw,f r[kwfvm;} Munf/ /]b,fwkef;uvJ} wif/ /]tckuav;wif? tckuav;wif} Munf/ /]uGsefr rdwfaqG rtkef;pdef qdkwm wpfa,muf aysmufaeavawmh awGUatmif &Smay;edkifrvm;vdkU} wif/ /]pum; r&Snfprf;ygESifh? ar;wm ajymprf;yg? 'Dvl b,fvrf;u xGufoGm;ovJ} Munf/ /]b,folvJ&Sif} wif/ /]ckeifu pum;ajymaewJh vl[mav} Munf/ /]aeygOD;? &Sif awGUcsifwJh vlu b,folwJhvJ} wif/ /]armifausmfjrav armifausmfjr}

73

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

Munf/ /][if 'gjzifh &SifvGJaeNyD? ckeifu xoGm;wJh vlu udkausmfjr r[kwfbl;? udkMumnGefU wJh&Sif} wif/ /]b,fu udkMumnGefU&rSmvJ? armifausmfjryg usKyf odygw,f} Munf/ /]udkausmfjr jzpfjzpf udkMumnGefU jzpfjzpf? b,fvdk trIESifh awGUcsifvdkUygvJ &Sif? zrf;qD;csifvdkUygvm;? bmrIrsm;vJ} wif/ /]bmrI jzpfjzpf cifAsm;ESifh rqdkifygbl;} xdktcg pHkaxmuf armifbwifonf ¤if;oli,fronfum; csdef;ajcmufí &rnf r[kwfaom oli,fr wpfa,muf jzpfaMumif;udk od&SdonfESifh acsmharmhí ar;jref;OD;rnf[k tBuHESifh wif/ /]b,fvdk trI &,fvdkUawmh zGifhNyD; ajymzdkU usKyf ta&;rydkifbl; As? odkUaomf tpdk;& t&m&Sd qdkwm vlaumif; olaumif;rsm; Nidrf;csrf;om,mpGm aexkdifedkifMuzdkU vlqdk; olqdk;rsm;udk zrf;qD; ESdyfuGyfzdkU 0wÅ&m;&SdwJh twGuf 0wÅå&m;twdkif; aqmif&Guf&jcif; jzpfygw,fAsm? 'Dawmh usKyf ar;wmudk rcifMunfu rSefrSef ajymprf;yg? ckeifu vl[m udkausmfjryJ r[kwfvm;} Munf/ /]uGsefr odorQjzifh udkMumnGefU&,fvdkU odcJhzl;ygw,f&Sif} wif/ /]b,f udkMumnGefUrsm;ygvdrfhrvJ Asm? "m;wef;u vlowfrIESifh ajzmifhcsufay;xm;wJh udkMumnGefUrsm; jzpfava&mUovm;? olUpm t&rSmawmh olUudk,fol owfNyD; aoawmhr,f? tck raobJ &SdaecJhw,f qdkvQif 'DtrI[m ½Iyfonfxuf ½IyfaxG;ukefjyef awmhrSmyguvm;? udkausmfjr jzpfap udkMumnGefU jzpfap ckeifu vl[m vlqdk;As? 'Dawmh vlqdk;udk zrf;zdkU rcifMunf ulnDapvkd w,fAsm} Munf/ /]b,fvdk ulnD&rSmvJ&Sifh} wif/ /]ol tck b,frSm aew,f qdkwm rcifMunf rodbl;vm;} ö Munf/ /]b,fu odrSmvJ &Sif? udpuav; wpfck &SdvdkU 'Dae&mrSm awGUqHkzdkU aMu;eef; ½dkufvdkufavawmh qHkrdMujcif; jzpfygw,f? b,frSm aew,f vdkUawmh uGsefr trSef rodyg} xkdtcgüum; armifbwifonf rcifMunfxHrS ¤if;taMumif;ESifh ywfoufí owif;xl; &&Sd&ef rarQmfvifhawmhonf jzpfaomaMumifh [dkw,frS xGufoGm;í ykvdyf t&m&SdwdkUtm; rD;&xm; blwm½Hk? oabFmqdyf tp&SdonfU ae&mwdkUrS apmifhqdkif; MunfU½I&ef apvTwfvsuf &Sdav{/f /

tcef; (11) txufyg tjcif;t&mwdkU jzpfysufcJhonfU aemufwpfaeU eHeufcif; tcsdefwGif rdrdBuD;onf a&SUae armifxGef;jrifh{/f tvkyfcef;udk 0ifoGm;&m armifxGef;jrifhonf aumif;rGefpGm ae&mxdkfifcif; ay;NyD;aemuf armifausmfjronf rcifMunfESifh tmV0Dvrf; [dkw,fü tcsdef;tcsuf ay;í ,refaeUuyif awGUqHkaMumif;? ¤if;taMumif;udk pHkaxmuf armifbwifu owif;&í oGm;a&muf
74

a&TOa'gif;

zrf;rnf jyKaomtcg armifausmfjronf vufrwifuav;rQ vGwfí oGm;aMumif;rsm; ajymqdk onfwGif BuD;/ /(wkefvIyfaom trlt&mESifh) ]aeygOD;&Sif? udkausmfjr owfw,fvdkU &SifwdkU odMuovm;} jrifh/ /]xifp&m&Sdw,f r&Sdbl; qdkwJh oljyKvkyfyHk trlt&mudkyJ axmufcsifh MunfUawmhAsm} BuD;/ /]'gjzifh [dk rdef;ruav;udk owfwm trSefyJaygh} jrifh/ /]uGsefawmfjzifh 'DvdkyJ xifrdw,f? rdrdBuD;yJ pOf;pm;MunfUawmhav? wu,fqdk&if jypfrI r&SdygbJvsuf vlwpfOD; wpfa,muf[m ykef;a&SmifNyD; aew,fvdkU b,frSm awGUzl;ovJ rdrdBuD;&JU? NyD;awmh wpfcsufu rcifMunfqDudk udkausmfjru a&;ay;wJh pmudkvJ rdrdBuD; jrif&w,fqdk r[kwfvm;? {uef rkcs olwdkU ESpfOD;[m wpfBudwfxJ wpfÓPfxJ tBuHwpfck &SdvdkU[myJ rdrdBuD;&JU} BuD;/ /]'gjzifh &SifajymyHkawmh 'DtrI rcifMunfvJ ygoayghav} jrifh/ /]ygw,fvdkU qdk&vdrfUr,f} rdrdBuD;rSm armifausmfjrtm; ESpfrsm;pGm cspfBudKufívmcJhaom &nf;pm;wpfa,muf jzpfojzifh toufwrQ cspfcifpHkrufonf rSefaomfvnf; e*dk&f oabmtm;jzifh BuD;&ifh jrifhjrwfaom pdwf&SdonfU tjyif trdtz wdkUuvnf; enf;pepfuseatmif Muyfwnf;pGm qHk;roGefoifcJhonf jzpfaomaMumifh tu,fí armifausmfjronf jypfrI wpfpHkwpf&mudk usL;vGefcJhonf jzpfygvQif ¤if;jypfrI twGuf armifausmfjrü tjypf'Pf ay;jcif;cH&í rdrdüvnf; &ifuGJemESifh ao&apumrl rw&m;aom tjyKtrludk ulnDaqmif&Guf vQdKU0Suf xdrfcsefvdrfhrnfU rdef;uav; wpfOD; wpfa,muf r[kwfacs/ ,if;odkU jzpf&um; armifausmfjru rdrdBuD;tm; cGJcGmcgeD; qJqJwGif ajymMum;cJhaom pum;wdkUrSm ouFm ruif;zG,f&m &SdaomaMumifh rdrdBuD;onf armifxGef;jrifhtm; ¤if;\ tjcif;t&mudk ajymqdkonfwGif jrifh/ /]udkausmfjru awmfawmfyg;wJh vlwpfa,mufyJ? onftrI[m aemufqHk;wpfaeU usawmh olUudk ywfvdrfUr,fqdkwm odavawmh rdrdBuD; qDrSm olu wiful;NyD; olUbufom; jzpfatmif ajymESifh xm;wmudk; rdrdBuD;&JU? olu 'Dvdk wiful;NyD; ajymxm;ESifhwJh twdkif; rdrdBuD;u olUpum; em;0ifNyD; olajymovdk ,HkMunfaew,f r[kwfvm;} BuD;/ /]uGsefr trSef ajym&rSmjzifh ,ck txdrSm udkausmfjr tay:ü 'dG[ruif; &Sdwkef;yJ jzpfw,f? trSefyJ oljyKovm; rjyKvm; qdkwm ra0cGJedkifatmif &Sdaeygao;w,f? tck ol wdrf;a&SmifNyD; aejcif;[mvJ 'DtrIaMumifh r[kwfbJ 'djyif udpöwpfckrsm; &Sdava&mhovm;vdkUvJ uGsefr xifrdygw,f} jrifh/ /(NyHK;&,fvsuf) ]udk,f cspfcif MuifemvmcJhwJh &nf;pm; wpfOD; wpfa,muf[m ,ckvdk trIrsdK; jyKwwfw,f qdkwm ½kwfw&uf ,HkzdkU cJ,Of;ayrSmayghav? uGsefawmfawmifrSyif rdwfaqG jzpf½HkrQESifh Mum;p wkef;ursm;jzifh ,Hkawmif r,Hkrdygbl; cifAsm;? odkUaomfvnf; aemuffxyf Mum;&wJh taMumif;rsm;udk csifhcsdefNyD; MunfYjyefawmhvJ r,HkcsifvdkU rae&atmif jzpfaeNyD rdrdBuD;&JU}

75

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

BuD;/ /]odkUaomfvnf; 'Dvdk &Sdygw,f&Sif? olESifh awGUwJh tcgusawmh b,fvdk &Sif;vif; ajymOD;r,f qdkwm rodedkifMuao;ygbl;? olU &Sif;vif;csufudk rMum;&rD vlwpfbufom;udk tjypfqdkzdkUvJ cJ,Of;ygw,f} jrifh/ /]rSefygw,f rdrdBuD; ajymwmvJ rSefygw,f? ½Hk;a&mufwJh tcgusvdkU ½Hk;rif;a&SUrSm olU xkacscsufudk Mum;&NyD qdkawmhrS qHk;jzwfekdifMurSmudk; rdrdBuD;&JU? ,ckawmhjzifh xifcsufavmufom ajymqdkMu&wmyJ} armifxGef;jrifhrSm a&SUae wpfa,muf jzpfaomfvnf; pHkaxmufbuf qdkif&m vkyfief;ü rsm;pGm txHk 0goem yg&Sdonfjzpfí ¤if;vlowfrIESifh pyfvsOf;í tpdk;& pHkaxmufbufqdkif&m t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh wGJbufNyD;vQif rsm;pGm BudK;yrf; axmufvSrf; cJhzl;avonf/ ¤if;{/f vHkUv 0D&d, aMumifhvnf; ykvdyf t&m&SdwdkU trSwfwrJhESifh *½krjyKrdaom tcsufi,frsm;pGm wdkUudk xif&Sm;pGm xGufay:í vmaponf jzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;trIü w&m;cHrSm tjcm;ol r[kwf? armifausmfjr jzpfaMumif;udkvnf; xif&Sm;onfxuf xif&Sm;apcJhav\/ ¤if;aemuf armifxGef;jrifh ESifh rdrdBuD;wdkUonf xdktrI udpöESifh pyfvsOf;í qufvuf wdkifyifMujyef&m aemufqHk;ü rdrdBuD;u rnfonfUenf;ESifh rqdk rcifMunfudk awGUatmif &SmNyD;vQif ay:atmif ar;jref;rnf? ¤if; vlowfrIwGifvnf; rnfuJhodkU oufqdkifonfudk pHkprf;OD;tHh [k ajymqdkí xGufvmcJhav\ / rdrdBuD; xGufoGm;NyD;aemuf armifxGef;jrifhonf armifausmfjrESifh rdwfaqG jzpfzl;onfUtwdkif; ¤if; xHrS "mwfyHk wpfck &zl;onfjzpfí pm;yGJ tHqGJü odrf;í xm;aom armifausmfjr{/f "mwfyHkudk xkwfNyD;vQif rsufESm cyfNyHK;NyHK;ESifh "mwfyHkudk pm;yGJay:ü jrifomavmufaom ae&mwGif axmifí xm;NyD;vQif Oya'pmtkyfrsm;udk vSefavSm MunfU½Ivsuf&Sd&m wpfcPrQ Mumaomtcg pHkaxmuf armifbwifonf tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvmav{/f / trI taMumif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í tenf;i,f wdkifyif ajymqdkMuNyD;aemuf armifbwifonf ukvm;xdkifrS xí jyefawmhrnf jyKonfwGif pm;yGJay:ü axmifxm;aom "mwfyHkudk jrifojzifh tHhMoaom trlt&mESifh wif/ /]tvdk onf"mwfyHk[m udkMumnGefU qdkwJh vl&JU "mwfyHk r[kwfvm;? cifAsm; b,fu &xm;ovJ} jrifh/ /]b,fu udkMumnGefUvJAsm? usKyf rodyguvm;} wif/ /]"m;wef;u vlowfrIrSm ajzmifhcsufay;NyD; udk,fUudk,fudk owfypfw,f qdkwJh vl[mav} jrifh/ /]r[kwfygbl;As? 'D[mu usKyf rdwfaqG udkausmffjr&JU "mwfyHkyg} wif/ /]rSef;prf;ygOD;Asm? usKyf aoaocsmcsm MunfUprf;yg&apOD;} ¤if;aemuf armifbwifonf "mwfyHkudk vSrf;,lí jywif;aygufteD;odkU oGm;NyD;vQif aocsmpGm MunfU½INyD;aemuf

76

a&TOa'gif;

wif/ /]udkMumnGefU&JUyHk tppfygyJAsm? rdef;uav; tavmif;udk olUwdkufrSm awGUw,fvdkU qdkNyD; |memtkyf armifoef;azqD wdkifcsuf vmay;wkef;u usKyf &Sdaecdkuf rdkUvdkU aoaocsmcsm jrifvdkuf&ygw,fAsm? 'D[m udkMumnGefU qdkwJh vl&JU "mwfyHk tppfygyJ} jrifh/ /]cifAsm; rSm;ygvdrfUr,f udkbwif? 'D[m usKyf rdwfaqG udkausmfjr&JU "mwfyHk ygAsm} wif/ /]usKyfwdkY pHkaxmuf qdkwJh vlqdkwmu rsufESmudk wpfcg jrifzl;&if arhekdifwJhvl r[kwfbl;As? cifAsm;u b,fvdkyJ ajymajym udkMumnGefUrS udkMumnGefUyJ? usKyfuawmh ravQmhbl;} ¤if;aemuf rdwfaqG ESpfa,mufonf "mwfyHk taMumif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í twefMum jiif;cHkMuNyD;aemuf aemufqHk;ü udkausmfjr qdkolESifh armifMumnGefU qdkolwdkUonf vlwpfOD;wnf; jzpfaMumif;udk oabmwlnDav\ / xdkUaemuf wif/ /]cifAsm; rdwfaqG[m w,f ÓPfrsm;wJh vlyguvm; AsKdU? &efukefu a&mufwJh yGJpm;BuD;av; bmav;ESifh wdkufcef;awG bmawG iSm;NyD; b,fvdk tBuHtpnfESifh wpfudk,fwnf; ESpfudk,fcGJwmvJAsm? 'D rdef;uav;udk owfcsifvdkU wrifoufouf ÓPfqifwmvm;? Owfcsif jyef&ifvJ b,fvdkrsm; &efñdI;&SdvdkUvJAsm? &efñId;&Sdw,fqdkwm od&atmif[mvJ 'Drdef;uav;[m b,folb,f0g jzpfw,fqdkwm a&S;OD;pGm odzdkU ta&;BuD;w,f? b,folrsm;vJAsm? cifAsm;wdkU todxJursm; jzpfaervm;? cifAsm; r&dyfrdbl;vm;} jriffh/ /]odcsdefwefawmh odygvdrfUr,f xifyg&JU cifAsm? b,fvdk taMumif;aMumifh jri owfw,fqdkwm usKyf xifjrifcsuf ay;&rSmjzifh aool rdef;uav;u armifausmfjr&JU taMumif;udk &dyfrd[ef &Sdw,f? &dyfrdvdkUvJ vlodrSmpdk;wJh twGuf EIwfydwfvdkwJh oabmESifh wpfcgwnf; tqHk;pD&ifvdkufw,fvdkU usKyf xifw,f} wif/ /]edkU 'gjzifh aysmufoGm;w,f qdkwJh pmcsKyf puúLawGu b,fhES,fvJAsm} jrifh/ /]usKyf txifawmh udkausmfjr odkUr[kwf udkMumnGefU r&SdcdkufrSm aool rdef;uav;u pmcsKyfawGudk wdwfwqdwf cdk;MunfUaewm rdavawmh a'gotavsmuf pD&ifvdkufw,fvdkUvJ awG;p&m &Sdw,f} wif/ /]cifAsm; awG;wmvJ ra0;vSbl; xifw,f} jrifh/ /]usKyfawmh ausaeNyDAsm? tpu 'DvdkrSef; rodvdkU cifAsm;wdkU udpörSm yg0ifNyD; aqmif&Gufrdayw,f? tckawmh w&m;cHu wjcm;ol r[kwf? udk,fESifh tifrwef cifaewJh rdwfaqGwpfa,muf jzpfaeavawmh odyfNyD; tm;emzdkU aumif;oAsm} wif/ /]cifAsm;vJ pHkaxmufbufrSm 0goemygwJh vlwpfa,muf jzpfavawmh usKyfwdkU tpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm; oabmxm; ovdkyJ xm;rS awmfr,fAs? jypfrI usL;vGefwJh vlqdk&if rdwfaqG ruvdkU nD&if; tpfudkyJ jzpfap om;orD; jzpfap w&m;Oya'&SdwJh twdkif; aqmif&Guf Mu&awmhrSmudk;As? vlqdk; wpfa,mufrSef; od&ufESifh udk,fu oem;vdkU ñSmvdkufr,f qdk&if olUtwGufESifh jynfoltrsm; 'ku©yGm;ukefrSmukd pdk;&drf&ao;w,f udkxGef;jrifh&JU} jrifh/ /]rSefygw,f rSefygw,f? 'D[mawG usKyf odvdkUvJ 'DtrIrSm qufvufNyD; aqmif&GufaewmayghAs}
77

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

¤if;aemuf rdwfaqG ESpfa,mufwdkUonf tpdk;& Oya't& vlowfrI wpfck jzpfyGm;&mü aoaomolonf rnfolrnf0g jzpfonfudk a&S;OD;pGm od&SdrSomvQif w&m;cHudk vHkavmufpGm pGJcsuf wifekdifonf jzpfí aoaom rdef;uav;onf rnfolrnf0g jzpfonfudk axmufvSrf; pHkprf;&ef ta&;BuD;aMumif;? rcifMunf qdkaom rdef;uav;rSmvJ aool oli,frudk od&Sdonf[k awG;xif&ef &Sdonf jzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;tm; xyfrH ppfaq;&aomf oifhavsmfrnf xifaMumif;ESifh ajymqdk wdkifyifMuNyD;vQif armifbwifonf armifxGef;jrifh tvkyfcef;rS xGufvmcJhav\f /

tcef; (12) wpfaeUoü a&SUae armifxGef;jrifhonf rdrd tvkyfcef;ü owif;pm wpfapmifudk zwf½Ivsuf&SdpOf tapcH wpfa,mufonf tceff;wGif;odkU 0ifvmí rdrdrSm rddrdBuD;xHrS apvTwfvdkufol jzpfaMumif;? rdrdBuD;u vlowfrItaMumif;ESifh pyfvsO;fí armifxGef;jrifhESifh txl; wdkifyif&ef taMumif;wpfck &SdaMumif;? rcifMunfESifhvnf; awGUNyD;jzpfí owif;xl; wpfck ESpfck Mum;od&aMumif;? tdrfüvnf; trdtzwdkU r&Sdcdkuf jzpfojzifh armifxGef;jrifh tm;vyfygu ,ck csufcsif; vma&mufapvdkaMumif;ESifh ajymMum;onfwGif armifxGef;jrifhu rMumrDtwGif; vmcJhygrnf[k rSmxm;vdkufojzifh tapcHonf jyefoGm;av\/ tapcH jyefoGm;NyD;aemuf armifxGef;jrifhonf trIudpöESifh pyfvsOf;í wpfa,mufwnf; qifjcifpOf;pm;vsuf&Sd&m rcifMunfonf rdrdBuD;tm; rnfonfU owif;xl;udk ajymMum;í aeavoenf;? rcifMunfESifh armifausmfjrwdkU ESpfudk,fUwpfpdwf jzpfaeMuonfUjyif rcifMunf udk,fwdkifuvnf; tvGefw&m yg;eyfaom rdef;uav; jzpfaomaMumifh armifausmfjr vGwfapavmufatmif owif; wpfpHkwpf&mudk &ygrnfavm ponfjzifh awG;awm pdwful;í jrif;&xm; wpfpD;ESifh rdrdBuD;\ tdrfodkU vmcJhav\/ armifxGef;jrifhonf rddrd\ tvkyfcef;wGif a&SUrS jrif;&xm;ay: odkU wufvsuf&SdpOf vlESpfa,mufwdkUonf reD;ra0;&Sd vrf;Mum;i,f wpfckrS ¤if;tm; acsmif;ajrmif; MunfU½Ivsuf &SdMu&m armifxGef;jrifhonf jrif;&xm;ESifh xGufoGm;onfudk jrifonfESifh wNydKifeuf xkdol ESpfa,mufwdkUonf rddrdwdkU tcsif;csif; tenf;i,f wdkifyifMuNyD;aemuf t&yfav;rsufESmodkU arQmfMunfUí armifxGef;jrifh\ tvkyfwdkufodkU oGm;a&mufMuav\/ tvkyfwdkufrS wHcg;udk aomhESifh cwfí ydwfqdkU xm;&avum; xkdol ESpfa,mufwdkUonf rdrdwkdU\ tjyKtrludk tjcm;olwdkU jrifavoavm[k apmifharQmf MunfU½I MuNyD;aemuf wpfa,mufaomolonf rdrd\ tuÐstdwfrS aomhwpfacsmif; xkwfNyD;vQif wHcg;udk zGifhav\/ wHcg; zGifhNyD;aemuf xdkolESpfa,mufwdkUonf wkdufwGif;odkU 0ifMuNyD;vQif wdkufwHcg;udk twGif;rS ydwfxm;cJhí armifxGef;jrifh\ tvkyfcef;udk 0ifMuav\/ xkdol ESpfa,mufwdkUrSm tjcm;r[kwf? armifausmfjrESifh armifa'ge wdkUyif jzpfav\/ armifausmfjrrSm cgwdkif;uJhodkU oyf&yfaumif;rGefpGm 0wfqifvsuf r&SdbJ a[mif;EGrf; aya&í tvkyfMurf; oGm;zdkU 0wfqiffwwfaom csnfvHkcsnfESifh &SyftusÐtpkwf wdkUjzifh omvQif 0wfqif vsuf &Sdav\/ tcef;wGif;odkU a&mufMuaomtcg jr/ jr /]udkif; q&ma&U jrefjref vkyfrSyJ? w,fBuD; MumMum oGm;wJh vu©Pm r&Sdbl;? csufcsif; jyefvmvdkU rdaerSjzifh 'ku© a&mufukefMuvdrfYr,f}
78

a&TOa'gif;

e/ /]pdwfcsygAsm? ½kwfw&uf jyefrvmatmif vkyfwJh enf; usKyf wwfygw,f} [k ajymNyD;aemuf armifa'geonf tBuH wpfck &onfU vu©PmESifh w,fvDzHk;udk aumuf,lNyD;vQif ykvdyf|memodkU oG,fqufapav\/ |memü &Sdaom ykvdyfom; wpfa,mufESifh oG,fqufrdavvQif armifbwif jzpfaMumif;? a&SUae armifxGef;jrifhonf orm"d NrdKU0ef OD;vluav;\ aetdrfü ,cktcg &SdaeaMumif;? rdrdu armifxGef;jrifhESifh rdrdBuD;wdkU ESpfa,mufvHk;udk awGUvdkonf jzpfí armifxGef;jrifhrSm rdrd rvmrcsif; OD;vluav;\ aetdrfrS apmifhqdkif;í aeapvdkaMumif;rsm;udk ,ck csufcsif; oGm;a&muf fajymqdk&rnf jzpfaMumif;ESifh trdefUay;aomtcg |memrS ykvdyfom;vnf; cdkif;aponfU twkdif; oGm;a&mufygrnf[k 0efcH vdkufav\/ ,if;uJhodkU armifxGef;jrifh ½kwfw&uf jyefí rvmekdifatmif armifausmfjronf rdrd ,laqmifcJhaom aomhwGJBuD; wpfwGJudk xkwfNyD;aemuf pDrHMuNyD;aemuf

jr/ /]armifxGef;jrifh qdkwJh vlu awmfawmfyg;wJh vl q&ma&U? usKyfwdkU olU tcef;rSm jr arTaESmufoGm;aMumif; olrodatmif ajc&m vuf&m rusef&pfaprS awmfr,f? rawmfwq &dyfrdoGm;cJhvdkU &Sd&if &uf&Snf vrsm; tqif;&J tyifyef;cHNyD; BudK;pm;cJhorQawG tvum; jzpfukefvdrfUr,f} [k ajymNyD;aemuf armifausmfjronf a&S;OD;pGm tvkyfpm;yGJ thHqGJü&Sdaom aomhaygufudk rdrd\ aomhwGJ&Sd aomhrsm;ESifh wpfacsmif; NyD;vQif wpfacsmif; wyfvQdK prf;oyfvsuf &Sdav\/ aemufqHk;ü pm;yGJ thHqGJ yGifhí oGm;aomtcg xdkESpfa,mufwdkUonf tHqGJ twGif;ü vSefavSm arTaESmufí &SmazG&m rdrdwdkU tvdk&Sdaom t&m0w¬Krsm;udk rawGUojzifh yxr tHqGJudk ydwfNyD;vQif 'kwd,tHqGJudk zGifhMujyefav\/ ,if;uJhodkU tHqGJ wpfckNyD;vQif wpfck zGifhvSpf&SmazGí atmufqHk; tHqGJudk zGifhrdaomtcg rlum; ydk;BudfK;jzifh txyfvdkuf pnf;aESmifí xm;aom pmwpfxkyfudk tHqGJ twGif;ü awGU&SdMuojzifh 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om xkwf,l zwf½IMuonfwGif yxrpmrSm rdef;rvufa&;jzifh a&;om;xm;&Sdaom pmwpfapmif jzpfaMumif; od&Sdav\/ xkdpmudk zwfNyD;aemuf jr/ jr /]w,f,kwfrmwJh vlwpfa,mufyJAsdKU? MunfUprf;ygAsm? rdef;rom; wpfOD;wpfa,mufudk ajcmufvSefUNyD; aiGñSpfawmif; owJh? aumif;edkifao;&JUvm;Asm? 'Drdef;ru 0efaxmufuawmf rESif;arwJh? usKyfESifhvJ enf;enf;yg;yg; odw,f? 'D ieJu a&SUae jzpfavawmh trIwpfckESifh ywfoufNyD; a&SUaevdkuf&pOf tcgu rESif;ar i,fi,fu tjzpftysuf taMumif;awGudk odavawmh olUudk aiGay;&ifay; ray;cJhvdkY&Sd&if olUa,musfm; 0efaxmufBuD;udk i,fusdK; i,fem tukefazmfNyD; ajymvdkufr,fvdkU Ncdrf;ajcmufvdkufwJh twGuf jyefpma&;vdkuf&SmwJh vu©PmyJ? w,f,kwfrmwJhvlAsm}[kajymNyD;aemuf armifausmfjronf ¤if;vufa&;ESifh 'kwd, pmwpfapmifudk awGU&Sd&jyefav&m ¤if;pmrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfav\/ ]pma&;vdkufonf udkxGef;jrifh? uGsefronf &Sif ESdyfpufcJhorQudk cHcJh&onfrSm MumvSygNyD? &Sif awmif;qdkcJhorQ aiGudk ay;cJh&onfrSmvnf; rsm;vSygNyD? ,ck aemufqHk; awmif;aom aiG 300 rSm uGsefra,musfm; rodatmif b,fenf;ESifhrQ uGsefr rBuHpnfwwfyg? odkUjzpfí ¤if;twGufukd onf;cHapvdkygonf? tu,fí &Sifu r&vQif raeedkif[k twif;tusyf jyKvkyfcJhygvQif uGsefrrSm vlUjynfü aeekdifawmh&ef taMumif; r&Sd? ESpf v rsm;pGm &Sif\ ESdyfpufjcif; cH&onfU taMumif;rsm;udk pmjzifh pHkvifpGm a&;om;cJhNyD;vQif uGsefr\ touf qHk;½IH;atmif pD&if vdkuf&ygawmhonf/
79

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

ESif;ar } pmudk zwfNyD;onfYaemuf armifausmfjronf armifxGef;jrifh\ tay:ü trsufjyif;pGm xGufonfU vu©PmESifh vufoD;qkyfum tHBudwfumjzifh usHK;0g;NyD;aemuf xdkpmudk rdrdtusÐtdwf twGif;odkU xnfUxm;vdkufav\/

tcef; (13) ppfudkif;NrdKU ig;xyfBuD;bk&m; ESifh reD;ra0;&Sd r&rf;NcH wpfNcHtwGif;ü oyf&yf aumif;rGefpGm aqmufvkyfxm;ojzifh tvGefw&m om,m Nidrf;csrf; pcef;oifhwifh aecsifhpzG,f &Sdaom tdrfBuD; wpfaqmif &Sdav\/ xdktdrfBuD;onfum; yifpif tNidrf;pm; 0efaxmufrif; OD;MumtHkESifh 0efaxmufuawmf rESif;arwdkU aexdkifMuaom tdrfBuD;jzpfav&m OD;MumtHkrSm yxrr,m;BuD; aoqHk;NyD;aemuf t½kyft&nfESifh jynfUpHkaomfvnf; twefi,f EGrf;e,fyifyef;aom rESif;artm; xdrf;jrm; vufxyfcJhav&m rESif;arrSm t&G,ftm;jzifh 0efaxmufBuD;xuf tESpf ESpfq,fcefUrQ i,fonf jzpfaomaMumifh 0efaxmufBuD; OD;MumtHku txl;ojzifh cspfcif MuifemcJhNyD;vQif t&m&mrsdK;ü rESif;ar tvdktwdkif; omvQif vdkufemavh &SdcJhav\/ wpfaeUoü jrif;&xm;wpfpD;onf tdrfa&SUü &yfNyD;vQif armifausmfjronf &xm;ay:rS qif;oufí tdrfwGif;odkU 0ifoGm;NyD; tapcH wpfa,muftm; rif;uawmf r&Sdygoavm[k ar;jref;onfwGif tapcHonf armifausmfjrtm; {nfUcef;ü xdkifapNyD;aemuf rif;uawmfxH taMumif;Mum;&ef tdrfay: odkU wufoGm;av\/ wpfcPMumvQif rif;uawmf rESif;aronf tdrfay:rS qif;vmcJhí armifausmfjrESifh oda[mif; uGsrf;a[mif; jzpfonfU vu©Pmjzifh 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om EIwfcGef; qufoav&m ar/ ar /]b,fursm; b,fvdk tBuH&NyD; aygufvmcJh ygovJ&Sif? rawGU&wm oHk;av;ESpf &SdoGm;vdkU arhaeMuNyD atmif;arhw,f? ,ckvdk trSwfw& 0ifvmazmf &wmrsm; 0rf;ajrmufvSygw,f&Sif? 0efaxmufrif;vJ udpöuav; wpfck&SdvdkU NrdKUxJ oGm;aeao;ygw,f? ol jyefatmif qdkif;ygOD;aemf? udkausmfjr} jr/ jr /]rD;&xm; xGufzdkUu wpfem&D ausmfausmfavmuf vdkao;avawmh 'DtawmtwGif; 0efaxmufrif; jyefvmaumif;yg&JU Asm} ar/ ar /]atmifr,f rD;&xm;awG aygvGef;vdkU&Sif? 'Dwpfpif; rrD aemufwpfpif;eSifh vdkufwmaygh? 0efaxmufrif;u udkausmfjr taMumif;udk cPcP ajymaeygw,f? ra&mufpzl; a&mufvmwJh tcgrSm awGU&atmif apmifhoGm;ygOD;&Sif} jr/ jr /]'gwJh uGsefawmf wpfck ar;yg&ap rESif;ar? udkxGef;jrifh wpfa,mufaum awGUrdao;vm;}

80

a&TOa'gif;

ar/ ar /(xdwfvefUaom trlt&mESifh) ]rawGU&yguvm;&Sif? b,fvdk taMumif;aMumifh ar;ygovJ} jr/ jr /],ck uGsefawmf vmcJhjcif;[m olU udpö twGuf vmcJh&jcif; jzpfygw,f? 'Dvl[m rESif;arudk ESdyfpufNyD; aew,f qdkwmvJ uGsefawmf odygw,f? rESif;arrSm 'Dudpö ü wdkdifyifp&m rdwfaqG &if;&if;ESD;ESD;vJ r&Sdavawmh uGsefawmfwdkU oda[mif; uGsrf;a[mif; jzpfwJhtwdkif; wdkifyif&ef&SdvQif wdkifyifedkifw,f rESif;ar? uGsefawmf ajymwJh pum;udkvJ wjcm;rSm raygufMum;bl; qdkwm uGsefawmf wm0efcHygw,f} ar/ ar /]wdkifyifp&m r&Sdyguvm; &Sif} jr/ jr /]rSefrSefajymyg rESif;ar? rESif;arrSm ,cktcg tusOf;tusyf usaew,f qdkwm uGsefawmf odygw,f? 'Dawmh uGsefawmfhudk armift&if;uJhodkU tm;xm;NyD; wdkifyifp&m &Sd&if wdkifyifyg? uGsefawmfuvJ armift&if;uJhodkUyif aqmif&Gufygr,f rESif;ar} ar/ ar /]udkausmfjr odw,f qdkwm b,fyHk odwmvJ} jr/ jr /]udkxGef;jrifh qdkwJh taumifu rESif;arxHrSm aiGñSpfNyD; awmif;aewm uGsefawmf odygw,f rESif;ar? &SufvJ r&SufygESifh? aMumufvJ raMumufygESifh? ajymp&m&Sd&if ajymom ajymyg rESif;ar} ar/ /]aeygOD;&Sif udkxGef;jrifhESifh &SifESifh[m rdwfaqGBuD;awG r[kwfvm;} ar jr/ jr /][kwfwkef;uawmh [kwfygw,f? tckawmh &efol jzpfaeNyD rESif;ar&JU? NyD; onftaumif[m rESif;arxHrSm rw&m;ojzifh aiGñSpfNyD;aew,f qdkwm odavawmh rESif;arudk umuG,f apmifha&SmufzdkU vmcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f} ar/ ar /]aus;Zl;wifygw,f udkausmfjr&,f? odkUaomf} jr/ jr /]rodkUaomfygESifh rESif;ar? t&SuftaMumuf zufNyD; toufudk pGefUvTwfr,f qdkwJh tBuHtpnf[m rawmfygbl; rESif;ar? ajymp&m&SdorQ zGifh[NyD;awmhom ajymyg? onfaumifh vufu vGwfatmif uGsefawmf pDrHyghr,f} ar/ ar /(rsuf&nffvnfvsuf) ]trSefyg udkausmfjr&,f? 0efaxmufrif;ESifh taMumif;ygcJhonfrS pí uGsefr pdwfxJrSm i&Jjynfudk vmcJhw,fvdkU xifrdygw,f&Sif? 0efaxmufBuD;uvJ uGsefrtay:rSm tpp t&m&m ta&;ay;NyD; tifrwef tvdkvdkufcJh&Smw,f? 'Dtaumif ESdyfpufwJh twGuf uGsefrpdwf wpfaeUrS rat;&ygbl;&Sif? tdrfoHk;p&dwf qdkNyD; wpf&mhig;q,f ay;wJh txJuyJ jcpfjcpfcsKyfcsKyfESifh oHk;q,frsdK; av;q,frsdK; &atmif uG,f0SufNyD; olUudk ay;&ao;&JU &Sif? pdwfvJ rat;vdkU 0wfzdkU pm;zdkU &wJh txJu wpfcsdKU wpf0uf cGJNyD; ay;&ao;&JU&Sif? rdbrsm; yHhydk;zdkU qdkNyD; av;q,frsdK; ig;q,frsdK; rMumrwif awmif;NyD;vJ ay;&ao;&JU&Sif? 'Davmuf ay;wmawmif tm;r&ao;bJ [dkwpfavmu aiGoHk;&m ay;&r,fqdkNyD; twif;awmif;aejyefNyD &Sifh? uGsefruvJ 0efaxmufu awmif;wdkif; ay;&Smavawmh ]o'¨gvGef qGrf;awmf&yf} qdkwmvdk ay;wkdif; ,l&rSm tm;emvSNyD udkausmfjr&JU? 'Dawmh uGsefrrSm 'Dwpfcgjzifh jzpfcsifovkdjzpf ray;awmhbl;vdkU atmif;arhawmhwmyJ &Sif}
81

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

jr/ jr /]aeygOD; rESif;ar&JU? b,ftwGufaMumifh olawmif;wdkif; ay;ae&wmvJ? wqdwf ajymjyygOD;Asm} ar/ ar /]udkausmfjr ar;wm aeygOD;? 'DtaMumif; &Sif b,fu Mum;w,f qkdwm wqdwf avmuf uGsefr odyg&ap&Sif} jr/ jr /]uGsefawmfu udkxGef;jrifh tHqGJxJrSm vdkcsifwm wpfck &Sdavawmh oGm;NyD;&Smwkef; a[m'D pmudk awGUcJhvdkU od&ygw,f rESif;ar} [k ajymNyD;vQif armifausmfjronf armifxGef;jrifh\ tHqGJrS wdwfwqdwf xkwfEIwfí ,lcJhaom pmudk rESif;artm; jy&m rESif;aronf pmudk zwfNyD;aemuf ar/ ar /]rSefygw,f&Sif? 'DpmxJrSm a&;xm;wJh twdkif; pdwfnpfvGef;tm; BuD;vdkU vlUjynfrSmjzifh raeawmhbl;vdkU 'DuaeUnyJ udk,fUudk,fudk tqHk;pD&ifvdkufzdkU BuH&G,fNyD; xm;rdygw,f&Sif} jr jr/ /]udkif; BuH&G,fwkef; BuH&G,faywJh? ,ckawmh uGsefawmf wpfa,muf tm;udk;tm;xm; ay:vmwJh twGuf 'DtBuHudk zsufNyD; ajymp&m&SdorQ pum;udkom xkwfazmfNyD; ajymygawmh rESif;ar} ar/ ar /]ajymvdkUvJ tydkyJ xifyg&JU&Sif? 'Du aiGoHk;&m a&mufatmif ydkU&ifydkU? rydkU&if 0efaxmufBuD;udk tukefvHk; ZmpfjrpfvSefNyD; ajymvdkufr,fwJh&Sif? 'Dvdkqdk&if uGsefrrSm 0efaxmufrif; rsufESmudk b,frSm MunfU0Hhp&m &SdawmhrvJ&Sif? ae&wmxuf ao&wmuyJ oufomp&m &Sdao;&JU udkausmfjr&,f} jr/ jr /]rpdk;&drfygESifh rESif;ar? 'D taMumif;udk odavawmh 'DuaeU reufyJ rESif;arxHu qdkNyD; aiGoHk;&mudk olU vufxJa&mufatmif vlvTwfvdkU ydkUNyD;ygNyD? 'D trI[m olUudk ywfatmif b,fvdk aqmif&GufMur,f qdkwmom pDrHekdifatmif rESif;aru tusdK;taMumif;udk zGifhajymzdkU vdkygawmhw,f} ar/ ar /(oufomcGifh &aom vu©PmESifh) ]aus;Zl;ygyJ armifBuD;&Sif? uGsefrrSm rif;uawmf jzpfvdkU vuf0wfvufpm;awG tjynfUtpHk &Sdaomfvnf; vifa,musfm; rodatmif aygifESHzdkU cJ,Of;avawmh aiGoHk;&m twGuf usyfwnf;aewJhtcg ,ckvdk apmifrMunfU½Iwm rsm;rsm;BuD; aus;Zl;wifvSygw,f udkausmfjr&Sif} jr/ /]wpfa,muf taMumif;&Sd wpfa,mufaygh rESif;ar? 'DavmufBuD; jr aus;Zl;wifavmufatmif yifyef;BuD;pGm aqmif&GufcJh&ao;wmvJ r[kwfao;ygbl;? odkUaomf tjzpftysufudk od&atmifom ajymjyprf;ygOD; rESif;ar? ,ck uGsefawmf ar;jcif;uvJ udk,fESifh rqdkifwJh olwpfyg; udpöudk oufoufrJh tjyif;ajy odcsifvdkU ar;jref;jcif;r[kwf? umuG,fedkifwJh enf;vrf;udk &SmazGzdkU twGufom ar;jref;&jcif; jzpfygw,f} ar/ ar /]rSefwJh twdkif; ajym&rSmjzifh uGsefr[m 'DuaeU b0qHk;atmif pD&ifvdkufawmhr,fvdkU atmufarhNyD; jzpfwJh twGuf [kwfwdkif; rSef&m pHkvifpGm azmfjyNyD; 0efaxmufrif;xH pmwpfapmif a&;cJhNyD; jzpfygw,f? 'Dpmudk zwfMunfU&if taMumif; rsdK;pHk ukefpifatmif od&ygvdrfUr,f? zwfvdkUom MunfUygawmh &Sif}
82

a&TOa'gif;

[k ajymNyD;vQif rESif;aronf rdrd\ tusÐtdwfrS pmwpfapmifudk xkwf,lí armifausmfjrtm; ay;tyfav\/

tcef; (14) armifausmfjronf pmudk zwfí NyD;onfUaemuf tvGefw&m tHhMovSaom trlt&mESifh rESif;ar\ rsufESmudk pdkufai;MunfUae&m ar/ ar /]udkif; odNyD r[kwfvm; &Sif? 'Dawmhcg uGsefrrSm 0efaxmufriff;ESifh twlwuG qufvufNyD; aexdkifzdkU&m tifrwef cJ,Of;w,f r[kwfbl;vm; &Sif udkausmfjr? aevdkUvJ tusdK;&Sdr,f rxifygbl;&Sif} jr/ jr /][m rawmfwmbJ rESif;ar&,f? 'Davmuf ta&;ESifh toufudk taocHvdkU awmfa&mh rvm;Asm} ar/ ar /]rawmfvdkU b,fhES,f vkyfrvJ&Sif} jr/ jr /]uGsefawmf wpfck tMuHay;yg&ap? rESif;aru 0efaxmufrif;udk yxrOD;pGm [kwfwdkif;rSef&m zGifh[NyD; ajymvdkufvdkU &Sd&if 0efaxmufBuD;uvJ uGsefawmf odwJhtwdkif; pdwfoabm BuD;&ifhwJh vlBuD; wpfa,muf jzpfavawmh 'D tjypfuav;avmufESifhawmh tcspf jy,fedkifr,f r[kwfygbl;rESif;ar&,f? trSeftwdkif; qdk&ifawmh ,ck tjypf[m rESif;ar tjypf r[kwfygbl;? rsufeSmpHknDpGm zGifhNyD;awmhom ajymvdkufyg? ajymvdkU&Sd&if rESif;arrSm 'D0efxkyfBuD; usoGm;ygvdrfUr,f? tJ'D tcgusawmhrS uGsefawmfwdkUu 'Dtaumifudk olUvSHESifh oljyefNyD; xdk;edkifzdkU &Sdygw,f? pdwful; rvGJygESifh rESif;ar} ar/ ar /]&Sif ajymwJh twkdif; uGsefr tjypf r[kwfbl; qdk&ifvnf; [kwfygw,f? uGsefr tjypfyJ qdk&ifvJ [kwfwmygyJ &Sif? a&S;OD;pGm rEåÅav;udk 0efaxmufrif; rodatmif oGm;wm uGsefr tjypf vHk;vHk;BuD; jzpfaeygw,f} jr/ jr /]'Davmuf tjypfuav;u ta&;rBuD;vS ygbl; rESif;ar} ar/ ar /]'DtrI[m udk,fwdkifu ta&;rBuD; aomfvnf; 'DjypfrIudk taMumif;jyKNyD; uGsefr t&Suf&apzdkU olwdkU vSnfUpm;jcif;u ta&;BuD;w,f&Sifh? tHhMoyg&JU? BuHpnf&ufMuygay&JU? uGsefrESifh rif;uawmf rjruav;ESifh tifrwef cifw,f qdkwmvJ olwdkUu odw,f? tdrfrSm 0efaxmufBuD; r&SdbJ e,fvSnfUxGufoGm;cdkufvJ jzpfwmudk olwdkUu odavawmh rjruav; trnfESifh vdrfNyD; aMu;eef;½dkufvdkufvdkU t[kwfrSwfNyD; oGm;rdwJh tcgrSm csdef;xm;wJh twdkif; rjruav;udk rawGU? bpdefESifh awGUwmudk; &Sifh} jr/ jr /]b,fu armifbpdef[mvm;} armifbpdefvJAsm? rdaumif;bcif om;orD; jzpf&ufESifh awav

ar/ ar /][kwfygw,f&Sif olygyJ? uGsefrvJ oda[mif; uGsrf;a[mif; jzpfavawmh tcef;xJrSm xdkifNyD; armifbpdefudk pum; wpfcGef; ESpfcGef; ajymaewJh tcdkuf udkxGef;jrifhu tcef;xJ
83

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

0ifvmygw,f? 0ifvmNyD; uGsefrESifh armifbpdefudk jrif&ifyJ &Sufudk;&Sufuef; rsufESmxm;ESifh uGsefrwkdkUu csdef;csufay;NyD; [dkw,frSm pum;ajymMuw,fvdkU xifrSwfwJh vu©PmESifh tcef;rSm;0ifaMumif; awmif;yefNyD; jyefxGufrnf vkyfawmh uGsefru a,musfm; wpfOD;wpfa,mufESifh trSwfrJh tcef;wGif;rSm xkdifNyD; pum;ajymwm txifrSm;p&m jzpfaeNyDaumvdkdU owd&rdavawmh uGsefru udkxGef;jrifh txifrrSm;ap&atmif vmygOD;? xdkifygOD; vdkU ac:ayr,fh udkxGef;jrifhu tm;emwJh vu©PmESifh tcef;xJu xGufoGm;yga&m&Sif? [kdwkef;uawmh uGsefru wu,fyJ txifvGJw,fvdkU atmufarhrdw,f? vufpowfawmh olwdkUu wrif ÓPfqifNyD; uGsefrudk axmifzrf;Muwmudk;&Sifh} jr/ jr /]b,fvdk axmifzrf;yHkvJAs? xfdxda&mufa&muf rawmfrw&m;jyKzdkU MuHpnfao;wmvm;} ar/ ar /]'Dvkdawmh rMuHpnf0hHygbl;&Sif? olUtMuH bmvJqdkawmh uGsefrESifh armifbpdefudk [dkw,frSm ESpfa,mufwnf; pum;ajymwmudk udkxGef;jrifhu rdoGm;wJh vu©PmESifh ÓPfqifNyD; xm;wmudk;&Sifh? uGsefrvJ [dkwkef;u 'DtaMumif; r&dyfrdavawmh rjruav; vmatmifapmifh? apmifhvdkU rvmawmhrS ppfudkif;udk wpfcg jyefoGm;wmudk;&Sifh? 'DtaMumif;udkvJ 0efaxmufrif; awmu jyefvmawmh rajymrdaybl;&Sif} jr/ jr /]aemufawmhaumAsm} ar/ /]uGsefruvJ 'Dudpö[m 'DwifyJ NyD;r,fvdkU 0efaxmufrif;vJ rajym? rjruav;ESifhvJ ar aemufxyf rawGUwmESifh trSwfrJh 'DvdkyJ aeyga&m&Sif? aemuf av;ig;v avmuf Mumawmh udkxGef;jrifhu uGsefrwdkUtdrf aygufvmw,f&Sifh? 'Dtcg 0efaxmufrif;vJ r&Sdcdkuf jzpfaewmESifh uGsefru {nfUcHNyD; pum;ajymaewJh tcgrSm udkxGef;jrifhu [dkw,frSm uGsefrESifh awGUwJhtaMumif;udk pum;pyfajym? tbdk;BuD;udk wpfywf½dkufyHk tifrwef ae&m usoav; bmav;ESifh &,fcg armcg ajymwmudk;&Sifh? uGsefru 'Dawmh pdwfqdk;vmwmESifh cyfqwfqwf jyefajymvdkufawmh udkxGef;jrifhu ol,kwfrm oabmqdkawmh txift&Sm; jyvmwmudk;&Sifh? 'Dawmh olu taMumif; rsdK;pHkudk ol tukefodygw,fwJh olodorQudk 0efaxmufrif;BuD; rodapvdkcJhvdkU &Sd&if EIwfydwfc ay;&ygvdrfUr,fwJh? 0efaxmufBuD;rSmvJ wpfoufvHk; pkaqmif;NyD; v,f,m acsmif; ajrawG 0,fxm;cJhavawmh wpfvudk wpf&mrsdK; ESpf&mrsdK; ay;zdkU rcJ,Of;ygbl; vdkU ajymavawmh uGsefru pdwfqdk;qdk;ESifh wwfedkif udkifacs wpfjym;rS ray;bl; vdkU ajymvdkufwmESifh olvJ pOf;pm;zdkU tcsdef ay;OD;r,f qdkNyD; jyefoGm;yga&m&Sif} jr/ jr /]'djyifaumAsm} ar/ ar /]aemuf av; ig; &ufavmuf Mumawmh udkxGef;jrifh qDu pmwpfapmif &yga&m&Sif? b,fhES,f a&;vdkufovJ qdkawmh [dkw,fu tcef; wpfckxJrSm emrnfysuf awav wpfa,mufESifh eSpfa,mufwnf; pum;ajymaewmukd udkxGef;jrifhu odwJh taMumif;? 'D taMumif;udk 0efaxmufrif;tm; rajymapvdkcJhvdkU &Sd&if aiGwpf&mudk oHk;&uftwGif; ay;ydkU&rnfU taMumif; ygvmwmudk; &Sifh} jr/ jr /]MuHyHk pnfyHk awmfawmf pdwJh vlawGygAsm? MuHvJ MuHpnf&ufygayw,fAsm? tif; 'gESifh ajymprf;ygOD;}

84

a&TOa'gif;

ar/ ar /]'Dpm&awmh uGsefr pOf;pm;rdw,f? uGsefru 0efaxmufrif; rodatmif rEÅav; oGm;rdwJh tjypfu trSef jzpfavawmh wu,fvdkU udkxGef;jrifh u 0efaxmufrif;udk r[kwfw½kwf vkyfNyD; wdkifwef;cJhvdkU &Sd&if 0efaxmufrif;u uGsefrudk wpfcgwnf; r,HkouFm rjzpfapumrl pHkprf;ar;jref; vdrfUr,f? ar;jref;wJh tcgrSm rEÅav;udk oGm;zl;ovm;? roGm;zl;bl;;vm; qdk&if oGm;zl;ygw,fvdkY 0efcH &vdrfUr,f? 0efcH&wJh tcgrSm vifom; rodatmif wpf&yfwpfaus;udk oGm;0HhwJh rdef;rwpfa,muf[m udkxGef;jrifh ajymovdk tBuHtpnf &SdvkdUom oGm;jcif; jzpfw,fvdkU ,HkrSm;oHo, ruif;zG,f&m jzpfvdrfUr,f? wu,fvdkU uGsefru r[kwf&aMumif; ESifh usrf;opöm usdefqdk apumrl rEÅav;udkvJ vifrodatmif oGm;? jyefvmawmhvJ vifudk bmrS rajym aecJhavawmh b,fenf;ESifh rqdk 0efaxmufrif; pdwfxJrSm ,kwfpGtqHk; ZaemifhZeif; jzpfp&m &Sdw,fvdkU uGsefr awG;rdwmudk; &Sifh? 'Dawmh uGsefr tay:ü tpp t&m&mrSm tifrwef tvkdvdkufvmcJhwJh vifom;wpfOD;[m pdwfrcsrf;om jzpfrSm pdk;&drfwmuvnf; wpfaMumif;? a&S;uvdk ta&;ray;bJ vspfvsL Oayu©m xm;rSm pdk;&drfrdwmvnf; wpfaMumif;aMumifh olawmif;wJh aiGwpf&mudk BuHpnfNyD; ay;vdkuf&yga&m&Sifh} jr/ jr /]rESif;ar[m tp uwnf;u vGJoGm;wmAs? yxrwkef;u 0efaxmufBuD;udk tusdK;taMumif; ajymNyD; 'Dpmudk jyvdkuf&if wpfcgwnf; udpö NyD;oGm;rSmyJ} ar/ /]uGsefr uvnf; 'DaiG wpf&mESifh wpfcgwnf; NyD;vdrfUr,fxifvdkU ay;rdwmudk&Sifh? ar tckawmh armifrif;BuD;om;u wpf&mESifhvJ rat;? ESpf&m ESifhvJ rat;? ig;&m ESifhvJ rat;? pkpkaygif;vdkuf&if olUudk uGsefray;wm aiG wpfaxmif ausmfoGm;NyDaum &Sifh} jr/ jr /]jzpf&avAsm? udkif; odkUaomf vGefwm vGefygapawmh? tckawmh olUudk aiG ray;wJh tjyif olUtwwfESifh olUywfatmif BuHpnfMuzdkU &Sdawmhwmaygh rESif;ar} ar/ ar /]jzpfedkifyrvm; udkausmfjr&,f? 0efaxmufrif;u uGsefr tay:rSm tjypfuif;& avatmif wwfedkifMuyrvm; &Sif} jr/ jr /]rpdk;&drfygESifhAsm? rESif;artwGuf uGsefawmfu uGsefcHygr,fAsm} uGsefawmfh wm0ef xm;vdkufyg? 0efaxmufrif; tay:ü toa& rq,fedkifcJhvQif rESif;ar tdrfrSm wpfoufvHk;

ar/ ar /]uGsefcHwm aeygOD;&Sif? rEÅav; uGsefr oGm;jcif;[m ½dk;½dk;om;om; oGm;jcif; jzpfaMumif;udkyJ 0efaxmufBuD; ,HkMunfatmif &Sif b,fhES,f ajymrvJ} jr/ jr /]b,fvdkyJ ajymonf jzpfapOD;awmh wm0ef&,fvdkUom &J&J vTJtyfyg? 'DtaumifawG vufuvJ vGwfatmif uGsefawmf ÓPf&SdorQ xkwfNyD; aqmif&Gufay;r,f rESif;ar? pdwfomcsyg} ar/ ar /]'D tawmtwGif;rSm udkxGef;jrifhu aiG xyfNyD; awmif;cJh&ifaum &Sif} jr/ jr /]rESif;arESifh rawGU&bJ uGsefawmfESifh awGUygvdrfUr,f} ar/ ar /]b,fyHk awGY&rSmvJ udkausmfjr} jr/ jr /]uGsefawmfuvJ olESifh ÓPfcsif;NydKifNyD; olyJ edkifedkif? igyJ EdkifEdkif ? rEdkifol ½HI;pwrf; qdkNyD; ÓPfprf;xm;wJh udpöuav; &Sdao;w,f? tJ'gaMumifh}
85

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

xkdcPü jrif;&xm;wpfpD;onf tdrfa&SUodkU &yfwefUNyD;vQif {nfUonfwpfa,muf qdkufa&mufaMumif;ESifh vma&mufajymqdkav\/

tapcH

wpfa,mufu

xdktcg rESif;aronf xdkif&mrS xMunfUonfwGif armifxGef;jrifh 0if;twGif; 0ifvmonfudk jrifojzifh armifausmfjrtm; ajymjy&m armifausmfjru rdrd vma&mufonf[k armifxGef;jrifh tm; ajym&eftaMumif;? armifxGef;jrifh tm;vnf; a&S;uuJhodkUyif aMumuf&GHUonfU [efjyKí vufcHpum; ajymygrnfUtaMumif;? ¤if; ajymqdkorQudkvnf; rSwfom;í rdrdtm; jyefajymygrnfU taMumif;ESifh rSmxm;NyD;vQif armifausmfjronf tdrfaemuf rD;zdkacsmifodkU vsifjrefpGm 0ifoGm;av\/ ********* aemufwpfaeU naeü av;em&D tcsdefcefUwGif armifausmfjrESifh tmV0Dvrf;&Sd [dkw,fü aMu;eef;jzifh csdef;qdk awGUqHkMuav&m jr/ jr /]b,fhES,fvJ rESif;ar? udkxGef;jrifhu bmrsm; ajymoGm;ao;ovJ} ar/ ar /]&SifydkUvdkufwJh aiG oHk;&mawmh &ygNyDwJh? odkUaomfvnf; tckwavm olUrSm tifrwef aiGvdkaewJh twGuf we*FaEG wpfywftwGif; aiG ESpf&mavmuf vkdaejyefNyD wJh} jr/ jr /]ckepf&uf wpfywfwJh? [kwfuJhvm;? ckepf&uf wpfywftwGif; aiGESpf&myJ &rvm;? b,folyJ bmjzpfrvJ MunfU&ao;wmyghAsm} ar/ ar /]b,fvdkvkyfzdkU tBuHtpnfrsm; &SdygovJ &Sif} jr/ jr /]aoaocsmcsmBuD;awmh rpDpOf&ao;bl;As? odkUaomfvnf; wpfckawmh pdwfomcsyg rESif;ar? rMumrD twGif; 'Dtaumifvufu vGwfNyD; 0efaxmufrif; tay:rSmvJ emrnf rysufbl;qdkwm pdwfcsNyD;om aeygAsm} ar/ ar /]aeygOD;&Sif? &Sifh tBuH[m b,fvdk b,fuJhodkU t&dyftjrGufavmufuav; eJeJyg;yg; ajymrjyekdifbl;vm; &Sif} jr/ jr /]tckawmhjzifh ajymzdkU&mvJ tcsdefrusao;ygbl;? rESif;ar onf;cHygOD; Asm} ar/ ar /]ol rw&m;aMumif;udk &Sif odxm;wJhjyif onfUjyif tcsufawGrsm; &Sdao;ygovm;} jr/ jr /]tyHkBuD;ayghAsm? odkUaomf rESif;aru usKyfudk vHk;vHk;BuD; ,HkMunf&JUvm;} ar/ ar /]b,fhES,f r,HkMunfbJ aervJ udkausmfjr&,f} jr/ jr /]'gjzifh uGsefawmf ar;p&muav; wpfcGef; ESpfcGef; &Sdygao;w,f? rSefrSef ajzrSmvm; rESif;ar} ar/ ar /]tdk b,fhES,f ajymygvdrfY? udk,fYtwGuf 'Davmufawmif tyifyef;cHNyD; aqmif&GufaewJh vlwpfOD; wpfa,mufudk b,fhES,faMumifh vdrfajymrvJ &Sif? &Sif ar;p&m&Sd&if ar;yg? uGsefr rSefrSefajzr,f}
86

rESif;arwdkUonf

a&TOa'gif;

jr/ jr /]udkxGef;jrifhwdkU armifbpdefwdkUESifh rESif;ar oda[mif; uGsrf;a[mif; ayghaemf} ar/ ar /]rSefygw,f} jr/ jr /]'gjzifh rtkef;pdefqdkwJh oli,fr wpfa,muf taMumif;udk olwdkU ajymoHrsm; Mum;zl;ygovm;} ar/ ar /(twefi,f pOf;pm;awG;awm NyD;aemuf) ]rMum;zl;yguvm; &Sif? bmjzpfvdkUvJ} jr/ /]bmaMumifh&,fvdkUawmh r[kwfygbl;Asm? uGsefawmf odcsifvdkUygyJ} jr ¤if;aemuf armifausmfjrESifh rESif;arwdkUonf rdrdwdkU aqmif&Guf&ef udpöESifhywfoufí tenf;i,f qufvufwdkifyifMuNyD;vQif rESif;aronf aemufqHk;&xm;ESifh ppfudkif;odkU jyefoGm; av\/

tcef; (15) xkdaeU nae 7 em&DcefUwGif pHkaxmuf armifbwifESifh Xmemtkyf armifoef;azwdkUonf rdrdwdkU &&Sdaom owif;t& [dkw,fodkU a&mufvmMuNyD;vQif refae*sm vkyfoltm; armifausmfjr\ vlyHkyef;udk ajymNyD;aemuf xkdolwpfa,muf vma&mufygoavm [k ar;jref;&m refae*smu xdkyHkyef;oP²mefwlaom vlwpfa,mufonf naeuyif vma&mufí trnfrod *kPfoa&&Sd rdef;rwpfa,mufESifh wpfem&DcefUrQ pum;ajymqkdMuNyD;vQif xGufoGm;MuaMumif;ESifh jyefajymav\/ xdktcg armifbwifu ¤if; rdef;ronf rnfoljzpfonfudk rodygoavm[k xyfavmif;í ar;jref;onfwGif refae*smu ¤if;rdef;ronf &Hzef&Hcg [dkw,fodkU vma&mufzl;onf[k xifrSwfaomfvnf; rnfolrnf0g jzpfonfUtaMumif;udkrl rrSwfrdaMumif;ESifh ajymqdkav\/ xdktcg ykvdyfESpfa,mufwdkUonf tcsif;csif; wdkifyifMuNyD;aemuf armifausmfjr &Sdavmufonf[k xifrSwf&aom ae&mt&yfwdkUodkU vSnfUywfpHkprf; axmufvSef; ar;jref;vsuf &SdMuavonf/ xdktcsdeftcgüum; ¤if;wdkU &SmazGvsuf&Sdaom 0&rf;ajy; armifausmfjronf rEÅav;NrdKU taemufjyif tif;bJ&yf&Sd wpfckaom tdrfi,ftwGif;ü armifa'ge? rcifMunfwdkUESifh wdkifyifESD;aESmvsuf &SdMuav\/ yxrü armifausmfjrESifh armifa'gewdkU pum;ajymqdkvsuf &Sdaeonfudk rcifMunfonf teD;rS em;axmifvsuf &Sd&m aemufqHk;ü armifausmfjru rcifMunfbufodkU vSnfUí jr/ jr /]aeygOD; rcifMunf? rtkef;pdefESifh armifbpdefESifh oduGsrf;zl;ovm;? rtkef;pdef armifbpdef taMumif; ajymwmrsm; Mum;zl;ovm;} Munf/ /]vlyHk oem;urm;ESifh Mumorm; cyfqefqef vl[mvm;? rtkef;pdefqDudk ESpfcg vmwm jrifzl;w,f}

87

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

jr/ jr /]awmfawmf tuGsrf;w0if &Sdvm;? orD;&nf;pm; tjzpfESifh cspfBudKufw,fvdkU xifrSwfzdkU&ef taMumif; &Sdovm;} Munf/ /]r[kwfEdkifygbl; &Sif? rtkef;pdefu tm* rmeBuD;wJh rdef;uav; wpfa,muf? awmfawmh vludk cspfBudKufr,fvdkU uGsefr rxifygbl;&Sif? armifbpdef taMumif;udk udkausmfjr odcsifvdkUvm;? odcsifvdkU &Sd&if rtkef;pdefudk awGUatmif &SmNyD; ar;vdkU &Sd&if tpHktvif od&wmaygh? 'gwJh tckwavm rtkef;pdeftaMumif; owif; rMum;&awmhbl;vm;&Sif? Mum;Mu&if odyg&ap? awGUrS awGYygOD;awmhrvm; &Sif} jr/ jr /]aowJhvl Mum&ifarh? aysmufaomvl &Sm&ifawGU qdkwJh pum;yHkawmh &Sdwmaygh rpdefMunf&JU? wpfaeUaeUawmh awGUaumif;ygw,f Asm} Munf/ /]uGsefrjzifh olU taMumif;awG;&if tm;BuD; pdwfav;w,f&Sif? uGsefr olUudk 'Db0rSmjzifh awGU&r,f rxifawmhbl;&Sif? olwpfyg; vufcsufESifh toufrsm; xdavNyD xifyg&JU} jr/ jr /]b,fhES,faMumifh 'Dvdk awG;EdkifovJ rcifMunf} Munf/ /]b,fhES,faMumifh&,f uGsefr rajymwwfbl;? uGsefr pdwfxJrSm 'DvdkyJ xifrdygw,f} jr/ jr /]vlqdkwm udk,fawGUcsifwJh vludk ½kwfw&uf rawGUNyD qdkrSjzifh pdwfav;NyD; awG;rdawG;&m xifrdxif&m xifwwfwmrsdK;rdkUyg rcifMunf&,f?xifwdkif;vJ r[kwfEdkifygbl;As? 'Davmuf pdwfrylygESifh} ********* aemufwpfaeU naeü a&SUae armifxGef;jrifhonf r*Fvmaps;teD; "mwf&xm;ay:rS qif;oufcJhNyD;vQif aps;\ awmifbuf&Sd wpfaqmifaom tdrfay: odkU wufoGm;í rdrdESifh rdwfaqG&if; jzpfaom armifbpdef qdkolESifh awGUqHkí tusdK;taMumif; wdkifyifMu&m pdef/ /]b,fhES,fvJ q&ma&U? bmrsm; owif;xl;ao;vJ} jrifh/ /]rxl;ygbl;Asm? odkUaomf [dktaumifawmh vGwfoGm;jyefNyD AsdKU? t&ifwpfcgu vdkyJ vufrwifuav; vGJoGm;jyefNyDwJh? odkUaomfvnf; 'DuaeU nawmh rvGJEdkifygbl;? rkcs rdawmhrSmygyJ} pdef/ /]cifAsm; b,fhES,faMumifh odEdkifovJ} jrifh/ /]usKyfwdkU udk,fwdkif pDpOf cJhvdkUAsm} pdef/ /]b,fyHk pDpOfcJhovJ} jrifh/ /]rdrdBuD;u olESifh awGU&atmif nq,fem&Davmufudk wdwfwqdwf tdrfaemufvmcJhygvdkU pma&;NyD; rSmvdkufNyDAs? rdrdBuD;u rSmw,f qdk&if {uef olvmrSmyJ? vm&ifawmh udk,fYvlawmh 'ku©yJ} pdef/ /]pDpOfyHkawmh oyf&yfyg&JUAsm? odkUaomfvnf; ae&musyrvm;}
88

a&TOa'gif;

jrifh/ /]aq;aoyAsm? udkausmfjru rdrdBuD;[m olUbufom;yJvdkU xifaeao;w,f? 'Dawmh rdrdBuD;u rSmw,fqdk&if {uef rkcs olvmNyDyJ} pdef/ /]usKyfjzifh w,frxifvSygbl;Asm? udkausmfjru vlt r[kwfao;bl;As? ykvdyf vufu 'DavmufMumatmif yGwfum oDum wdrf;a&SmifaeEdkifwJh vlwpfa,muf[m 'DÓPfrsdK;avmufudkawmh &dyfrdvdrfUr,f xifw,f} jrifh/ /]r&dyfrdEdkifygbl; Asm? 'DuaeUnawmh taotcsmygyJ? usKyfvJ aocsmonfxuf aocsmatmif ykvdyfawGESifhudk twlvdkufNyD; apmifhacsOD;r,f} pdef/ /]cifAsm; udk,fwdkif vdkufvdkU awmfrvm; Asm} jrifh/ /]bmvdkU rawmf&ovJAsm? vkyfrJh vkyf&if &J&Jwif;wif;BuD; vkyfrS udk,fYtBuHudk vl r&dyfrdawmh rayghAsm} pdef/ /]vkyfawmhav cifAsm; oabmaygh? odkUaomfvnf; usKyfuawmh rvkduf&Jbl; q&m? 'DuyJ ae&pfawmhr,f} jrifh/ /]w,fEHkwJh vlyJ? 'DavmufrS rsufESm rajymifbJudk;As? usKyfawmh udk,fwdkifoGm;NyD; 'Dtaumif zrf;wmudk NrdefNrdef &Suf&SufBuD; MunfUcsnfOD;r,fAsdKU? 'Dtaumifudk rdNyD;wJhaemuf jypfcsuf&zdkUuawmh oufaocH tifrwef vHkavmufavawmh BudK;&zdkUuawmhjzifh rvGJEdkifbl;? 'Dtaumif ao&if usKyfwdkUrSm wpfjynfat;jyefwmaygh Asm} pdef/ /]cifAsm; pDpOfyHk[m wu,fyJ oyffoyf&yf&yf &Sdayw,f? csD;rGrf;xdkufygayw,f Asm? pHkaxmufynm 0goem yga,mif bma,mifa,mifESifh ÓPfqifNyD; vkyfxm;vdkufwm/ [kwfrSefwJh twdkif; wkdif;jynfu odMuvdkU&Sd&if b,favmuf tHhMoMurvJAsm} jrifh/ /]thhHMowm tomxm;NyD; 0efaxmufuawmf rESif;arESifh awGUqHkwkdifyifMuw,fvdkU Mum;&wJh owif;[maum b,fhES,fvJ AsdKU} armifausmfjrESifh

pdef/ /][kwfrxifygbl;Asm? armifausmfjru 'Davmufawmif &Jwif;r,f rxifygbl;? 'gxuf armifausmfjrudk usKyfwdkUu aoatmif BuHwmawmh [kwfygNyD? ol aoawmhaum usKyfwdkUrSm bm tusdK;&SdrSmvJ} jrifh/ /]b,fhES,f tusdK; r&SdovJAsm? 'Dtaumifu usKyfwdkU taMumif;udk wpfpHkwpf&m wyftyfaocsm rodaomfvnf; enf;enf;yg;yg;awmh &dyfrdxm;wJh vu©Pm &Sdw,fAs/ 'Dawmhum ol&dyfrdwJh twdkif; oJvGefpudk avQmufNyD; vdkufr,fqdk&if usKyfwdkU [mawG ay:ukefrSm pdk;&w,f? ay:ukef&if cifAsm;wdkU usKyfwdkU b,fa&mufMurvJ} [kar;aom tcg armifbpdefonf EIwfjzifh zGifh[ ajzqdkjcif; rjyKbJ rdrd\ vnfyif;udk vufñId;jzifh &pfywfí jyav\/ xdktcg jrifh/ /]udkif; 'Dawmh 'Dtaumif aowJh twGuf usKyfwdkUrSm aiGyif r&aomfwJh ? aus;Zl; tifrwef rsm;w,f r[kwfvm; As? 'DuaeU nawmh rvGJEdkifygbl; Asm? {uEÅ rdNyD;om;ygyJ}

89

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

tcef; (16) rEÅav;NrdKU taemufjyif *kPfwef&yf&Sd orm"dNrdKU0ef OD;vluav; tdrfü xdkaeUn 9 em&D tcsdefcefUwGif vlwpfpk wdkUonf pnf;a0;wkdifyifvsuf &SdaeMuav\/ ¤if; vlpkwdkU teuf a&S;OD;pGm qdkufa&mufvmaom olwdkUrSm armifausmfjr? armifa'geESifh rcifMunf wdkUjzpfavonf/ ¤if;wdkU wufvmonfudk jrifonfESifh wNydKifeuf rdrdBuD;onf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om c&D;OD;BudKjyKí armifausmfjrtm; rdrd txif&Sdonf rsm;udk awmif;yefpum; ajymqdkNyD;aemuf armifausmfjru vGefcJhonfU &uftenf;i,f twGif;ü rdrdjyKrlyHkrsm;udk axmufcsifh cJhí rnfolrqdk txiftjrif vGJap&ef &SdcJhonf jzpfaomaMumifh rdrdtm; awmif;yef&ef taMumif; r&SdaMumif;ESifh ajymqdkav\/ xdktcg BuD;/ /]txifvGJwkef;u vGJwm &SdygOD;awmh? tckvJ [kwfrSefwJh twkdif; taotcsm rod&ao; ygbl;&Sif? ajymjyygOD; udkausmfjr&JU} jr/ jr /]od&csdef eD;ygNyD rdrdBuD;&,f? cPav; onf;cHvdkufygOD;? "m;wef;&yfu rdef;uav;udk b,fol owfw,f? ¤if; rdef;uav; b,fol b,f0g jzpfw,f? b,f taMumif;aMumifh owfw,f? b,fenf;ESifh owfw,f qdkwm awmfawmfMum&if od&ygawmhr,f} ¤if;aemuf rdrdBuD;ESifh rcifMunfwdkUonf oda[mif; uGsrf;a[mif; uJhodkU &SdaeMuNyD; rdef;uav;wdkU bm0 rdrdwdkU txifvGJMuonfudk &,farm ajymqdkvsuf &SdMupOf 0efuawmf rESif;arvnf; qdkufa&mufí vmav\/ xdktcg armifausmfjru rdef;r tcsif;csif; todtuGsrf; zGJUí ay;NyD;aemuf rESif;aru armifausmfjr qdkolonf om;r,m; a&G;cs,fonfU t&mXmeü rsufpd r½dkif;aMumif;? touft&G,f tawmftwef BuD;&ifhatmif vlysdKBuD;vkyfí vmcJhjcif;rSm aemufqHk;ü apmifhqdkif;&usdK; eyfayonf jzpfay&m ]vufzufaumif; pm;vdkvQif yavmif awmifwuf aES;&rnf} qdkaom pum;yHk twdkif; ,lqygaMumif;rsm;ESifh &,farm ajymqdkaeMu&if;yif tcsdefonf ukefrSef; rod ukefvmcJhav\/ ,if;odkU ajymqdk &,farmvsuf &SdMupOf tm;vHk;aom olwdkUonf wpfpHkwpf&mudk arQmfvihfapmifhqkdif; &Sdbd ouJhodkU vrf;odkU rMumrMum arQmfMunfU rdMuav&m q,fem&D xdk;csdef eD;avvQif pHkaxmuf armifbwifonf tdrfay: odkU wufvmí a&mufESifhol {nfUy&dwfowf wkdUtm; &Tifvef; tm;&&Sdaom trlt&mESifh EIwfcGef;qufvsuf &Sdav\/ ¤if;aemuf armifbwifonf armifausmfjr\ teD;odkU csOf;uyfí wif/ /]cifAsm; ajymwmESifh bpdef\ taMumif;udk trIwGJrSm vSef&Smawmh jypfcsuf oHk; av; csuf &Sdzl;wJh taumifyJ As? aemufqHk; jypfcsufu vdrfvnfrIESifh 0g;&rf; xkwfxm;wm? tckxufxd rrddao;bl;} jr/ jr /]rdapraygh Asm? pdwfomcsyg} xdkcPü jrif;&xm; wpfpD;onf tdrfa&SUü &yfwefUí armifxGef;jrifhonf &xm;ay:rS qif;vmonfESifh wjydKifeuf 0if;x&H teD;rS acsmif;ajrmif;um apmifhaeaom ykvdyf
90

a&TOa'gif;

ESpfa,mufwdkUonf vnfukyfudk udkifí zrf;NyD;vQif tdrfay: odkU ac:vmcJhMuav\/ armifxGef;jrifhvnf; ykvdyfom; ESpfa,mufwkdU\ tv,frS uefUvefU uefUvefUESifh ygvmcJh&m tddrfay: odkU a&mufonfESifh wjydKifeuf xdwfvefUaom rsufESmxm;ESifh {nfUy&dwfowf wkdUtm; wpfa,mufpD MunfUvsuf jrifh/ /]b,fhES,f vkyfMuwmvJAsm? ajymifp&m avSmifp&m 'djyif enf;rsm; r&SdMubl;vm;Asm? tdrfudk tvnfvmygvdkU wrif zdwfMum;NyD; vmjyefawmhvnf; 'Dvdk jyKMuwm aumif;ekdif Mua&mhvm;} [k a&&Gwfajymqdkvsuf &Sd&mrS armifausmfjrESifh rsufvHk;csif; qdkifrdMuonfwGif armifxGef;jrifhonf ½kwfw&uf qGHUtí oGm;bdouJhodkU yg;pyfudk [vsuf &Sdav\/ xdktcgrS armifbwifu wif/ /]ajymifwm r[kwfbl; q&mBuD;a&? wu,fhudk zrf;&wmyJ? udk,fh½I;udk,fywf qkdwJh pum;yHkom Mum;zl;w,f? 'DwpfcgrS vufawGU jzpfaeyaum udkxGef;jrifh &JU} jrifh/ /]bmrIESifh cifAsm;wdkUu usKyfudk zrf;ekdifovJAsm} wif/ /]vGefcJhwJh waygif;vqef; 4 &ufaeUu "m;wef;&yfrSm rtkef;pdefqdkwJh oli,fr uav;udk jzm;a,mif; ac:iif owfjzwfwJh trIESifh cifAsm;udk usKyfwkdU zrf;&ygw,f? 0g;&rf; cifAsm; MunfUcsifao;ovm;} jrifh/ /(vufoD; qkyfum? tHBudwfumjzifh) ]b,fu usKyf owf&rSmvJAs? owfwJh vlu a[m[dkrSm? udkausmfjr qdkwJh vl owfwmAs} wif/ /(OD;acgif;udk &rf;vsuf) ]r&bl; q&ma&? [dkwkef;uom cifAsm; nmvdkU&w,f? tckawmh usKyfwdkU tukefodukefNyD? cifAsm; nmayrJh r&bl;} jrifh/ /][kwfygw,fAs? udkausmfjr owfwmyg? olyJ owfNyD; olyJ udkMumnGefU a,mifaqmifNyD; ykvdyfudk oGm;wdkifcsufay;w,f r[kwfvm;? ol rowfvdkU &Sd&if bmjyKvdkU wdrf;a&SmifNyD; aeowJhvJ As} xdktcgrS armifausmfjronf rdrd\ tBuHtpnfrsm;udk &Sif;vif; xkwfazmf ajymqdkav\/ rdrdonf rdwfaqG armifa'geESifh ¤if;trIü oufaocH vHkavmuf xif&Sm;pGm &edkifapjcif;iSm vHkv Oó[ jyKcJh&aMumif;? yxruyif armifxGef;jrifh tay:ü ouFmruif; &SdaecJhí tidkufukd ½dkufekdifapjcif;iSm rdrdudk,fwdkif jypfrI usL;vGefol [efaqmifNyD;vQif xGufajy; ykef;a&SmifaecJhaMumif;? vlowfrI wpfpHkwpfckü vufonfudk zrf;qD;onfUtcg rnfonfUtwGufaMumifh owfjzwfonfU taMumif;udk xif&Sm;pGm jyedkifrS omvQif ½Hk;cGifü tedkif&rnf jzpfí rnfonfU taMumif;aMumifh owfjzwfonfukd axmufvSrf; pHkprf; aecJh&ojzifh tcsdefMum&Snf cJh&aMumifhESifh ¤if; jypfrIrSm a'gotavsmuf ½kwfw&uf jzpfyGm;aom jypfrI r[kwf? rtkef;pdefonf ¤if;wkdU taMumif; odoifhonfxuf ydkrdkí odoGm;onf jzpfaomaMumifh EIwfydwfvdkaom taMumif;jzifh BuHpnf owfjzwfjcif; jzpfaMumif;? armifxGef;jrifhESifh armifbpdefwdkUonf ESpfOD; yl;aygif;í *kPfoa&&Sd trsdK;aumif; orD;wdkUudk emrnf ysufapatmif ÓPfqifNyD;vQif aiGñSpfxkwfolrsm; jzpfaMumif;udk Mum;od&onfESifh wNydKifeuf rddrdu ¤if;wdkU\ tBuHudk xkwfazmfedkifapjcif;iSm a&S;OD;pGm armifxGef;jrifhESifh todtuGsrf; zGJUcJh&aMumif;? todtuGsrf; zGJYNyD;aemuf tuGufaumif; tcsufaumif; wdkUudk apmifhqdkif; aecJh&m tcGifh rombJ &SdcJh&aMumif;/
91

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

wpfaeUoü rlum; armifxGef;jrifhonf rdrdESifh BuHpnfbuf jzpfaom rtkef;pdeftm; &efukefrS a&mufvmaom yGJpm;BuD; OD;MumnGefUudk csLNrdKuf&ef tBuHtpnfESifh todtuGsrf; zGJUay;aMumif;? ¤if; taMumif;udk rdrd od&Sdí ¤if;tm; owday;aom tcg OD;MumnGefUu r,HkrMunf &SdcJhaMumif;? odkU&mwGif OD;MumnGefUonf owd 0D&d,ESifh aexdkifcJhaMumif;? xdktawmtwGif; rtkef;pdefESifh OD;MumnGefU wkdUonf tawmf &if;ESD;aom tjzpfodkUwdkdif a&mufMuaomtcg OD;MumnGefUonf ¤if;wdkU\ tBuHtpnfudk r&dyfrda,mifaqmifí aecJhaMumif;? OD;MumnGefU r&SdonfU tcgü rdrdu ¤if;\ tdrfudk acsmif;ajrmif; apmifhMuyf cJh&aMumif;? OD;MumnGefU xGufoGm;NyD;aemuf oHk;&ufajrmufaomaeUü nOfU &Spfem&D tcsdefcefUwGif armifxGef;jrifhESifh armifbpdef wdkUonf OD;MumnGefU\ wdkufodkU a&mufvmí wHcg;udk zGifhNyD;vQif 0ifoGm;Muonfudk awGUjrif vdkuf&aMumif;? em&D0ufcefUrQ &Sdaomtcgrtkef;pdef a&mufvmí wdkufxJodkU 0ifoGm;onfudk jrifvdkuf&aMumif;? em&D0ufcefU Mumaomtcg armifxGef;jrifhESifh armifbpdefwdkUonf wdkufwGif;rS ysm,D;ysm,m xGufvmMuonfudk awGUjrif&aMumif;? twefi,f apmifhqdkif;í rtkef;pdef xGufvmonfudk rawGUaom tcg pdwfü ouFm ruif; jzpfí wdkufwGif;odkU 0ifa&muf MunfU½IonfwGif oli,fr\ tavmif;udk avSum;&if;ü awGU&Sd&aMumif;? tHqGJ rsm;ESifh bD½dkrSmvnf; olcdk;wdkU\ vuf&mjzpfonf[k xifrSwfapjcif;iSm zGifhvSpfvSefavSm arTaESmufí xm;cJhaMumif;? xdktcg rdrdu tdrfodkU jyefcJhNyD;vQif rnfodkU jyK&rnfudk tBuHxkwfcJhonf? taumif;qHk; tBuHrSm rdrdudk,fwdkif owfaomol xifrSwfatmif jyKí tu,fí owfaom olwdkUu vHkNcHKvSNyD[k xifrSwfaomtcg oufao vHkavmufpGm pkaqmif;í zrf;&ef BuHpnf cJhaMumif;? ¤if; tBuH twddkif; rdrdBuD;xH oGm;a&mufí tjcm;aom olwkdU r[kwf rw&m; pGyfpGJ cJhygvQif ,HkMunfrI r&Sdap&ef wiful;í ajymxm;cJhaMumif;? xkdaeUrS pí rdrdudk,fudk jypfrI usL;vGefonfU olwpfa,muf\ taetxdkifrsdK;jzifh aexdkifcJhNyD;vQif OD;MumnGefU a,mifaqmifí tavmif;udk awGUcsif[ef jyKNyD;vQif XmemodkU wdkifwef;cJhaMumif;? rdrd\ MuH&G,fcsuftwkdif; xajrmuf atmifjrifcJhonf jzpfí owfol ESpfa,mufwdkUrSm vHkNcHKvSNyD[k rSwfxifNyD;vQif trIudk rdrdtay:ü ywfap&ef armifxGef;jrifh udk,fwdkifu BudK;pm; tm;xkwfvsuf &SdcJhaMumif;ESifh &Sif;vif; aNymqdkav\/ xkdtcg rdrdBuD;u armifxGef;jrifhudk vufñId;ñTefvsuf xkdolonf armifausmfjr\ taMumif;udk rdrdtm; em;a,mifapavmufatmif jzm;a,mif; ajymqkdol jzpfaMumif;? armifxGef;jrifh\ tqdkrSm armifausmfjronf vl½IyfvlayG jzpfí rtkef;pdef rcifMunf ESpfa,mufvHk; wkdUESifh cspfBudKufrdí rtkef;pdefu qlqlylyl jyKonfwGif t&SufuGJrnfudk jrifí tqHk;pD&if vdkufaMumif;rsm;ESifh xifa,mif xifrSm; jzpfapavmufatmif ajymjyzl;aMumif;? ¤if;aemuf armifausmfjr udk,fwdkif wdrf;a&Smifí aejyefaomtcg oHo, ruif;zG,f&m taMumif;rsm;pGm &Sdaomfvnf; rdrd pdwfwGif;üum; armifausmfjronf þodkUaom tjyKtrl rsdK;udk rjyKwef&m [lí tpOfrjywf rSwfxif ,lqcJhaMumif;rsm;ESifh jyefajymav\/ xkdtcg armifausmfjru rdrdrSm ouFmruif; jzpfzG,f&m taMumif;rsm; vHkavmufpGm &SdygvsufESifh rdrdtay:ü arwÅm ysufys,fjcif; r&SdbJ yuwd twkdif; r,drf;r,dkif NrJcdkifvSayaom opöm onfum; ,ckacwf ,ck tcgwGif tvGefw&mrS cJ,Of;vSonf jzpfaMumif;rsm;ESifh rdrd\ &nf;pm;onfrdrdBuD;\ wnfMunf cdkifcHhaom pdwfoabmudk csD;rGrf; ajymqkdvsuf &SdpOf ½kwfw&uf aoewfoH Mum;&ojzifh {nfUcef; y&dowf tm;vHk;wkdU ½kef;½kef;&if;&if; jzpfoGm;onfwGif rdrdBuD;onf &ifbwfudk zdvsuf armifausmfjr vufwGif;odkU vJusoGm;av\/ pifppfaomfum; armifxGef;jrihfonf emrnfausmf a&SUae wpfa,muf jzpfí ajcmufvHk;jyL; udkifaqmifcGifh &cJh&m
92

a&TOa'gif;

tpdk;& t&m&SdwdkU\ zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifrnfU ab;&efudk tpOfrjywf pdwfwGif; aMumuf&GHU pdk;&drfvsuf&Sdonf jzpfaomaMumifh tpOftNrJ udkdifaqmifavh &Sd&um; ykvdyfom; ESpfa,mufwdkUonf ¤if;udk zrf;qD;pOf tcgu vufeuf udkifaqmifjcif; &Sdr&Sdudk &SmazG&ef arhavsmhonf jzpfaomaMumifh rdrdtm; rsufESmcsif;qdkif pGyfpGJajymqkdonfrsm;udk &Sufvnf;&Suf? aMumufvnf; aMumufonfESifh ykvdyfom;wdkU\ tv,fwGif ¤if;wdkU\ vufrS ½kwfw&uf uefaMumuf ½kef;z,fí ajcmufvHk;jyL;jzifh rdrdBuD;tm; ypfowfvdkufjcif; jzpfavonf/ rdrdBuD;tm; ypfNyD;aemuf armifausmfjrtm;vnf; ypfowf&ef csdef&G,fvsuf &SdpOf armifbwif onf vufjrefaom olwpfa,muf jzpfaomaMumifh armifxGef;jrifh\ vufaumuf0wfudk vufjzifh r vdkufonfwGif 'kwd, ypfvkdufaom aoewfcsufonf tdrfrdk;udk omvQif azmufxGif;í oGm;av\/ armifausmfjrrSm rlum; ¤if;trI udpö ü xajrmuf atmifjrifcJhonf qdkapumrl cspfvSaom rdrd&nf;pm;onf &efol vufcsufjzifh touf qHk;½IH;&&Smonf jzpfaomaMumifh rnfrQavmuf ,lBuHK;r& jzpfcJh&&Smonfudk xkwfazmf a&;om;&ef vdkawmhrnf r[kwfacs/ ykvdyf t&m&Sd wdkUvnf; armifbpdef qdkoludk &SmazG zrf;qD; NyD;aemuf ½Hk;ü ppfaq;onfU tcgwGif jypfrI xif&Sm;onf jzpfaomaMumifh armifbpdefrSm axmifwpfouf uscHap&ef pD&ifcsuf csrSwfNyD;vQif armifxGef;jrifh rSmrlum; toufqHk;½HI;atmif pD&if qHk;jzwfvdkufavownf;/ armifpH&Sm;onf txufyg tjcif;t&mwdkUudk uGsefawmfhtm; jyefajymif; ajymqdkNyD;aemuf &Sm;/ /]b,fhES,fvJ udkodef;armif? udkausmfjr qdkdwm b,fol b,f0g jzpfaMumif; cifAsm; ; &dyfrdw,f r[kwfvm;} uGsefawmf/ /]udkausmfjr qkdwm cifAsm;yJ r[kwfvm;} &Sm;/ /]tppfyJ? rdrdBuD; aoqHk;NyD;wJhaemuf tdrfaxmif&ufom; jyKcsifwJh pdwfvJ r&Sdbl;As? ; wpfcgwpfav ,lr,fvdkU BuHpnfrdjyef&if rdrdBuD;&JU rsufESmudk uGufceJ jrifvmrdjyefwmESifh ,lr,fh tBuHtpnf[m ysufoGm;jyefa&mAs? ckawmh toufuvJBuD; BudKufrJh vluvJ r&Sdavawmh tawmfyJ aeawmh wmygyJAsm? [dktcgwkef;uawmh cifAsm; tck Mum;&wJh twdkif; pHkaxmufbufrSm 0goem ygvGef;vdkU aqmif&GufcJh&wmudk; As? ,ckvdk pnf;pepf ususESifh odyfodyfoJoJ aoaooyfoyf r&Sdao;bl;aygh? rdrdBuD; aoqHk;awmhrS vlqdk; rSeforQudk rkef;xm;wJh pdwf jzpfay:vmcJhwmaMumifh txHk0goemvJ tm;BuD;wmESifh 'DtvkyfESifhyJ toufarG;ygawmhr,fvdkU tBuH&wm taMumif;rsm;aMumifh udk,fUudk,fudk jyefajymif;NyD; armifpH&Sm; trnfESifh &efukefNrdKUudk vmcJhwmudk; udkodef;armif&JU} uGsefawmf/ /]aumif;ygavAsm? cifAsm; wpfa,muf ay:ayguf vmwm[m wdkif;jynfrSm vlqdk;rsm; enf;yg;zdkU taMumif; wpf&yfayyJ? ck trIrSm aemif 0g&ifh vmwJhtcg pHkaxmufwJh trIrsm;vdk tifrwefBuD; odyfodyfonf;onf; r&Sdaomfvnf; cifAsm; i,fpOfu tjzpftysufudk Mum;od&wJh twGuf trsm;BuD; 0rf;ajrmufoAsm} NyD;ygNyD/
93

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

3 / ESpfxyfausmh
,ckacwf umvü t*Fvdyfpm wwfajrmufol ta&twGufonf wpfaeUwpfjcm; wkd;wufrsm;jym;í vmcJh&m rsm;pGmaomolwdkUonf ¤if;pmudk wwfajrmufonfESifh wjydKifeuf t0wftpm; taetxdkif trlt&mrSpí rsm;pGm bdkqefí oGm;wwfMuav\/ a&S;tcgurl a,musfm;oli,frsm;omvQif ,if;uJhodkU trlt&m ajymif;vJjcif; &SdwwfMuonf jzpf&m ,ckacwf tcgü rlum; t*Fvdyfpm wwfajrmufol rdef;uav; ta&twGufonfvnf; tqrsm;pGm ydkrdkwdk;wufí vmcJhJNyD jzpf&um; bdkqefaom rdef;uav;wdkU\ ta&twGufonfvnf; ¤if; tcsdK;tpm;t& wdk;wuf aygrsm;í vmcJhacs\/ vGwfvyfjcif;wnf; [laom tcGifhta&;onf pifppftm;jzifh aumif;aom tjcif;t&mwpfck jzpfonf rSefay\/ odkU&mwGif [D&dMowåyÜ t&mXmeü urÇmwpf0Srf;vHk;\ csD;rGrf;jcif;udk cHxkdufayaom uGsEkfyfwdkU jrefrm rdef;rrsm;rSm vGwfvyfpGm aexkdifjcif;wnf; [laom taemufwdkif;olwdkU\ tavhtusifhudk twkcdk; enf;,lcJhygrl ysufpD;jcif;odkUwkdif a&muf&ef enf;vrf;rsm;pGm jzpfay:wwfacsonf/ ,ck a&;om;azmfjy vwHåUaom 0w¬KrSmvnf; bdkqefMuonfUtwGuf roifhrwifh tcsif;rsm;&mrS pí aemufqHk;ü 'ku©BuD;pGm BuHKawGU&aom tjzpftysuf tjcif;t&myif jzpfayonf/ wpfaeUaom rGef;wnfU tcsdefü tpdk;&pHkaxmufzuf qdkif&m tifpydwfawmf armiftkef;azonf romr,maom rsufESmxm;jzifh uGsefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;wdkU aexdkif&m wdkufcef;odkU wufvmNyD;vQif yufvufukvm;xdkifwpfck ay:wGif ypfvSJí xdkifav\/ xdktcg armifpH&Sm;u ]a&TrsufESmñdk bm tvdkrus ovJ udktkef;az &JU} [k ysuf&,fjyKí ar;onfwGif az/ az /]odyfNyD; *GuswJh trIyJ cifAsm? vufonfay:zdkU rcJ,Of;bJESifh ay:atmif rvdkuf0hHwJhtwGuf 'Dtwdkif; cHae&NyD; um,uH&Sif ESpfOD;pvHk;rSm 'ku©BuD; a&mufawmhrvdkU jzpfaejyDaum q&m} &Sm;/ /]tpu pNyD; ajymjyprf;ygOD; As? usKyfwdkU wwfEdkif&ifvJ ulnD&wmayghAsm} ; az/ az /]'DtrIu pifppfawmh cifAsm;wdkU uGsefawmfwdkUESifh w,fNyD; qdkifwhJ trIrsdK; r[kwfygbl; cifAsm? odkUaomfvnf; q&mu t&m&mrSmyJ ÓPfoGm;wJh yk*¾dKvfwpfOD; jzpfwJhtwGuf wkdifyifMunfU&ao;wmaygh q&m [k ajymNyD;vQif armiftkef;azonf 0wfvHkawmf& armifwifvS vifr,m;\ trIudk ajymjyav&m tusOf;csKyfrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfav\/ 0wfvHkawmf& armifwifvSonf bdvyfrS jyefvmNyD;aemuf trIrsm;pGm vufcH&í tawmfyif ausmfMum;aom 0wfvHkuav; jzpfay\/ 0wfvHkwum wdkUwGif txl;ojzifh bkdqefaom 0wfvHkwpfOD; jzpfí uvyfrsm;pGmwdkUü yg0ifNyD;vQif vlysdKb0ü tawmfMumMumyif aysmf&TifpGm aexdkifcJhav\/ wpfaeUoü bDat twef;udk atmifjrifNyD;í ausmif;q&mr tjzpfESifh vkyfudkifaeaom roef;jrESifh awGUMu&mwGif jrifvQif jrifcsif; pHkrufMuí vufxyfr*Fvm
94

a&TOa'gif;

aqmifESif;Mu\/ roef;jronfvnf; rdef;rwumwdkUwGif taemufedkifiHol wdkU\ twkudk txl;ojzifh enf;,lvdkufem wwfaom rdef;uav;jzpfí a,musfm; rdwfaqG wdkUESifhvnf; vGwfvyfpGm ,SOfwGJ oGm;vmwwfay\/ xkdol ESpfOD;wdkUonf vufxyfr*Fvm aqmifESif; NyD;onfUaemuf cspfcif MuifempGm &uf v tenf;i,f aexdkifNyD;Muaomf a,musfm;onf uvyfrsm;odkU oGm;NrJwkdif; oGm;jyef\/ rdef;ronfvnf; e*kdoabmuyif bdkqefcJhonfjzpfí tvkyfrS jyefvmonfUtcg vifudk tdrfü rawGUcJhvQif wpfa,mufwnf; ae&jcif;udk ysif;&donf[k atmufarhí rdef;roli,fcsif;? a,mufsm; oli,fcsif; rjcm;em;bJ twl wGJzuf vnfywfwwf\/ pifppftm;jzifh rlum; roef;jronf vQyfay:avmfvnfjcif; wnf;[laom pdwfoabm tvsOf;rQ &Sdonf r[kwf? rdrd\ 0rf;cg;udk rdrd aumif;pGm xdrf;ausmif; edkifonf jzpfí Oa&mywkdufolwdkU enf;wl vGwfvyfpGm oGm;vm aysmfyg; aexdkifvdkjcif; rQom jzpfay\/ ,if;odkU rdrdwkdU tvdktavsmuf vGwfvyfpGm oGm;vm 0ifxGuf aexdkifcJhMu&m yxrürlum; igwdkU vifr,m;onf zufrday\[k atmufarhMu[efESifh wpfOD;udk wpfOD; oifhwifhpGm &Sdao;\/ odkU&mwGif &uf v twefi,f Mumvwfaomf ta&SUwdkif;om;wdkU\ xHk;pHtwdkif; a,musfm;onf rdef;rtm; vnf;aumif;? rdef;ronf a,musfm;tm; vnf;aumif; wpfOD;wnf; rlydkif &vdkaom oabmonf toD;oD; jzpfay:í vmcJh&m rdef;rjzpfolu rdrd\ a,musfm;onf bdkujym;r wpfa,mufESifh ta&mw0if um;ay: ,SOfwGJí pD;oGm;onfudk jrifvdkuf&ojzifh jiLpl\/ ¤if;rdef;rESifh wpfBudrfrS ESpfBudrf? oHk;Budrf wdkifatmif twlwuG jrifvdkuf&aomtcg roef;jr\ pdwfü igonfvnf; tnHU rcHacs? ¤if;uJhodkUyif aysmf&TifvGwfvyfpGm aexdkifthH[k atmif;arhí rdrdESifh oli,fcsif; jzpfzl;aom armifxGef;&D qkdolESifh bdkifpukyf MunfUjcif;? uefawmfBuD;udk um;ESifh ywfjcif;? [dkw,fü xrif;pm;jcif; ponfwkdUudk jyKvkyfcJhav\/ xkdtaMumif;udk armifwifvS Mum;odvwfaomf pdwfü tawmfyif rcsrf;rom jzpfaomfvnf; rmeBuD;aom olwpfa,muf jzpfojzifh roifhavsmfaMumif;udk acsmharmhívnf; rajymvdk? rddrduvnf; cyfawGawG aexkdifcJhonf jzpfí wif;MuyfpGmvnf; rajym0hHbJ vifESifh r,m;onf wpfaeUwpfjcm; at;pufpuf jzpfí jzpfí vmcJhMuav\/ wpfnoü roef;jronf armifxGef;&DESifh bdkifpukwfyGJrS xGufvmcJhí tif'gqif [dkw,fü Aifwdk wpfcGufpD aomufMuNyD;aemuf armifxGef;&Du tcsdef&Sdao;onf jzpfí uefawmfBuD;udk um;ESifhywfMu&ef ajymonfwGif oabmwl um;wpfpD;ay: odkU wufMuav\/ um;ay: odkU wufNyD;onfrS pí roef;jronf tb,fodkU jzpfoGm;&onf rod? owd arhavsmhí oGm;av&m owd&vmojzifh rsufpdudk zGifhí MunfUvdkufaomtcg uefawmfBuD; tv,fuGsef;ü armifxGef;&DESifh ESpfa,muf xdkifvsuf &SdaeaMumif;udk awGU&Sd&av\/ xdktcg roef;jronf thHMopGmESifh ½kwfw&uf xí armifxGef;&Dtm; tusdK;taMumif;udk ar;jref;rnf jyKqJwGif vlwpfa,mufonf "m;ajrmifudk udkifpGJvsuf ½kwfw&uf xGufvmí roef;jr\ vuf0wfvufpm;ESifh aiG&SdorQudk vnf;aumif;? armifxGef;&D\ a&Tvufywfem&DESifh aiG&SdorQudk vnf;aumif; jcdrf;ajcmuf awmif;,lav\/ ckcH&ef rwwfedkifMuaomaMumifh tMuifol ESpfOD;wdkdUrSm ygorQ ypönf;rsm;udk ay;cJhMu&av\/ roef;jrurl pdefem;uyf wpf&H? vufxyfvufpGyf wpfuGif;? vufaumuf wpf&HESifh aiGpuúL 10 wef wpfcsyfESifh armifxGef;&Du a&Tvufywfem&D ESifh aiG 15 usyf ay;cJh&av\/ roef;jrrSm jrefrmrdef;ryif jzpfaomfvnf; vifa&m r,m;yg c&pf,mefbmom udk;uG,folrsm; jzpfí vufxyfpOfu armifwifvSu vufxyfvufpGyf [lí wifocJhzl;avonf/
95

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

rdwfaqGESpfOD; wdkUonf ygorQ ypönf;udk vlqdk;tm; ay;cJh&NyD;aemuf NrdKUwGif;odkU jyefvmNyD;vQif tdrfodkU toD;oD; jyefvmMu&m roef;jrrSm vufpGyfESifh wuG vufaumuf? em;uyfrsm; aysmufqHk;onfUtwGuf vifukd rnfuJhodkU ajym&rnf rodbJ tvGefw&m tMuyfMuvsuf &Sdav\/ ,if;odkU Muyfwnf;onfxuf Muyfwnf;atmif taMumif;wpfck jzpfay:í vmjyefonfrSm aemufwpfaeUü ypönf;rsm;udk vk,lvdkufaom olcdk;u roef;jr\ vufaumuf? vufpGyf? em;uyf rsm;udk aiG 5000 ESifh jyefvnf a&G;EIwfjcif; rjyKcJhygvQif uefawmfBuD; tv,fuGsef;ü roef;jrESifh armifxGef;&D wdkU ntcgü ESpfa,mufwnf; awGUMu&onfU taMumif;udk vifjzpfol armifwifvStm; pHkvifpGm ajymjyrnf jzpfaMumif;ESifh xyfavmif;í Ncdrf;ajcmuf jyefav\/ &Sm;/ /]ypönf;u b,favmufzdk;avmuf wefovJ} ; az/ /]wefvSvQif 1500 zdk;avmuf wefygvdrfUr,f} az &Sm;/ /]aMomf wefzdk;xuf oHk;q ay;NyD; jyefa&G;&r,f qdkygawmh} ; az/ az /][kwfw,f q&m} &Sm;/ /]'DtrI[m cifAsm; qDudk b,fhES,f a&mufvmovJ} ; az/ az /]wkdifcsufay;w,fawmh r[kwfygbl; q&m&,f/ vifa&m r,m;a&m [mu oli,fcsif; jzpfaeavawmh r,m;jzpfol roef;jru ol rBuHwwfavawmh uGsefawmhudk BudwfNyD; wdkifyifvdkU od&wmyg q&m} &Sm;/ /]rSefwJh twdkif; armifwifvSudk ajymNyD; 0efcsvdkuf&ifaum As} ; az/ az /]w,fcufw,f q&m? ypönf; aysmufwmu ta&;rBuD;bl;? uefawmfBuD; tv,fuGsef;rSm a,mufsm;ESifh rdef;r ESpfa,mufxJ oGm;w,fqdkawmh obmxm;½dk; ESifhvdkU b,fenf;ESifhrS ,HkMunfedkifr,f r[kwfaybl; q&m? 'Dawmh vifr,m; uGJoGm;Muyg vdrfhr,f? uGJoGm;&if aiG 5000 vJ ru epfem MuygvdrfUr,fq&m} &Sm;/ /]roef;jru olUvif rodatmif aiG 5000 &Smekdif ovm;} ; az/ az /]olUtazu ta&;ydkif OD;atmifausmf jzpfavawmh tusdK;taMumif; ajymjy&&if ay;ekdifygvdrfhr,f q&m} &Sm;/ /]'gxuf aeygOD;Asm? aiG 5000 awmif;yHku b,fvkd enf;ESifh awmif;ovJ? pmESifhvm;? ; vludk,fwdkifvm;} az/ az /]a&SUae udkausmfwifh aygh q&m? 'Dvlu a&SUae tvkyfu 'Davmuf r[kwfbl;? 'Dvdk r[kwfw½kwf trIawG vufcHNyD; NrdKUay:rSm aiGñSpfNyD; pm;aewJh vlaygh q&m} &Sm;/ /]usKyf odw,f? 'Dvl taMumif; usKyfodw,f? usKyfvJ acsmif;aewm ? b,facsmifrSm ; ydwfrdrvJ rodbl;? wpfaeUawmh ydwfrdvdrfhr,fAsm? roef;jru tck tdrfrSm &Sdovm;} az/ az /]&Sdygw,f q&m}
96

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/ /]udkwifvSaum ½Hk;oGm;NyD r[kwfvm;} ; az/ az /]oGm;ygNyD q&m} &Sm;/ /]udkif; 'gjzifh vmprf;Asm? usKyf awGUprf;csifw,f} ; az/ az /]awGUvdkU xl;r,f rxifygbl; q&m} &Sm;/ /]bmvdkU xl;r,f rxifovJ As? roef;jrESifh armifxGef;&DESifh[m wu,fyJ ; aoG;½dk;om;½dk; oabm½dk;ESifh [dknu twlwuG oGm;vm vnfywfMu½dk; rSef&if 'DtrIrSm usKyf ulnDr,f? ekdUr[kwfcJh&if 'DvlrsdK;awG usKyf tjrifuyfw,fAsm? olwdkU 'ku©ESifh olwdkU b,fvdkyJaeae usKyf rulnDcsifbl;? oabm½dk; r½dk;udk usKyfudk,fwdkif rsufpdESifh jrif&rS usKyf tuJcwfedkifr,f} ¤if;aemuf uGsefawmfwdkU oHk;a,mufonf 0wfvHkawmf& armifwifvS\ aetdrfodkU oGm;a&mufMuav&m roef;jronf rsufESmyif r&Tifysaomfvnf; {nfU0wf ausyGefpGm jyLiSmaom trlt&mESifh ae&mxdkifcif; ay;NyD;aemuf armifpH&Sm; ygvmaMumif;udk armiftkef;az ajymjyojzifh od&Sd&onfESifh wNydKifeuf cdkudk;&mrJh &Sdaeaom trlt&mESifh armifpH&Sm;tm; tusdK;taMumif; tjzpftysuf rsm;udk ajymav\/ aemufqHk;ü jr/ jr /]uGsefrwdkU aeyHkxkdifyHk[mvJ aumif;aumif;BuD; vGJaMumif;udk uGsefr od&ygNyD OD;pH&Sm; &Sif? 'Dwpfcgrsm; udkwifvSu uGsefr tay:rSm ,HkMunfvdkU tjypfvGwfr,f qdk&if uGsefrvJ wpfoufvHk; b,fawmhrS bdkwk rcdk;awmhygbl; &Sif? rSwfygNyD} &Sm;/ /]armifxGef;&DESifh roef;jru oabm½dk;yJ cifMuovm;} ; jr/ jr /]rSefygw,f&Sif? i,fi,fuwnf;u ausmif;aezuf oli,fcsif;yJ? vlysdK tysdK b0 uwnf;u uGsefrwdkU 'DpdwfrsdK; rul;rdMuygbl; &Sif ,Hkygawmh? tck qdkwmrSmawmh uGsefr udkwifvS tay:rSm rcHcsifwJh twGuf *kPfNydKifNyD; aygif;csif; aygif;&if a,musfm;xJu ,HkMunf pdwfcs&wJh a,musfm;ESifh a&G;NyD; taygif;toif; NyKr,fvdkU atmufarhNyD; udkxGef;&DESifh oGm;azmf vmzuf jyKrdygw,f &Sif} &Sm;/ /]armifxGef;&Du cspfpum; BudKufpum;rsm; ajymzl;ovm;} ; jr/ jr /]tysdKwkef;uvJ rajymzl;ygbl;? tckvJ wpfcGef;rS rajymzl;ygbl; &Sif} &Sm;/ /]uefawmfBuD; vdkufwmawmh oabmwl vdkufwmyJ? [kkwfp} ; jr/ jr /]rSefygw,f&Sif? wpfBudrfawmif ruygbl;? t&ifuvJ wpfcgESpfcg a&mufzl;ygw,f} &Sm;/ /]um;ay:wufrdawmh bmjzpfoGm;ovJ} ; jr/ jr /]b,fvdkjzpfw,f rajymwwfygbl;? rl;ovkd a0ovdk jzpfNyD; owdarhoGm;ygw,f&Sif} &Sm;/ /]t&ufrsm; aomufrdovm;} ;

97

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

jr/ jr /]raomuf&ygzl;&Sif? b,fawmhrSvJ raomufzl;ygbl;? Aifwdk wpfcGufawmhjzifh [dkw,frSm aomufrdygw,f} &Sm;/ /]aiG 5000 &atmif &Smedkifyghrvm;} ; jr/ jr /]rwwfom&if azazhqDu &atmif awmif;&rSmaygh &Sif} &Sm;/ /]udkif; awmif;omxm;ESifh ? yHkawmf&ifvJ 'Dtwdkif; jyef&r,f? rvTJom&ifvJ aiGESifh ; a&G;,l&vdrfhr,f Mum;vm;} jr/ jr /]aumif;ygNyD &Sif} ¤if;aemuf uGsefawmfwdkUonf tdrfay:rS qif;vmcJhMuí tdrfa&SU 0if;aygufodkU a&mufaomtcg vlwpfa,mufonf 0if;xJodkU 0ifvmonfESifh &ifqdkifawGUMu&m xdkolu a'goBuD;aom trlt&mESifh armifpH&Sm;tm; ]cifAsm;udk usKyf odw,f? cifAsm; pHkaxmuf udkpH&Sm; r[kwfvm;? cifAsm;wdkU pHkaxmufawG usKyftdrfxJudk bmudpöESifh 0ifMuwmvJ} [k ar;í ykcHk;csif; ,SOfum &yfaeonfwGif armiftkef;azu xdkol\ ykcHk;udk udkifí ]t&m r[kwfbJESifh a'go BuD; raeprf;ygESifh udkwifvS&,f} vS/ /]bmaMumifh t&m t[kwfovJAs? usKyftdrfxJudk pHkaxmufawG 0ifvm;xGufvm; vkyf&atmif usKyfwdkU vlowfrI jzpfvdkUvm;} az/ az /]r[kwfygbl;Asm? pdwfqdk;p&m &Sd&if usKyfudkom pdwfqdk;yg? OD;pH&Sm;udk pdwfrqdk;ygESifh? usKyf ac:vdkU vdkufvm&SmwmygAs} vS/ /]cifAsm;u bmvdkU ac:cJh&wmvJ} az/ ö az /]cifAsm;wdkU vifr,m; roifhrwifh jzpfwJh udprSm } vS/ /]tvdk vifr,m; &efjzpfwmESifh pHkaxmufESifh bmqdkifvdkUvJ As? pHkaxmuf ruvdkU bk&ifcHcsKyfBuD; udk,fwdkif vmNyD; jzefajzayr,fh usKyfwdkU rat;bl;? cifAsm;wdkU rsufESmudk aemufwpfcg rjrif&apESifh? oGm;MuAsm} [k ajymNyD;aemuf armifwifvSonf tdrfay: odkU rwufbJ um;wpfpD; ay: odkU wufí xGufoGm;av\/ uGsefawmfwdkU oHk;OD;onf 0ifaygufrS xGufavQmufvmMuaomtcg &Sm;/ /]'DtrIrSm usKyfawGUcsifwJh vlrsm;teuf ESpfa,mufudkyJ awGUzdkU usefawmhw,f?a&SUae ; udkausmfwifh vdyf udkawmh usKyf odNyD? armifxGef;&D&JU vdyfESifh [dk bdkr qdkwJh vdyfudk ay;prf;Asm} [k awmif;ojzifh armiftkef;azonf ¤if;wkdU\ ae&yfrsm;udk ajymí armifpH&Sm;u a&;rSwfav\/ ¤if;aemuf xdkolrsm;ESifh awGU&efrSm armiftkef;az vdkuf&ef rvdkawmhaMumif;ESif hajym
98

a&TOa'gif;

í armiftkef;azESifh cGJcGmNyD;vQif uGsefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;wdkUonf a&S;OD;pGm a&SUae armifausmfwifh\ tvkyfwdkufodkU oGm;a&mufMuav\/ tvkyfwdkufodkU a&mufaomtcg armifausmfwifhESifh tcefUoifhyif awGUqHkrdav&m armifausmfwifh qdkolrSm touf 35 ESpf t&G,fceffU &Sdí ESmacgif;cGsef;cGsef; ar;cRef;cRef;ESifh xufjrufpl;&S awmufyvSaom rsufvHk;rsm;tjyif zswfzswfvwfvwfESifh oyf&yfaom trlt&mvnf; &Sday\/ uRefawmfESifh OD;pH&Sm;wkdU 0ifvmonfudk jrifonfESifh wNydKifeuf armifausmfwifhonf vma&mufonfU udpöudk awG;awmrdonfU vu©Pm &Sdav&m ¤if;\ rsufESmxm;rSmvJ rdrdtm; rnfolrQ vufzsm;ESifh rxdekdifaMumif; odojzifh cyfat;at;yif &Sdvsuf wwfedkifvQif udkifMuav [laom rcefUjim;onfU trlt&mrsdK;vJ &Sdav\/ wifh/ /]yefu qif;oGm; ? onfvdk r[kwfvm;Asm} uRefawmf/ /]ekdU? aeygOD;Asm? a';Apfudk,fwdkifu uRefawmfwdkUqD vmNyD; wdkifwef;w,f r[kwfvm;Asm}

116

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/ /]onf[mu oufouf ÓPfrsm;wmuyJ As? onfudpöudk olyJ pDrH? pDrHNyD; ; owfwJhvlu owf? owfNyD; olUudk,fol vHkNcHKvSNyD qdkNyD; vmwdkifwmayghAsm? onfvdk udk,fhtrIudk ukd,fuOD;atmif usKyfwdkUqD vmNyD; wdkifwef;wm wpfcg ESpfcg MuHK&zl;NyD r[kwfvm;As? udkif; udkif; tDZ&m vifr,m;ESifh a';ApfwkdUudk usKyfudk,fwdkif wapmif;u acsmif;NyD; MunfUMu&atmifAsm} xkdaeUrSpí uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;? armiftkef;az wkdUonf xkdoloHk;a,mufwdkU wdkifyifpum; ajymMum;Murnfrsm;udk acsmif;ajrmif; MunfU½Iem;axmif&ef BudK;pm;Muygaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkU oHk;OD; awGUqHkMuonfudkomvQif awGUjrif&í ¤if;wdkU ajymqdkwdkifyifonfU pum;rsm;udkrl Mum;edkifavmufatmif tcGifh r&&SdcJhMuacs/ wwd,aeUü rlum; uRefawmfwdkU &nf&G,fonfUtwdkif; xajrmuf atmifjrifcJhav\/ xdknOfUü uRefawmfwdkUonf tDZ&mvifr,m; aexdkif&m wdkufodkU oGm;a&mufpHkprf; Mu&m ¤if;wkdUrSm 32 vrf;&Sd oHk;xyfwdkuf wpfwdkuf\ tay:qHk; xyfü aexdkifvsuf &SdaMumif; od&SdMuojzifh ¤if;wdkuf trdk;ay: odkU wufMuNyD;vQif aumif;uif rSefjywif;aygufudk pdefESifh taygufi,f jzpfatmif xGif;azmufNyD;aemuf apmifhqkdif;vsuf &SdMuav\/ nOfU 8 em&Dausmfavmuf &Sdvwfaomf tDZ&mwdkU\ tcef;rS ajcoHrsm; Mum;&NyD;aemuf "mwfrD;rsm; ½kwfw&uf vif;ívmav&m uRefawmfwdkUonf trdk;ay:rS acsmif;ajrmif; MunfU½I MuonfwGif tDZ&m vifr,m; a&mufvmMuaMumif; awGUjrifMu&av\/ ¤if;wdkUonf {nfUcef;pm;yGJü xdkifvsuf &SdMu&m tDZ&monf em&Dudk rMumrMum MunfUonfudk jrifojzifh wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom oludk arQmfvifh apmifhqdkif;vsuf &SdaMumif; od&Sd&av\/ 8 em&D cGJonfESihf wNydKifeuf a';Apfonf tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvmí pm;yGJteD; ukvm;xdkif ay:ü xkdifNyD;vQif oHk;OD;om;wkdUonf pum;qlnHpGm ajymqdk jiif;cHkvsuf &SdaeMuav\/ tDZ&m/ /]aiGvdkw,fAs? aiG tm;BuD;vdkaew,f? wdkufcuvJ ylvS qlvSNyD? ykvdyfuvJ &m usKyfwkdUudk rouFmwJh vu©Pm &Sdw,f? aiG&atmif jrefjref vkyfawmhAs? usKyfwdkU a0pkuav; ,lNyD; tdEd´,jynf oGm;csifvSNyD} a';Apf/ /]b,fhES,fvkyfrvJAs? usKyfrSmvJ aiGr&Sdbl;? usKyfrdfef;r xm;cJhwJh tarGuav; &zdkU[mvJ cifAsm; *Gvkyfwm r[kwfbl;vm;} tDZ&m/ /]usKyfu wHcg;udkvJ ydwfxm;cJhw,f? >ywfudkvJ ,lcJhw,f? wdkufaemufab;uvJ &m qif;vmcJhw,f? bmvdkao;vJ? cifAsm;u ÓPfuGefUNyD; pHkaxmufawG wdkifvm;bmvm; vkyfvdkU tm;vHk; *Gusukefw,f r[kwfvm;As} a';Apf/ /]cifAsm;uaum tdyfaysmfaq;ykvif;udk arhNyD; xm;cJhw,f r[kwfbl;vm;As} tDZ&m/ /]arh&ifaum bmjzpfovJ? 'gaMumifh aowmrS r[kwfbJ} &m a';Apf/ /]'garhvdkU ykvdyfu ajc&mcHrd rSmayghAs} rdef;r/ /]&Sif onfvdkcsnf;yJ? aiGuav; ay;&r,f qdkawmh [dkvl vdkufcs? onfvl vdkufcs? r ay;yg&Sif aiG ? uRefrwdkU oGm;csifygNyD}
117

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

a';Apf/ /]ay;&r,f? aiGBuD; ay;vdkuf&r,f? MuyfMuyf qlMuaemf? ykvdyfudk oGm;wdkifvdkufr,f} tDZ&m/ /]wdkifOD;uGm? wdkifacsuGm} [k ajymvsuf ajymifvufaom vufeufwpfckESifh &m a';Apftm; xdk;Budwfvsuf&Sd&m uRefawmfwdkUonf ta&;wBuD; trdk;ay:rS vQifjrefpGm ajy;qif;vmMuí wkdufcef;wGif;odkU ajy;0ifMuav\/ wdkufcef;wGif;odkU a&mufaomtcg uRefawmfwdkUonf Murf;ay:ü vJaeaom a';ApfESifh ukvm;rudkomvQif awGUMu&awmhonf jzpf&m ukvm;ronf uRefawmfwdkU 0ifvmMuonfudk jrifonfESifh wNydKifeuf tuÐstdwfrS wpfpHkwpfckudk xkwf,lí vQifjrefpGm aomufvdkufonfudk jrif&NyD;aemuf wpfcPcsif;wGif Murf;ay: odkU vJusoGm;av\/ &Sm;/ /]udktkef;az tDZ&mh aemufudk jrefjrefvdkuf ? jrefjrefvdkuf? avScg;u qif;ajy;w,f? ; vkdufyg vdkufyg? onf[mawmh usKyfwdkU MunfU&pfyghr,f} [k ajymqdkojzifh armiftkef;azonf c&mudk rIwfvsuf avScg;rS tajy;qif;í vdkufav\/ wdkufatmufrSmvJ uRefawmfwdkUonf apmapmuyif ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm;udk apmifhqdkif;í aeaponf jzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;wdkUvnf; nmoHay;í tDZ&m\ aemufodkU vdkufMuav\/ uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;wdkU rSmrl 'Pf&m&&Sdaom a';ApfESifh tqdyfaomufxm;aom ukvm;rudk wwftm;orQ apmihfa&Smufvsuf q&m0ef\ xHodkUvnf; w,fvDzkef;jzifh qufoG,f ac:iifav&m q&m0efBuD; ra&mufrDwGifyif ukvm;ronf Murf;ay:ü vl;vSdrfhNyD;aemuf toufukefí oGm;av\/ a';ApfrSmvJ &if0ü "m;ajrmif'Pf&m ESpfcsuf? ausmü wpfcsuf? OD;acgif;ü wpfcsuf? tESHtjym; 'Pf&mrsm; &xm;onf jzpfí q&m0ef a&mufvmNyD;onfUaemuf rMumrD twGif;wGif a';ApfvJ touf qHk;½IH; cJhav\/ uRefawmfwdkUonf tavmif;rsm;udk aq;½HkBuD;odkU wifydkU&ef pDrHvsuf &SdMupOf armiftkef;az onf wdkufay: odkU ajy;wufvm&m &Sm;/ /]b,fhES,fvJAsdKU? vGwfoGm;NyDvm;} ; az/ az /]at;? vGwfoGm;NyD q&m? olu um;ESifh twif;ajy;? uRefawmfwdkUuvJ wuúpDESifh twif;vdkuf? vrf;rawmf blwmem; a&mufawmh jynfNrdKU oGm;wJh &xm;BuD;ay: twif; ckefwuf ajy;yga&m q&m} &Sm;/ /]vmAsdKU? 'gjzifh rjzpfbl;? rDatmif vdkuf&vdrfhr,f} ; uRefawmfwdkUonf tavmif;rsm;udk q&m0eftm; tyfESHxm;cJhNyD;vQif XmemodkU vQifjrefpGm um;ESifh armif;ESifvmMu NyD;aemuf tvGefw&m puftm; aumif;í vQifjrefvSaom ykvdyfarmfawmfum;udk xkwf,lav\/ ¤if;aemuf uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;? armiftkef;az wdkUonf xkdum;ay: odkU wufMuNyD;aemuf tjcm;ykvdyf t&m&Sdrsm;tm; uRefawmfwdkU pD;vmcJhaom um;ESihf wwfekdiforQ aemufu vdkufcJhMu&ef wm0efay;tyfcJhav\/ um;BuD;ay: odkU wufrdMuvQif armifpH&Sm;onf um;udk armif;ESifav&m um;armif;jcif; twwfü tvGefw&m uRrf;usif vdr®mol wpfa,muf jzpfav&um; xlxyfvSaom &efukefNrdKUwGif; yifvQif wpfem&DvQif rdkif 40 ausmf cefUrQavmuf a&mufatmif auGUaumuf a&Smifwdrf;um twdkuftcdkuf r&SdapbJ armif;ESifcJhav\/
118

a&TOa'gif;

¤if;aemuf &efukefNrdKUudk ausmfvGefum &Sif;aom jynfvrf;rBuD;ay: odkU a&mufMuaom tcgüum; armifpH&Sm;onf pufudk vsifjrefonfxuf vsifjrefatmif zGifhí zGifhí ay;av&m um;ay:ü avrkefwkdif;BuD; usvsuf armifpH&Sm;rSm um;ESifh wpfom;wnf; bufpyfí vkyfxm;bd ouJhodkU jym;jym;0yfum usifvnfpGm armif;ESifcJhav\/ uRefawmfhrSm þrQavmuf vsifjrefaom armfawmfum;udk rpD;bl;onf jzpfí bk&m;-bk&m;-bk&m; [k a&&Gwfum aMumuftm;wBuD; vdkufygav&m rDwmudk vSrf;í MunfUvdkufaom tcgüum; wpfem&DvQif 65 rdkif c&D;rQ oGm;vsuf&SdaMumif;udk awGUjrif&aom tcgrSpí uRefawmhfrSm rsufvHk;rsm;zGifhvsuf em;rsm;rSmvJ rnfonfY toHudkrQ rMum;? w0D0D rnfoHudkom Mum;&onf jzpf&m wpfckaom ae&modkU a&mufaomtcgüum; rD;&xm;udk ta0;rS vSrf;í &dyfceJ vSrf;í jrifvdkuf&onf jzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;udk rDvmcJhaMumif; od&Sd&av\/ odkU&mwGif armifpH&Sm;onf pufudk t&SdefavQmhrnfU tpm; a&S;uxufyif wdk;wuf armif;ESifjyefav&m 10 rdepfcefUrQ armif;ESifrdaom tcg um;onf eHab;odkU csdK;0ifNyD;aemuf ½kwfw&uf &yfwefUonfwGifrS uRefawmfwdkUonf blwm½Hk wpf½HkodkU qdkufa&mufvsuf &SdaMumif; od&Sd&av\/ armifpH&Sm;onf um;ay:rS vsifjrefpGm ckefqif;í rD;&xm;½Hkydkiftm; rD;&xm;udk &yfwefUap&ef tvHudk jyapav\/ ¤if;blwmrSm ao;i,faom blwm½HkrQ jzpfaomaMumifh pmydkY&xm;onf onfvdkae&mü r&yfaMumif;udk odojzifh armifpH&Sm;u apcdkif;&jcif; jzpfavonf/ wpfrdkifc&D;rQ rD;&xm;onf uRefawmfwdkU &Sd&m blwmodkU vsifjrefpGm armif;ESifí vmvsuf&Sd&m armifpH&Sm;ESifh armiftkef;az wdkUonf tvGefw&m tHhMovsuf &Sdaeaom ½Hkydkiftm; rdrdwdkU\ wHqdyfrsm;udk jyí rD;&xm;udk &yfwefUap&ef rD;eDrsm; jyzdkU trdefUay;vsuf &Sdav\/ aemufqHk;ü ½Hkydkifonf ta&;BuD;aMumif; ,HkMunfonfjzpfí tvHwkdifay: odkY rD;tdrfteDrsm; wifNyD;vQif vufrS rD;tdrfteDudkvnf; &rf;í jyav&m rD;&xm;onf rddD;eDrsm;udk jrifojzifh OMo tBudrfBudrf ay;NyD;aemuf pufb&dwfrsm; twif;tkyfí &yfwefU&av\/ xdkcPü ykvdyft&m&SdwdkUvnf; 'kwd,um;ESifh qdkufa&mufvmMuav\/ rD;&xm; &yfwefYonfESifh wNydKifeuf ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh uRefawmfwdkUonf rD;&xm;wGJrsm;ay: odkU vsifjrefpGm wufMuNyD;vQif wpfwGJNyD;vQif wpfwGJ &SmazGMuav&m rnfonfU wGJürQ tDZ&mudk rawGUbJ &SdaecJhav\/ aemufqHk;ü ykvdyft&m&Sd wpfa,mufu ]ajy;NyD q&ma&U ajy;NyD} [k atmfoHMum;ojzifh uRefawmfonf blwmbufodkU MunfUvdkfuf&m vlwpfa,mufonf uRefawmfwdkU pD;vmcJhaom ykvdyfum;BuD;udk armif;ESifí xGufoGm;onfudk awGUjrifvdkuf&av\/ xdktcgrS uRefawmfwdkUvJ vsifjrefpGm vlpkNyD;vQif usef&Sd&pfaom um;ay: odkU ckefwufí um;BuD;aemufodkU vdkufav\/ tDZ&monf rD;&xm; &yfonfESifh wNydKifeuf ckefqif;NyD;vQif v,fxJrS uGif;í ajy;oGm;NyD;aemuf um;ay: ckefwuf armif;ESifoGm;jcif; jzpfavonf/ armifpH&Sm;onf um;udk armif;ESifvsuf uRefawmfwdkU tm;vHk;rSmvJ MuyfMuyfwnf;wnf;ESifh vdkufygcJhMuvsuf a&SUrS um;udk rDatmif twif;armif;ESif cJhMuav&m rD;&xm;onfvnf; uRefawmfwdkUaemufrS qufvufarmif;ESif vdkufygvmcJhav\/ armifpH&Sm;onf pufukefzGifhí um;udk armif;ESifav&m csdKifh0Srf;aom ae&mrsm;odkU a&mufaomtcg 'kef;jrif;uJhodkU vTm;í vTm;í
119

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

ajy;onf[k uRefawmf\ pdwfü rSwfxifrdav\/ a&SUu um;ESifh tenf;i,f eD;uyfí vmaomtcg armiftkef;azonf a&SUum;rS wdkif,mrsm;udk aoewfESifh vSrf;í ypfaomfvnf; csefom; r&ojzifh rxdrSefbJ ajy;NrJtwdkif; qufvufí ajy;av\/ rD;&xm;vrf;ul;odkU a&mufaom tcgüum; oHwHcg;onf ydwfqdkUNyD;ESifhonf jzpfaomaMumifh armiftkef;azu ]wpfcgjzifh rdNyD q&ma&U? q&mh taumif rvGwfbl;} [k ajymqdkvsuf&SdpOf a&SUum;ay:rS tDZ&monf rnfodkU jyK&rnf rodonfU vu©PmESifh um;udk tenf;i,f t&Sdefowfav\/ xdkcPü rD;&xm;onf uRefawmfwdkU\ aemufrS ay 200 cefUom vSrf;a0;uGmvsuf t&Sdefjyif;pGm ckwfESifvsuf &Sdav\/ tDZ&monf wpfcPrQomvQif awGa0pOf;pm;NyD;aemuf rdrd\ um;udk a&S;uxuf vQifjrefpGm armif;ESifNyD;vQif rD;&xm;vrf;ul; oHwHcg;udk twif;0ifwdkufvdkuf&m uRefawmfwdkUrSm tHhtm;oifhum um;udk &yfwefUí MunfUaeMu&av\/ tDZ&m\ um;onf oHwHcg;udk t&Sdfefjyif;pGmESifh 0ifí wdk;ojzifh wHcg;onf usdK;yJh ysufpD;í oGm;NyD;vQif um;onf wHcg;udk ausmfvGefí rD;&xm;oHvrf;a&SUü xkdrS þrS ,drf;,dkifvsuf &Sdonf/ aemufrS ckwfvmaom rD;&xm;onf armfawmfum;\ tv,fA[kdodkU wnfUwnfUjzwfí ckwf0ifvmav\/ xdkcPü "mwfqDuefonf aygufuGJojzifh azG;azG;jzLjzLaom rD;awmufwdkUonf ,yfawmifBuD;ozG,f aumif;uifodkY jzmwufvsuf&Sd&m ¤if;rD;awmuf\ tvif;a&mifjzihf tDZ&monf rD;&xm; pufacgif;ay: odkU wG,fí vdkufygNyD; vdkufygNyD;vQif tvGefw&m ylavmifvSaom a&;aEG;>yefrsm;udk ukdifwG,frdojzifh ½IHUrJhum atmf[pfNyD; aemufbD;rsm;\ tMum;odkU usoGm;&Smonfudk uRefawmfwdkU tm;vHk;onf xifvif;aocsmpGm awGUjrif vdkuf&avawmhownf;/

NyD;ygNyD/

120

a&TOa'gif;

5 / xl;qef;aom vlowfrIBuD;

wpfaeUoü uRefawmfonf yJcl;jrdKUodkU ta&;BuD;aom udpöwpfckESifh oGm;a&mufí oHk;&ufcefU MumaomtcgrS nae&xm;ESifh jyefvmcJh&m armifpH&Sm;rSm tdrfü r&SdaMumif; od&mwGif tapcHudk ar;jref;ojzihf armifpH&Sm;rSm uRefawmf r&SdonfUtcdkufwGif tdrfüaeonf r&SdbJ ntdyf½Hkavmuf omvQif tdrfodkU jyefvmaMumif;ESifh Mum;od&av\/ npmpm;csdef wdkifaomfvnf; armifpH&Sm; rjyefvmao;ojzifh uRefawmf wpfa,mufwnf; pm;aomuf&av&m tdyfcsdefwdkif a&mufavvQif tdyf&modkU 0ifrnfjyKaomfvnf; ta&;BuD;aom trI wpfpHkwpfck twGufaMumifh armifpH&Sm; oGm;aeaMumif;udk od&Sdonf jzpfí rtdyfekdifbJ ukvm;xdkifay:ü pmzwfum apmifhqdkif;vsuf aeav\/ q,fhESpfem&D xdk;vkeD;umrS armifpH&Sm;onf um;wpfpD;ESifh jyefvmí uRefawmfhtm; jrifonfESifh wjydKifeuf ]atmifr,f tcefUoifhvdkufav udkodef;armif&,f? cifAsm;udk arQmfaewkef; a&mufvmw,fAsm} [k ajymojzifh uRefawmfu ]cifAsm; arQmfvdrfhr,f qdkwm odavawmh uRefawmfvJ cifAsm; rjyefrcsif; apmifhaeygw,fAsm? bmtrIrsm;vJ As? tckwavm trI BuD;BuD;us,fus,f rvdkuf&wm MumNyDAsm? vlowfrIxuf ao;&ifawm huRefawmf rvdkufcsifbl;AsdKU} &Sm;/ /]pdwfcs q&ma&U? vlowfrIudkrS wu,fh vlowfrIyJ? vdkufzdkUom jyifayawmh } ; uRefawmf/ /]b,ft&yfrSmvJAs} &Sm;/ /]oefvsifbufrSm ? r,m;u vifudk owfrIwJh? usKyf pHkaxmufcJh&orQ trIawG xJrSm ; onftrIuav;[m awmfawmf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tcsufuav;awG ygw,fAs? tdyfcsifNyDvm; udkodef;armif} uRefawmf/ /]ckeifuawmh tdyfcsifovdkvdk &Sdaewm? tckawmh trIoH Mum;&wmESifh rsufpdudk us,foGm;ygNyDAsm? ajymprf;ygOD; Mum;yg&ap} xdktcg armifpH&Sm;onf trItaMumif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í xdktcsdefxd ¤if;od&Sd&orQ tjzpftysuf vdk&if; tusOf;csKyfrSm taMumif;t&mwdkUudk uRefawmfhtm; jyefMum;ajymqdkav&m atmufygtwdkif;yif jzpfavonf/ yifpiftjidrf;pm; &mZ0wf0efaxmuf OD;wifazESifh 0efaxmufuawmf a':jrESpf wdkUonf oefvsifbuf qdwfjidrfaom &yfuGufwpfckü jidrf;csrf;pGm aexdkifvsuf &SdMuav\/ ¤if;OD;wifazonf &mZ0wfbufwGif tedrfhqHk; trIxrf; tjzpfrS pwif xrf;&GufcJhol jzpfav&m ¤if;\ ol&owdåESifh ÓPfynm t&nftcsif; wnf;[laom *kPfxl;wdkUaMumifh txuft&m&SdBuD; wdkUonf omrn trIxrf;yif jzpfapumrl wqifhrS wqifh BuD;jrifhaom &mxl;wdkUjzifh csD;jr§ifh cefUxm;jcif;udk cH&onf jzpfaomaMumifh aemufqHk;ü &mZ0wf0ef &mxl;rS toufwef; aphojzifh yifpif ,lcJh&jcif; jzpfavonf/ 0efaxmufuawmf a':jrESpf rSmvnf; ½kyf&nf ½lyum, acsmarm
121

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

vSyonfU tjyif olwpfyg;wdkUxuf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; cefUnm;rGef&nfaom tqif;t*FgESifh jynfUpHkonf jzpf&m ¤if;wdkU ESpfOD; taMumif; qHkpnf;pOftcg OD;wifazrSm pmoif&mxl;yif &Sdao;í a':jrESpfrSmvnf; &mZ0wftkyf wpfa,muf\orD; jzpfavonf/ ¤if;wdkU orD;cifyGef;onf vufxyfonfU aeUrSpí wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD; txl;ojzifh oifhjrwfMuonf jzpfí cdkuf&efa'go jzpfzl;Murnfudk rqdkxm;bd uawmufuq pum;rsm; zl;MuonfrQ r&Sdbl; Muonfjzpf&m wpfOD;tm; wpfOD; cspfcif Muifem MuaMumif;ESifh ykvdyf t&m&Sd taygif;wdkU\ csD;rGrf;jcif;udk cHcJh&avonf/ ,if;uJhodkU wpfOD;tm; wpfOD; MuifemMuonf qdk&mü OD;wifazu a':jrESpf tay:ü Muifem cspfcifjcif;onf a':jrESpfu OD;wifaz tay:ü Muifem cspfcifjcif;xuf tqrsm;pGm ydkrdkonf[k tcsdKUaom olwdkUu ajymMuonf jzpf&m OD;wifazurl tdrfrS cGmí tvkyf 0wå&m;ESifh awmoGm;&onfU tcgwdkif; rsufESm ñId;i,fpGm &Sdvsuf tdrfodkU jyef&aom aeUrSomvQif MunfMunf&Tif&Tif jrif&ayawmhonf [k vufatmuf trIxrf;wdkU\ uJh&JU avSmifajymifjcif;udkyif cHcJh&av\/ ,if;uJhodkU ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aygif;oif; aexdkif cJhMuaomfvnf; om;orD; wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ zGm;jrifzl;cJhonf r&Sday/ trIxrf;&GufpOf tcgu OD;wifazonf vufatmuf t&m&Sduav;rsm; tay:ü a'gotavsmuf aigufief;Budrf;armif;um 0goem cyfMurf;Murf; &SdcJhaomfvnf; ¤if;\r,m; a':jrESpf\ rsufESmudk jrifonfUtcgürl rD;awGUaom za,mif;uJhodkU aysmhaysmif;pGm &SdaMumif;ESifhvnf; vufatmuf t&m&SdwdkUu avSmifajymif ajymqdkMuavonf/ ¤if;OD;wifazonf trIxrf;&GufonfU tcgrS pí xdkaeUodkU wdkifatmif xl;jcm;aom t&mwpfckrSm &,f&TifzG,f pum; wdkUudk jzpfap? pdwfESvHk; aysmfjrL;zG,f&m yHkjyif0w¬KwdkUudk jzpfap ajymqdkdvsuf &Sdojzifh tm;&yg;& &,farmvsuf &SdaeonfU tcdkufwGif wpfcgwpf&H wpfpHkwpfckaom taMumif;t&mudk ½kwfw&uf owd&onfU vu©Pmjzifh &,fvsuf&Sdaom rsufESmxm;onf £ajE´BuD;aom rsufESmxm;odkU ajymif;vJNyD;vQif pum;rajymbJ Mum&SnfpGm rdIifai; awG;awmvsuf &Sdaewwfavonf/ xdktjcif;t&mudk awGUjrif&aom oli,fcsif; t&m&SdwdkUrSm OD;wifazü 0rf;enf;zG,f&m taMumif; wpfpHkwpf&m &Sdonf[k awG;awm xifrdMuaomfvnf; rnfodkUaom taMumif;jzpfonfudkrl awG;vnf; rawG;ekdif? ar;vnf; rar;0hHbJ &SdMuavonf/ ¤if;wdkU ZeD;cifyGef;onf oefvsifbufü crf;em;BuD;us,fí aumif;rGefvSaom tdrfBuD; wpfaqmifudk aqmufvkyfí tapcHESpfa,muf wdkUESifh Nidrf;csrf;pGm aexdkifvsuf &SdMu&mwGif vGefcJhonfU ESpf&uf tcgurl rdk;av0o acgif;yg;aom &moDwGif ½kwfw&uf vQyfppfrsm; uGefUjrL;í rdk;BudK;rsm; qlnHpGm xpfcsKef;bd ouJhodkU jidrf;csrf;wdwfqdwfpGm &Sdaom tdrfonf ra[mufBuD; wpfaumif ? ief;apmif;BuD; wpfaumifvJ ygw,f}
127

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

uRefawmf/ /]cifAsm;ESifh olESifh awGUcJhNyDvm;} &Sm;/ /]pum;awmh rajym&ao;bl;? jrifawmh jrifcJh&NyD? olaewJh tdrfudkvJ odcJh&NyD? odkYaomf ; olESifh pum;ajymwJhtcgrSm oufaowpfa,muf &Sdapcsifw,fAs? 'gaMumifh cifAsm;udk usKyf vmNyD;ac:w,f} uRefawmf/ /]vdkufwmayghAsm} &Sm;/ /]udkif; 'gjzifh reufusawmh oGm;&r,f? nOfUvJ eufvSNyDAsm? tdyfMuOD;pdkU} ; aemufwpfaeU 11 em&D tcsdefcefUwGif uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;wkdUonf oefvsifjrdKUodkU qdkufa&mufMuav&m armifpH&Sm;onf jrdKU\ tpGeftzsm;ü &Sdí tvGefw&m ao;i,fekwfpkwfvSaom wJuav;wpfckodkU uRefawmfhtm;ac:í oGm;av\/ uRefawmfwdkUonf wJwGif;odkU 0ifoGm;Muaomtcg touf 50 t&G,fcefU &Sdí cg;tvGefukef;vSaom vlwpfa,mufonf ckwifwpfckay:wGif xdkifvsuf&Sd&m qGwfqGwfjzLaom qHyifwdkUaMumifh ¤if;\rsufESmrSm tdkonfxuf tdkrif;[ef&Sdaomfvnf; ESmwH\ ay:vGifjcif;? rsufvHk;\ rJeufjcif;? rsufawmif\ aumhpif;jcif;? ezl;\ us,f0ef;jcif; wnf;[laom tjcif;t&mwdkUudk axmufqonf&Sdaomf xdkolonf i,f&G,fpOf tcgurl vlacsm vlvS wpfa,mufyif jzpfacsrnfU taMumif;udk od&Sdekdifay\/ xdkolonf uRefawmfwdkU 0ifvmonfudk jrifojzifh ouFmruif; &Sdaom rsufESmxm;ESifh MunfUaeNyD;vQif udpöudk ar;jref;&m ö &Sm;/ /]OD;cspfarmif qdkwm rSwfw,f? vmcJhwJh udpuawmh OD;wifaz aoqHk;wJh udpöESifh ; vmcJh&wmygyJAsm} armif/ /]olaowmESifh usKyfESifh bmqdkifvdkUvJ} &Sm;/ /]qdkifw,f rqdkifbl;qdkwm taotcsm od&atmifvdkU uRefawmfwdkU vmcJhjcif;aygh? ; 'DudpörSm cifAsm; &Sif;&if &Sif;rS? edkUrdkU&if 'Du trI[m a':jrESpf tay:rSm ywfaevdrfhr,f} armif/ /]cifAsm; b,folvJ? usKyfwdkU taMumif;udk cifAsm; b,fhES,f odovJ? cifAsm; ckajymwm trSefyJvm;} &Sm;/ /]trSefygAsm? a':jrESpfudkawmh owd&&vmjcif; ykvdyfu zrf;zdkU jyifaeMuwmaygh} ; armif/ /]cifAsm;vJ ykvdyf r[kwfvm;} &Sm;/ /]r[kwfygbl; cifAsm} ; armif/ /]'gjzifh cifAsm;ESifh bmqdkifovJ} &Sm;/ /]rw&m;jyKusifhwJh vl[m xdkufwefwJh tjypfudk &zdkU[m vlwdkif;&JU wm0efayghAs} ; armif/ /]rjrESpf rowfwm trSefygAsm} &Sm;/ /]'gjzifh cifAsm; owfwmaygh} ; armif/ /]usKyfvJ owfwm r[kwfygAsm}
128

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/ /]'gjzifh b,fol owfovJAsm} ; armif/ /]olU 0wå&m;ESifh ol ao&wmygAs? odkUaomfvnf; trSefudk zGifhajym&rSmjzifh uRefawmfu tu,fí uRefawmf BuH&G,f&if; twdkif; onfvludk owfcJhapumrl owfxdkufwJh taMumif;vJ &Sdw,fAs? odkUaomfvnf; uRefawmfhrSm ygPmwdygwuH rajrmufapjcif;iSm olUbmomol uRefawmfhudk jrifwmESifh vefUNyD; aoygw,fAsm? vJoGm;awmhudk touf&Sdw,fvdkU rxifygbl;? jrifjrifcsif; rsufvHK;jyL;NyD; wpfcgwnf;aowmESifh wlygw,f} &Sm;/ /]cifAsm;wdkU tw¬Kywdåudk Mum;yg&apvm;Asm} ; armif/ /]Mum;csif&ifvJ ajymyghr,fAsm? xdef0Sufp&mvJ taMumif;r&Sdygbl;? 'DvdkAs? aooGm;wJh udkwifaz&,f uRefawmf&,f &mZ0wfbufrSm ykvdyfom;tjzpfu pNyD; twlwl trIxrf;cJhMuw,f? vGefcJhwJh tESpfESpfq,fausmfavmufu jrpfBuD;em;e,fpyfrSm wpf*wfwnf; twl&SdpOfu olu pmoifAs? usKyfuawmh ykvdyfom;uav;yJ &Sdao;w,f? onftcgrSm pmoifwpfa,muf&JU orD; jrESpfqdkwmu tifrwefrS ½kyf&nfacsmarmavawmh &mZ0wfbuf om;awGrQ ru e,fbufu t&m&SdawGyg tukef0dkif;NyD; aemufydk;aeMuwmayghAsm? cifAsm;wdkUu usKyfvlyHkudk tckjrif&awmh ,Hkaumif;rS ,Hkr,f? [dkwkef;uawmh awmfawmfyJ acsmw,fvdkU vlwdkif;u csD;rGrf;jcif; cHcJh&ygw,f? ½kyf&nfacsmwJh twdkif;yJ rjrESpfu onfUjyifu &mZ0wftkyf? pmoif? jrdKUtkyfrsm;udk rpHkruf ? usKyfESifh cspfcifpHkruf Muwmudk;As? zcifvkyfwJh oluawmh usKyfudk oabmrwlbl;ayghav? edkUayrJh rjrESpfuawmh usKyfuvGJNyD; b,folUudkrS r,lbl;&,fvdkU opömqdkNyD; jzpfvdkUrdkU usKyfuawmh cyfat;at;yJavAsm? 'DtawmtwGif; wpfaeUoüawmh e,fu vlqdk;awG xrtvdr®m,ftwwf enf;enf;yg;yg; wwfcJhw,f? 'gESifh rsufvSnfU ud&d,mav;rsm; &Sm? a>ra[mufESpfaumifavmuf zrf;NyD; tNrdKUNrdKU t&Gm&Gm vSnfUcJhwmudk; cifAs? uRefawmfh &nf&G,fcsufuawmh 0rf;pmtwGuf 'Davmuf ta&;BuD;vdkU r[kwfbl;? rjrESpfwdkU vifr,m; b,frSm aeMuovJvdkU odcsifwmESifh vdkufNyD; &SmwmyJ cifAs} uRefawmf/ /]OD;wifazESifh a':jrESpf taMumif;ygaMumif; cifAsm; Mum;&oaygh} armif/ /]e,frSmwkef;uawmh rMum;&bl;? jrpfBuD;em; a&mufrSyJ Mum;&w,f ? 'gESifh tNrdKUNrdKU t&Gm&Gm vnfNyD; &Smvdkufwm &efukef a&mufawmhrSyJ oefvsifbufrSm &SdMuaMumif; owif;&wmudk; cifAs? owif;&vdkU rsufvSnfUq&m tjzpfESifh 0rf;pm&Sm&if; 'DrSm ukwfaeawmh wpfaeUnu ....} &Sm;/ /]a':jrESpfESifh cifAsm; awGUa&m? awGUawmh tusdK;taMumif;udk &Sif;vif;NyD; ajymMua&m ; ? ajymwJhtcgrSm a':jrESpfu OD;wifaz\ ,kwfrmaom oabmudk odwJhtwGuf tdrfjyefa&mufwJh tcgrSm tjzpftysufawG ZmwfvSefMua&m? 'DtawmtwGif; cifAsm;u vrf;ay:u &yfMunfUaevdkU jrifavawmh tdrfxJ0ifvma&m 'Dvdk r[kwfvm;As} armif/ /]rSefygw,f usKyfu jywif;ayguf ausmf0ifNyD; olUrsufESmudk aphaphMunfUvdkuf&ifyJ wpfcgwnf; aMumifawmifBuD; ai;NyD; rsufvHk;jyL;jyL; rsufqHjyL;jyL;ESifh atmfawmhrvdk [pfawmhrvdk? atmfvJ ratmfekdifbJ rwfwwfuvJNyD; oGm;wmudk;As? olvJvJa&m rjrESpfuvJ cHk&Snfay: vJjyefyga&mAsm? onfawmh uRefawmfu tapcHawGudk ac:r,fvdkU wHcg;aomhudk zGifhr,fvkyfwkef;? wu,fvdkU udkwifazudk ig owfw,fvdkUrsm; pGyfpGJ&if cufacs&JU vdkU atmufarhNyD; aomhudk vufu rcscJhrdbJ? ykuGudk ac:NyD; xGufajy;cJhwmudk; As} &Sm;/ /]ykuG qdkwmu bmvJAsm} ; armif/ /]ykuG qdkwm e,fu zrf;vmcJhwJh a>ryguav; ygAsm? olESifhyJ usKyfrSm xrif;pm; ae&ygw,f? onfUjyifaumAsm bmrsm; odcsifao;ovJ} &Sm;/ /]ckjzifh odcsifwm r&Sdao;bl;Asm/ odkUaomf ykvdyfu a':jrESpfudk zrf;qD;r,fvdkUqdk&if ; a':jrESpf tjypfr&SdaMumif; cifAsm;udk oufao jy&vdrfhr,f} armif/ /]pdwfcsygAsm/ uRefawmf oufaovdkufzdkU b,ftcgrqdk tqifoifh &Sdygw,f} odkU&mwGif trIü oufao wifoGif;&ef rvdkawmhacs/ taMumif;udk qdkaomf OD;wifaz\ tavmif;udk q&m0efu &ifudk cGJí MunfUonfUtcg ¤if;onf OD;acgif;rS &&SdonfU 'Pf&maMumifh aoqHk;jcif; r[kwf? ESvHk;onf tjyif;txef xdwfvefU wkefvIyfjcif;aMumifh rvIyf&Sm;bJ wpfcgwnf; &yfoGm;onfU twGuf aoqHk;jcif;jzpfaMumif;ESifh oufaoxGufqdkonf jzpfaom aMumifh a':jrESpftm;vJ zrf;qD;jcif; rjyKbJ bmomtavsmuf aoaomtrI [lí w&m;½Hk;BuD;u pD&ifcsuf csrSwfvdkufaomaMumifh jzpfay\/
130

a&TOa'gif;

xdktrIESifh ywfoufí uRefawmf pdwfrauseyfaom tcsufwpfck &Sdojzifh armifpH&Sm;tm; ar;jref;&m uRefawmf/ /]aeygOD;Asm? a':jrESpfu atmfawmh udkbdkifpyfvdkU atmfw,f? tcef;xJrSm udkbdkifpyf u,fvdkUvJ r&Sd? OD;wifazESifh OD;cspfarmif ESpfa,mufxJom &SdygaumAs} &Sm;/ /]udkbdkifpyfqdkwm jrefrmrif; vufxufu tifrwef qdk;oGrf;½kefUMurf;w,fvdkU ; &mZ0ifwifavmufatmif &SdwJhtwGuf olUvifudkvJ xdkolESifh EIdif;pmNyD; emMunf;avmufatmif ac:vdkufwJh tvHk;ayghAs? onfUjyifaum } uRefawmf/ /]onfUjyifuawmh &Sif;ygNyDAsm}

********* NyD;ygNyD/

131

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

6 / / olaX;uawmfwpfOD;trI tcgwpfyg;ü uRefawmf\rdwfaqG pHkaxmufOD;pH&Sm;onf ¤if;\ 0goemtwdkif; trItcif; enf;yg;ojzihf ysif;&dxkdif;rdIif;aom trlt&m &Sdaeonfjzpf&m wpfaeUoü rlum; uRefawmfonf tdyf&mrS xvmí tdrfa&SUcef;ü &Tifysaom rsufESmxm;ESifh xdkifaeaom OD;pH&Sm;udk awGUjrifav\/ uRefawmf/ /]b,fhES,fvJ q&mBuD;? trIwpfckvufcHxm;NyD rSwfw,f} &Sm;/ /]udkodef;armifvJ usKyfESifh aygif;vdkU tyHkBuD; wdk;aeNyD? rSefw,f? trIwpfck ; vufcHxm;w,f? trIr&SdvdkU wpfveD;yg; ysif;aecJhwm wpfcgjzifh trI &jyefNyDAsdKU} uRefawmf/ /]qdkprf;ygtHk;Asm} &Sm;/ /]'DvdkAs? yJcl;blwmu vrf;cGJoGm;wJh rD;&xm;vrf;rSm &pfuefqdkwJh blwm&Sdw,f? tJ'D ; &pfuefrSmaewJh ajrydkif&Sif olaX;BuD; OD;rif;ausmf qdkwm &Sdw,f} uRefawmf/ /]aMomf Mum;zl;w,fAsdKU ? [kde,frSm v,fajr taygqHk; qdkygvm;} &Sm;/ /]aygqdk bmajymp&m&SdovJ? v,fajr{uaygif; oHk;aomif;ausmf &Sdavawmh ; [kde,fwGifru jrefrmjynf wpfjynfvHk;rSm olUavmuf v,fajraygwJhvl &Sdw,f rxifaygifAsm? olUrdef;r ajrydkifolaX;uawmf a':ESif;jrtaMumif;udk cifAsm; Mum;NyD;yvm;} uRefawmf/ /]aoewf'Pf&mESifh ao&Smw,f qdkwJh taMumif; owif;pmrSmawmh zwfrdyg&JU? odkUaomf trItaMumif;udk aumif;aumif;rrSwfrdygbl; Asm} &Sm;/ /]usKyfvJyJ 'DtrI[m usKyfqD a&mufvdrfhr,f rxifwmESifh aumif;aumif;BuD; ; *½krpdkufrdbl;? rxifqdk 'DvdkAs? aoaomrdef;ronf olaX;uawmf wpfa,mufjzpfonfU twGuf xdktrI taMumif;udk vlajymrsm;aomfvnf; trI toGm;tvmu ½Iyf½IyfaxG;axG; r&Sd ? tifrwef &Sif;vif;[ef&Sdavawmh usKyfwdkUvdk vlrsdK; pHkaxmufzdkU rvdkaybl;vdkU xifrdayw,f? trIu onfavmuf xif&Sm;avawmh wpfpHkwpf&m xl;xl;jcm;jcm; aemufxyfNyD; ray:aygufcJhvdkU &SdvQif usKyf trIonf twGuf usKyf bmrS wwfedkifr,f rxifbl;} uRefawmf/ /]cifAsm;udk b,folu iSm;vdkUvJ } &Sm;/ /]aMomf [kwfayom;? cifAsm;udk rajym&ao;yguvm;? a&mh a[monfpm zwfMunfUOD;} ; [k ajymí OD;pH&Sm;onf uRefawmftm; pmwpfapmifudk vSrf;ay;av&m atmufygtwdkif; zwf½I &av\/

132

a&TOa'gif;

&pfuef awmfovif;vqef; 13 &uf/ pma&; tpD&ifcHygonf OD;pH&Sm; cifAsm;? uRefawmf awGUzl;orQaom rdef;rtaygif;wdkUwGif jzLpifqHk;aom pdwfESvHk;&SdonfU rdef;rwpfa,mufonf r[kwfrrSefbJESifh &mZ0wfjypf'Pf cH&rnfudk MunfUí raeekdifojzihf aqGrsdK;r[kwfaomfvnf; 0ifa&mufu,fq,fvdkjcif; jzpfygonf/ uRefawmf\ rdef;rudk owfrIESifhzrf;xm; aom q&mr rBuD;a&Tonf rnfonfUenf;ESifhrQ uRefawmf\ rdef;r rESif;jrudk owfjzwfonf r[kwfedkifyg/ q&mr rBuD;a&Tonf vl\ toufudk rqdkxm;bd? oef;?Murf;ydk;rsm;udkyif rowf&ufavmufatmifodrfarGUaom pdwfESvHk;&SdaMumif;udk uRefawmfudk,fwdkif cifAsm;xHvmí tjzpftysufudk pHkvifpGm ajymjyygrnf/ OD;pH&Sm;onf ½IyfaxG;aom trIrsm;ü &Sif;vif;ekdifaom tpGrf;&Sdonf[k uRefawmfMum;zl;onfU twdkif;rSefygvQif xdktpGrf;udk 'DtrIü toHk;jyKapvdkygonf/ aMu;aiG rnfrQyif ukefMu&ef &Sdonfjzpfap ta&;rMuD; yg/ uRefawmf\ wm0ef &Sdygap/ xdkpmudk zwf&NyD;aemuf OD;pH&Sm;u &Sm;/ /]udkif; OD;rif;ausmf rvmcif 'DtrI taMumif;udk tusOf;csKyfuav; usKyfajymjyr,f ; em;axmif? OD;rif;ausmf[m usKyf ckwifu ajymwJhtwdkif; tvGefw&m v,faygrsm;wJh olaX;MuD;wpfOD; jzpfw,f? olUrdef;r a':ESif;jrqdkwmu i,f&G,fpOfu ½kyfqif;oP²mefESifh jynfUpHkwJh rdef;rwpfa,muf jzpfaomvJ OD;rif;ausmfxuf av;ig;&SpfESpfavmuf BuD;owJhAs? OD;rif;ausmfrSm om;wpfa,muf orD;wpfa,muf &Sdw,f? onfuav;rsm;udk ausmif;odkU rydkUbJ rBuD;a&T qdkwJh q&mrwpfa,mufudkiSm;í tdrfrSm ynmoifay;apowJh? rBuD;a&TqdkwJh q&mru tifrwefvJ vSowJh? olwdkU tdrfrSm twlaevJ jzpfowJh? wpfnoüawmh 9 em&D tcsdefavmufrSm olwdkUtdrfESifh wpfrdkifavmufa0;wJh wHwm;wpfckrSm olaX;uawmf a':ESif;jr&JU tavmif;udk awGU&owJh? ezl;rSmvJ ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewfu 'Pf&mwpfckudk awGU&owJh? tavmif;teD;tyg;rSmvJ aoewfrawGU& bl;wJh tavmif;udk v,form; wpfa,mufawGUavawmh OD;rif;ausmfxH ajy;NyD; taMumif; Mum;owJh ? b,fhES,fvJ &Sif;&JUvm;} uRefawmf/ /]&Sif;yg&JUAsm? odkUaomf b,fhES,faMumifh q&mrudk zrf;owJhvJ} &Sm;/ /]zrf;qdk 'DvdkAs? q&mr\ AD&dkxJrSm usnfqHwpfcsuf ypfNyD;om; ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewf ; wpfvuf awGUowJh? xdkajcmufvHk;jyL;rS usnfqH[mvJ tavmif;\ ezl;rSm&Sdaom 'Pf&mESifh udkufaeowJh? b,fhES,fvJ xif&Sm;w,f r[kwfvm;Asm? xdkUjyif wpfcsufuvJ aovGefol a':ESif;jr\ vufxJrSm q&mr rBuD;a&Tu xdktcsdefrSm xdkae&mü awGUzdkU csdef;vdkufwJh pmwpfapmifudk awGUowJh? 'D[maum cifAsm; b,fhES,f xifovJ? aemufqHk;tcsufBuD; wpfck &Sdao;w,f? OD;rif;ausmfqdkol[m ydkufqHvJayg vluvJ awmfawmf acsmowJhAs? 'Dawmhum q&mracsmacsmESifh r,m;tdktdk &SdwJh olaX;acsmwdkU awGUwJhtcgrSm xkdq&mracsmacsmonf olaX;uawmf jzpfvdkaompdwf rjzpfwwfaybl;vm;Asm? 'Dawmhum bdkqefqef q&mrqdkvQif OD;rif;ausmf aoewfudk wdwfwdwf,lNyD; olaX;uawmfa[mif;udk jzKwfzdkU rBuHpnfwwfavbl;vm; Asm} uRefawmf/ /]rSefw,f? BuHr,fqdk BuHavmufygayw,f}
133

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/ /]xdkUjyifvJ rBuD;a&Tonf xkdn xdktcsdefavmufu xdkwHwm;odkU a&mufaMumif; ; oludk,fwdkif 0efcHw,f} uRefawmf/ /]'gjzifh udpöwHk;aewmayghAsm} &Sm;/ /][kwfuJh wHk;oavmuf ygayyJ? odkUaomf avSum;u wufvmwm OD;rif;ausmf ; ajcoHESifh wl&JU? cyfapmapm BudKwifNyD; vm[efwlw,f} uRefawmfonf xkdif&mrSxí wHcg;udkzGifhay;aom tcg ydefydef&Snf&SnfESifh uysmuoD trlt&m&Sdaom vlwpfa,mufonf tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvm&m xkdolonf tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifNyD;onfUaemufüyif vlrdaomusD;uJhodkU usduvd ausmifuavmif &Sdaeav\/ &Sm;/ /]xdkifygAsm? bmudpövJ? ysm,dysm,m &SdvSacsuvm;} ; xkdvl/ /]uRefawmfu ajrydkifolaX; OD;rif;ausmf udk,fpm;vS,f armifnGefUvlygwJh cifAsm;? OD;rif;ausmfvJ tcka&mufygvdrfhr,f? ajymcsifwmav;&SdvdkU olra&mufcif OD;atmifajy;vmcJhygw,f cifAsm;} &Sm;/ /]bmrsm; ajymcsifvdkUvJ} ; vl/ /]uRefawmfwdkU q&m ajrydkifolaX; OD;rif;ausmf[m tifrwef qdk;oGrf;,kwfrmwJh olwpfa,muf jzpfygw,f cifAsm;} &Sm;/ /]jyif;xefvSacsvm; q&m&,f} ; vl/ /]Mum&Snf ajymzdkU tcsdefr&Sdavawmh jyif;jyif;xefxefyJ ajym&ygw,f cifAsm;? OD;pH&Sm;xH olvmr,fh taMumif; odavawmh olUt&if OD;atmif uRefawmfu ajy;vmNyD; olUtaMumif;udk ajymESifh&ygw,f cifAsm;} &Sm;/ /]cifAsm;u OD;rif;ausmf udk,fpm;vS,f qdk} ; vl/ /]rSefygw,f odkUaomf xGufpmwifNyD;ygNyD? aemuf 15 &ufqdkvQif uRefwGif;u vGwf&ygawmhr,f? tifrwef cufxefarmufrmwJh vlwpfa,mufyg cifAsm? uRefawmfjzifh 'DvdkvlvJ rawGUzl;bl;? Mum;vJ rMum;zl;bl;? aemifudkvJ rawGUcsifygbl; cifAsm? vSLwJhwef;wJh ae&mrSmawmh &ufa&mygav&JU? olwnfwJh bk&m;aygif;? olaqmufwJh ausmif;aygif;? oljyKwJh &Sifaygif;? olcHwJh &[ef;aygif;? ra&rwGufekdifatmifbJ rsm;ygay&JU? ekdUayr,fh olESifh qufqHwJh vlrsm;tay:rSmawmh tvGefw&m rñSmrwm u½kPmenf;wJh vlwpfa,mufygyJ cifAsm? olU'Pfudk trsm;qHk; cH&oluawmh olUr,m;a':ESif;jrayyJ? a':ESif;jr[m b,folUvufcsufESifh ao&&Smw,fawmh uRefawmf trSefrajymwwfaybl;? raorD twGif;rSm OD;rifausmfu ausmfraumif; Mum;raumif;atmif ESdyfpufcJhwmawmh trSefyJ cifAsm? vla&SU ra&Smif? ola&SUra&Smif? rmefvm; rJvm;? aigufvm; ief;vm;? Budrf;vm; armif;vm; vkyfavh&Sdwm uRefawmfwdkUwawGuawmif 'Dvdk olaX;uawmf jzpf&vdkUjzifh bmta&;vJvdkU tcsif;csif; ajymrdMuygao;w,f} &Sm;/ /]qdkygOD;Asm} ;
134

a&TOa'gif;

vl/ /]'Dawmhum uRefawmfESifhwuG tapcHrsm;tm;vHk;u a':ESif;jrudk oem;NyD; olUtay:rSm u½kPmjzpfavav OD;rif;ausmfudk rkef;avav jzpfaeMuygw,f? uRefawmfwdkU q&m OD;rif;ausmf[m armufrmcufxefonfUtjyif vlyg;vleyfwpfa,mufvJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh olajymwdkif; r,HkbJ csifhcsdefNyD;rS ,HkzdkUtaMumif; uRefawmfowday;csifvdkU vmcJhygw,f cifAsm? udkif; jyefygOD;awmhr,f cifAsm? rawmfvdkUrsm; rdae&if 'ku©yJ} [k ajymajymqdkqdkESifh xkdolonf wdkufay:rS qif;ajy;av\/ OD;pH&Sm;onf twefi,f pOf;pm;pdwful;aeNyD;aemuf &Sm;/ /]OD;rif;ausmf tdrfom;wpfpkujzifh OD;rif;ausmf tay:rSm w,fNyD;auseyfMu[ef r&Sdbl;? ; ,ckvdk BudKwifNyD; owday;ESifhwmvJ aumif;yg&JU? odkYaomf ola&mufvmawmhrS usKyfwdkU udk,fwdkif tuJcyf&OD;rSmyJ} q,fwpfem&Dxdk;onfESifh wNydKifeuf ajrydkif&SifolaX; OD;rif;ausmfonf wdkufay: wufvmav&m uRefawmfrSm xdkol\ &kyfvu©Pmudk MunfU½Ijcif;tm;jzifh ¤if;\ udk,fpm;vS,f ajymoGm;onfUtwdkif; vltrsm;wdkU &GHaMumufMu&onfU taMumif;udk &dyfrdav\/ xdkol\ rsufESmrSm wpfBudrfjrifcgrQESifhyif armufrmcufxefjcif;? tvdk&r®ufBuD;jcif;? rdrdvdktyfaom t&mudk wpfenf;enf;jzifh rarhravsmh BuHpnfwwfjcif;? eufeJaom ÓPftajrmftjrif&Sdjcif; paom tjcif;t&mwdkUESifh jynfUpHkonfjzpfí rnfonfUae&mrsdK;ü vkyfudkifonfjzpfap tBuD;tuJtjzpfodkU rwkdifa&muf&bJ &yfem;jcif;&SdrnfU vlwpfa,muf r[kwfaMumif; cefUrSef;edkifav\/ OD;rif;ausmfonf wdkufay: odkU wufvmNyD;aemuf ydkifykdifedkifedkif &Sdaomtrlt&mjzifh ukvm;xdkif wpfvHk;udk qGJ,lum OD;pH&Sm;ESifh awhqdkifumxdkifNyD;vQif .... ausmf/ /]wpfckajymxm;yg&ap OD;pH&Sm;? 'DtrIrSm aiGukefvdkU ta&;rMuD;? ukefcsifoavmuf ukefygap?rSefwJhtwdkif; ay:aygufatmif pHHkaxmufedkifvQif NyD;yga&m ? q&mr rBuD;a&T vGwfajrmufatmif pHkaxmufay;vdkU &Sd&if cifAsm; awmif;oavmuf uRefawmfay;yghr,f? b,favmufyJ qdkyg} &Sm;/ /]uRefawmfu r&SdEGrf;yg;aom vlrsm;\ trIudk tcrJh aqmif&Gufí wwfekdifolrsm;\ ; trIü tenf;trsm; r&Sd? worwfwnf; uRefawmf ,lygonf} ausmf/ /]aMomf cifAsm;u aiG ta&;rBuD;wJhvludk? aiGudk *&krpdkufvQif emrnfBuD;zdkUawmh *&kpdkufzdkU &Sdygw,f? 'DtrIrSm cifAsm; aqmif&GufvdkU atmifjrifcJhvdkU &Sd&if jrefrmjynf wpfjynfvHk; cifAsm;emrnf xGufoGm;ygvdrfhrnf} &Sm;/ /]aus;Zl;wifygw,f OD;rif;ausmf? odkUaomf uRefawmfu ausmfapmjcif;udk *&kpdkufwJh ; vlwpfa,muf r[kwfyg? rSefwJhtwdkif; ajym&vQif uRefawmfh oabmrSmawmh vlrod olrod? wdwfwqdwf tvkyfvkyf&jcif;udk ESpfoufwJh vljzpfygw,f? odkUaomf tydkawGa&SmufajymaewmESifh tcsdefrukefapbJ jzpfysufyHkudkom ajymjyygawmh cifAsm;} ausmf/ /]tjzpftysufuawmh owif;pmxJrSm ygwJhtwdkif;ygyJ? r&Sif;ao;wm &SdvQifom ar;ygawmh} &Sm;/ /]uRefawmf odcsifwm wpfck &Sdw,f} ;
135

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

ausmf/ /]ar;ygawmh} &Sm;/ /]OD;rif;ausmfESifh q&mr rBuD;a&TESifh[m b,fuJhodkU tajctaerSm &Sdw,fvdkU qdkwm ; uRefawmfodvdkw,f} OD;rif;ausmfonf pdwfqdk;aom trlt&mESifh ukvm;xdkifrS &kwfw&uf xNyD;rS trsufudk csKyfwnf;í ausmf/ /]'Dar;cGef;udk cifAsm;u ar;cGifh&SdvdkU ar;wmESifh wl&JU} &Sm;/ /]uRefawmf 'DvdkyJ oabm&ygw,f} ; ausmf/ /]uRefawmfESifh q&mr rBuD;a&TESifh[m armif&if; ESpfr&if;uJhodkU oabmxm;&kHru uRefawmfhom;orD;rsm; rsufarSmufrS wpfyg; uRefawmfwdkU ESpfa,mufrSm b,ftcgrS rsufESm csif;qdkifí pum;rajymbl;yg} xdktcg OD;pH&Sm;onf xkdif&mrS xí &Sm;/ /]onf;cHyg OD;rif;ausmf? uRefawmfu tvkyfrsm;onfU vlwpfa,muf jzpfonfUtwGuf ; tv[ó pum;awG a&SmufajymzdkU tcsdefr&Sdyg} xdktcg OD;rif;ausmfonfvnf; trsufxGufaom rsufESmxm;ESifh OD;pH&Sm;tm; MunfUum xdkif&mrS wzefxvsuf ausmf/ /]b,fhES,fajymvdkufwmvJ OD;pH&Sm;? usKyftrIudk vufrcHbl; qdkvdkovm;} &Sm;/ /]cifAsm;udk vufrcHcsifbl; qdkvdkw,f} ; ausmf/ /]bmaMumifhvJ b,fvdk tBuHtpnf &SdvdkUvJ? aiGydkNyD; vdkcsifvdkUvm;? odkUr[kwf aMumufvdkUvm;? bmaMumifhwkef; usKyfodcsifw,f} &Sm;/ /]odcsifvJ ajym&wmaygh? 'DtrI[m e*kdtm;jzif ½IyfaxG;ae&wJh txJrSm ajymwJhvlu ; [kwfwdkif;rSef&m rajymcJhvdkU &Sd&if b,fawmh &Sif;vif;edkifrSmvJAsmh} ausmf/ /]cifAsm;u usKyfudk rkom;qdkw,fvdkU pGyfpGJvdkw,faygh } &Sm;/ /]uRefawmfu ,Ofaus;wJh pum;ESifh ajym&mrSm cifAsm;u wdkuf&kdufajymapvdkvQif ; 'Dt"dyÜm,f uswmaygh} xdkpum;udk Mum;onfESifh wNydKifeuf OD;rif;ausmfonf tHBudwfNyD;vQif vufoD;udk qkyfvsuf vufudk ajr§mufvdkuf&m OD;pH&Sm;url cyfat;at; trlt&mESifh NyHK;&,fcgjzifh rdrd\ aq;wHudk vSrf;,lav\/ &Sm;/ /]'D[mrsdK;awG rvkyfprf;ygESifh OD;rif;ausmf Asm? xrif;pm;NyD;vdkU 0rf;awmifhaewJhtcgrSm ; vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm; rvkyfprf;yg&apESifh}

136

a&TOa'gif;

xdktcg OD;rif;ausmfonf owd&onfUtaejzifh trsufudk &kwfw&uf csKyfwnf;í ausmf/ /]'gawmh cifAsm; oabmaygh? cifAsm; oabmrusvQifvJ usKyftrI vufrcH&Hk &Sdwmaygh? usKyfudk qefUusifbuf jyKjcif;[m cifAsm; vGJNyD? cifAsm;avmuf ruwJh vlawG usKyfESdrfcJhwm b,fESpfa,muf&SdNyDvJ? usKyfESifh qdkifjydKifNyD; usKyf'Pfudk cHedkifwJhvl wpfa,mufrS rawGUao;bl;? cifAsm; owdxm;vdkufyg} &Sm;/ /]'Dvdk ajymoGm;wJh vlawG tyHkaygh? tif;Asm odkUayr,fh uRefawmfhrSmawmh 'Dvdk 'Dvdkyg? ; udkif; oGm;ayOD;awmh OD;rif;ausmf ? avmuBuD;rSm cifAsm; rod em;rvnfao;wJh t&mawG tyHkBuD;ygAsm? oGm;OD;awmh? oGm;OD;awmh} OD;rif;ausmfrSm a'gormefyGm;vsuf qlqlnHnHESifh wdkufay:rS qif;oGm;av&m OD;pH&Sm;rSmrl at;at;aq;aq; &Sdaom trlt&mESifh aq;wHudk aomuf&SLvsuf &Sdav\/ &Sm;/ /]b,fhES,fvJ udkodef;armif? b,fvdk xifjrifcsufrsm; ay;p&m&SdovJ} ; uRefawmf/ /]uRefawmhf xifjrifcsufuawmh olU&kyfvu©Pmudk onfvdkvl[m olvdkcsifwJh t&m&SdNyD qdkrSjzifh r,m;toufaom bmaom ....} &Sm;/ /]tppfyJ usKyfvJ 'DvdkyJ xifw,f} ; uRefawmf/ /]q&mr rBuD;a&TESifh olUtjzpfudk cifAsm; b,fhES,fodovJ} &Sm;/ /]'guawmh jzef;vHk; udkodef;armif? oufouf jzef;vHk;yg? ol pma&;yHk? 'DtrIrSm ol ; *&kpdkufyHkwdkUudk axmufjcif;tm;jzifh OD;rif;ausmf[m r,m;a':ESif;jr aoqHk;jcif;xuf q&mr rBuD;a&T tzrf;cH&jcif; twGufudk omí ylyefaMumif;udk od&w,f? ,ckvdk ylyefjcif;onf xdkolESpfOD;wdkU &if;ESD;pGm qufoG,fjcif; &SdwJ htwGuf jzpf&r,fvdkU usKyfuawG;NyD; wyftyfaocsm odwJhtaeESifh jzef;vdkufjcif; jzpfw,f} uRefawmf/ /]ol jyefvmaumif;ygao;Asmh aemf} &Sm;/ /]{uefrkcs jyefvm&r,f? 'DtrIudk ,ckvdk wpfydkif;wpfpESifh b,fenf;ESifhrS ol ; ypfrxm;edkifbl;? rkcs jyefvm&r,f? a[m ajym&if;qdk&if avSum;u wufvmwm olU ajcoHrSwfw,f} OD;rif;ausmfonf tcef;wGif;odkU wzefjyefí 0ifvm&m ¤if;\ rsufESmxm;rSm xGufoGm;pOftcguuJhodkU ½SL;½SL;&Sm;&Sm; r&SdawmhbJ trsufudk NrdKodyfí xm;[ef&Sd\/ ausmf/ /]OD;pH&Sm; ajympum;udk wpfzefpOf;pm;MunfUawmh uRefawmfu vrf;rSm;[ef wlygw,f? odkUaomfvJ rBuD;a&TESifh uRefawmfESifh tjzpftysuf[m 'DtrIESifh bmrS roufqdkifbl;vdkU uRefawmf xifygw,f} &Sm;/ /]qdkif rqdkif qHk;jzwfzdkU[m uRefawmhf tvkyfjzpfygw,f} ; ausmf/ /]&SdygapawmhAsm? ar;vdkU &SdrS ajym&wmaygh? udkif; cifAsm; odcsifwm ar;ygawmh}
137

axmufjcif;jzifh

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/ /]rSefwJhtwdkif; tvHk;pHk uRefawmf odvdkw,f} ; xdktcg OD;rif;ausmfonf £ajE´BuD;aom rsufESmxm;wpfrsdK; jyifí atmufygtwdkif; ajymjyav\/ ausmf/ /]rvTJomvdkUom ajym&? w,fNyD; ajymzdkU cufwmrsdK;uvm;Asm? wdkwdk&Hk;NyD; ajym&rSmjzifh 'DvdkAs? uRefawmfESifh rESif;jrESifh taMumif;ygMuawmh uRefawmfu touf 25 ESpf? olu tysdKBuD; touf 35 ESpf&SdNyD? acsmwmvSwm rawmh ajymp&m r&Sdygaybl;? uRefawmfh rdef;rvdk[m &Sm;ygw,f? [kdwkef;uawmh olESifh uRefawmfESifh toufq,fESpf uGmwm[m raxmif;wmao;bl; qdkOD;awmh? t&G,fyif &ifhaomfvJ tqif;u zHk;aewJh twGuf rxif&Sm;vSbl; qdkOD;awmh? ,ckawmh uRefawmfu 45 ESpf? olu 55 ESpf qdkawmh tifrwef uGmjcm;NyD; 55 ESpform;[m wu,fh tr,ftdkBuD;jzpfaewmudk? uRefawmfwdkU aygif;oif;vmMuwm tESpfeSpfq,f &SdMuNyD? uRefawmfuawmh rSefwJhtwdkif; ajym&rSmjzifh tr,ftdkBuD; jzpfaewm jrif&JUom;ESifh [kdwkef;uvdk ESpfESpfoufouf r&SdEdkifygbl;cifAsm? oluawmh ESpfaygif;ESpfq,f MumaomfvJ arwåm rysufwJhtjyif a&S;uxufawmif wdk;NyD; uRefawmfhudk pGJvef;ESpfoufygw,f? vlqdkwmrsdK;[m udk,fu rESpfoufbJ udk,fhudk olwpfxl;u tvGeftrif; pGJvrf;ESpfoufaewmudk awGU&NyD qdkrSjzifh tifrwef taecufNyD; atmfuvD qefawmhrvdk jzpfwwfygw,f? tJ'gaMumifh uRefawmfhtay:rSm arwåmpdwf avsmhygapawmhvdkU oabmxm;NyD; olUudk rmefvdkuf rJvdkuf? Budrf;vdkuf armif;vdkuf vkyf&jcif; jzpfygw,f? edkYayr,fh uRefawmfu &ufpufavav? olu uRefawmfhtay:rSm arwåm ydkavav &Sdaeygw,f? xdkuJhodkU &SdaewJh tawmtwGif;rSm q&mr rBuD;a&Tudk uRefawmfh uav;ESpfa,muf twGuf tdrfrSm ynmoifzdkU iSm;rdygw,f? a&mufvmwJh q&mruvJ tifrwef acsmvSwJh rdef;rwpfa,muf jzpfavawmh ykxkZOfwdkU oabmtwdkif; uRefawmfu ESpfoufpHkruf rdayw,f? rBuD;a&Tudk cifAsm; jrif&vQif uRefawmfESpfoufonfUtwGuf tjypf rqdkaybl; vdkU uRefawmfxifygw,f} &Sm;/ /][kwfuJh? ESpfouf&Hk ESpfoufvdkU awmh tjypf rqdkvdkygbl;? odkUaomf cifAsm;udk rSDcdkNyD; ; ae&SmwJh rdef;uav;wpfa,muf jzpfonfUtwGuf cifAsm;u ESpfoufpHkrufaMumif; zGifh[NyD; ajymr,fqdk&ifawmh tjypfqdkvdkw,f} ausmf/ /]tjypf qdkcsifvJ qdkawmh? uRefawmfjzifh ajymrdayw,f} &Sm;/ /]aMomf 'Dvdkvm;} ; ausmf/ /]r,m;i,ftjzpfESifh cspfBudKufedkifcJhvQif aiGwpfaomif; wifygr,fvdkU uRefawmfu ajymrdw,f} xdktcg OD;pH&Sm;u avSmifajymifvsuf &Sm;/ /]w,fNyD; &ufa&mygayoAsm} ; ausmf/ /]uRefawmf ajymyg&ap OD;pH&Sm;? cifAsm;qDudk uRefawmfvmjcif;[m trItwGuf aqmif&Gufay;zdkU vmjcif;jzpfygw,f? cifAsm; Mo0g'udk cH,lzdkU vmwm r[kwfygbl;}

138

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/ /]rSefw,f? uRefawmfuvJ 'DtrIrSm aqmif&Gufay;vdkU &Sd&if cifAsm;twGuf r[kwf? ; q&mruav;udk oem;ojzifh omvQif aqmif&Gufay;jcif; jzpfw,f?cifAsm;wdkUvdk ydkufqHaygwJh vlawG[m igwdkU bmyJvkyfvkyf aiGESifh zHk;&if vHka&mhvdkU atmufarhwwfw,f? 'DvdkvlrsdK;udk uRefawmfb,fawmhrS tm;ray;csifbl;} ausmf/ /]rSefygw,f? cifAsm; ajymwJhpum; oifhavsmfygw,f? odkUaomf 'DudpörSmawmh uRefawmfu b,fvdkyif ajymaomfvJ rBuD;a&Tu uRefawmfh tBuHtpnfudk oabmrwlygbl;? uRefawmfu ajymonfESifh wNydKifeuf rBuD;a&Tu tvkyfxGufzdkU pmwifygw,f} &Sm;/ /]'gjzifh bmaMumifh xGufroGm;ovJ} ; ausmf/ /]uRefawmfu aemufudk 'DtaMumif;ESifh pyfvsOf;vdkU b,fawmhrS rajymawmhygbl;vdkU y#dnmOfay;wmu wpfaMumif;? uRefawmf[m oabmcufxefol wpfaa,muf jzpfonfUtavsmuf vufatmufi,fom;rsm;tm; pnf;urf;twdkif; wif;wif;MuyfMuyfjyKonfU tcgrSm ol0ifNyD; ajymvQif xdkolrSm oufomcGifh &wwfygw,f? tJ'gaMumifh ol&SdaecJh vQif vufatmuf qif;&Jom;rSm csrf;omcGifh&oGm;onfudk olawGUwmuwpfaMumif;? xkdtaMumif; ESpfcsuffaMumifh tvkyfrS rxGufbJ qufvufNyD; aexdkifjcif; jzpfygw,f? xkdtawmtwGif;rSm rESif;jr aoqHk;jcif; jzpfygw,f} &Sm;/ /]a':ESif;jr aoyHktaMumif; pyfvsOf;í bmrsm;ajymzdkU &SdygovJ} ; ausmf/ /]uRefawmfhr,m; rESif;jr? rBuD;a&Tonf uRefawmfhtay:rSm MoZm&Sdaeonfudk jrifí rdef;rwdkU "r®wm tifrwef remvdkjcif; jzpfwmrSefygw,f? onfawmhu rBuD;a&Tudk awmf&mrSm awGUzdkUcsdef;NyD; 'Dtdrfu xGufroGm; oGm;atmif uRefawmfh ajcmufvHk;jyL;ESifh Ncdrf;ajcmuf&mwGif aoewfudk wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,mufvk&if; aoewfarmif; usoGm;NyD; Ncdrf;ajcmufwJhvludk rSefoGm;w,fvdkU uRefawmf awG;rdygw,f} &Sm;/ /]uRefawmfvJ 'Dvdk awG;rdyg&JU} ; ausmf/ /]odkUaomf rBuD;a&T udk,fwdkifu 'Dvdk r[kwfbl;vdkU ajymaew,f} &Sm;/ /]ajymayrJh aemufqHk;pum; r[kwfao;ygbl;av? aoewfudk ua,mifuwrf;ESifh ; ,loGm;NyD; xm;rdxm;&m olUAD&dkxJrSm 0Sufxm;vdkufua&m? aemif aoewfudk awGUawmhrS olUtay: trIywfrSm pdk;avawmh t&Sif;uG,fwm jzpfcsifvJ jzpfedkifw,f? r[kwfaybl;vm;Asm} ausmf/ /][kwfuJh rBuD;a&T oabmudk rodwJhvlawmh onfvdkawG;p&m &Sdyg&JU} &Sm;/ /]'gvJ rSefw,f? udkif; 'Dawmh rBuD;a&Tudk uRefawmf awGUcsifao;w,f? b,frSmxm; ; ovJ? yJcl;rSm xm;ovm;} ausmf/ /]rSefygw,f} &Sm;/ /]udkif; 'gjzifh yJcl;udk uRefawmfwdkU vdkufMuOD;pdkU} ;

139

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

ausmf/ /]cifAsm;wdkU oGm;ESifhyg? 'DNrdKUrSm ae&pfyg&apOD;? NyD;NyD;csif; uRefawmf vdkufcJhygr,f}

udpuav;wpfck ö

&Sdao;vdkU

uRefawmf

¤if;aemuf uRefawmfESifh OD;pH&Sm;wdkUonf xdkaeU pmydkU&xm;ESifh yJcl;NrdKUodkU vdkufMuav\/ odkYygaomfvJ q&mr rBuD;a&TESifh xkdaeU awGU&ef trdefUcHr&bJ &Sdaeum; uRefawmfwdkUonf trIjzpfyGm;&m jzpfaom &pfuefblwmodkU qufvufí vdkufoGm;Muav\/ &pfuefblwmodkU qdkufa&mufMuaom tcg xdkvlowfrItaMumif;udk pHkprf;cJhzl;aom Xmemtkyf udkjrazESifh awGUav&m udkjrazonf OD;pH&Sm;\ awmif;cHcsuftwdkif; trIjzpfyGm;&m ae&mudk vdkufí jyav\/ vrf;c&D;ü &Sm;/ /]b,fhES,fvJ udkjraz? cifAsm;oabm b,fhES,f&ovJ} ; az/ az /]uRefawmhf oabmawmhjzifh q&mr rBuD;a&Tu owfwm trSefESifh wlygw,f q&m} &Sm;/ /]aoewfuawmh OD;rif;ausmf aoewf trSefyJaemf} ; az/ az /]trSefygyJwJh q&m? OD;rif;ausmfu ydkufqH tifrwef aygavawmh tpdk;& ppfpm;p&dwf acs;pOfu aiGawG odyfxnfUNyD; aoewfvdkifpifawG ,lcsifwdkif; ,lxm;wmudk; q&m? ajcmufvHk;jyL;u ESpfvuf oHk;vuf? aoewfBuD;u oHk;av;vuf? wu,fhta&;ydkiftdrf? rif;BuD;tdrf usaewmyJ q&m? rBuD;a&T AD&kdxJrSm awGUwJh aoewf[mvJ olUaoewfxJu wpfvufyJ} &Sm;/ /]usKyfwdkU jrefrmvlrsdK;xJu aoewfvdkifpif 'Davmufrsm;rsm; ay;ovm;Asm} ; az/ az /][kdwkef;tcguawmh aiGig;&m acs;ekdif&if aoewfvdkifpif &awmhwmaygh q&m? olvdk aiGwpfodef; acs;wJhvlawmh vdkifpif av;ig;ck bmcufrvJ q&m} xkduJhodkU ajym&if;qdk&if; uRefawmfwdkUonf acsmif;udk jzwfausmfxm;aom wHwm;wpfckodkU qdkufa&mufvmMuav\/ az/ az /]a[m'Dae&mu a':ESif;jr tavmif;awGUwJh ae&myJ q&m? [dkausmufwHk;[m uRefawmf rSwfxm;wJh ausmufwHk;yJ} &Sm;/ /]trIjzpfyGm;NyD;NyD;jcif; cifAsm; a&mufovm;} az/ az /]a&mufygw,f} &Sm;/ /]b,folu tac:ckdif;ovJ} ; az/ az /]OD;rif;ausmfu tac:ckdif;ygw,f} &Sm;/ /]aoewf'Pf&mu teD;rSm uyfypfwJh 'Pf&mqdk} ; az/ az /][kwfw,f q&m? ,rf;ckd;awmif pGJoGm;ygao;w,f} &Sm;/ /]b,fae&mrSm rSefovJ} ;
140

a&TOa'gif;

az/ az /]ezl;rSm? vufsmbufu q&m} &Sm;/ /]b,fyHk vJaeovJ} ; az/ az /]yufvufvJ aew,fq&m? axG;vHk;owfykwfwJh ajc&mvJr&Sd? vufeufvJ r&Sd? vuf0JbufvufrSmawmh rBuD;a&T a&;wJh pmwpfapmif qkyfudkifxm;wm awGUygw,f} &Sm;/ /]qkyfxm;ovm;} ; az/ /]qkyfxm;vdkUrS renf; jznf,l&w,f q&m} az &Sm;/ /]tJ'g ta&;MuD;oAsdKU? aoNyD;rS olrsm; vmxnfhonf r[kwf? raorDu &SdaeaMumif; ; xif&Sm;w,f? pmxJygwmu n 7 em&DrSm wHwm;OD;odkU vmcJhrnf? rBuD;a&TwJh r[kwfvm;} az/ az /]rSefygw,f} &Sm;/ /]'Dpmudk rBuD;a&Tu ola&;aMumif; 0efcHovm;} ; az/ /]0efcHygw,f} az &Sm;/ /]'DtaMumif; b,fvdk ajymovJ} ; az/ az /]puf&Sif½kH;usawmhrS xkacsr,fvdkU ajymw,f} &Sm;/ /]'DpmawGUyHku awmfawmf tpOf;pm;&usyfw,fvdkU cifAsm; rxifbl;vm;} ; az/ az /]uRefawmfjzifh tifrwef &Sif;w,fvdkU xifygw,f q&m} xdktcg OD;pH&Sm;u OD;acgif;udk &rf;vsuf &Sm;/ /]'Dpmudk aetdrfrSm &NyD;wJhaemuf? csdef;wJh ae&mudk vmwJhtcgrSm 'Dpmudk,lvmzdkU ; vdkao;ovm;Asm} az/ az /]'gawmh ol,lwmudk; q&m} OD;pH&Sm;onf aq;wHukd aq;jznfhí NyD;vQif wHwm;vuf&ef;ay:wGif xdkifí ½IzGm&if;t&yfav;rsufESmudk vSrf;umvSrf;um Munfhrdav\/ xdkaemuf xkdif&mrS ½kwfw&uf xí tjcm;buf vuf&ef;odkU ul;oGm;NyD;vQif iHkUvQdK;um MunfhNyD;rS &Sm;/ /]'Dae&mrSm yJhaeyguvm;} ; az/ az /][kwfuJh q&m? vufaqmhwJh uav;rsm; wkwfESifh &kdufoGm;w,f xifyg&JU} uRefawmfonf teD;odkU csOf;uyfí aocsmpGm MunfU½Iaomtcg opfom;vuf&ef;ü wpfckaomae&mwGif ydefU0ifvsuf&Sdonfudk awGUjrif&av\/ OD;pH&Sm;onf vufrS udkifaom wkwfaumufESifh vuf&ef;udk oHk;av;csuf &dkufMunfU&m &SdaeNyD;aom t&muJhokdU eufpGm rxifaMumif; awGUjrif&av\/
141

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/ /]awmfawmfjyif;jyif; xdrSefjcif;ESifh wlw,f? NyD;awmhvJ txufrS xdrSefjcif; r[kwf? ; atmufrS xdrSefjcif; jzpf&r,f} az/ az /]'Dae&mu tavmif;awGUwJhae&mESihf qdkawmh q,fhig;ayavmuf a0;yguvm; q&m} &Sm;/ /]rSefw,f? 'gaMumifhrdkU 'DtyJh[m ,cktrIESifh oufqdkifcsifvJ oufqdkifr,f? rouffqdkifcsifvJ ; aer,f? axG;vHk;owfykwfwJh ajc&mawmh rawGUbl; qdkoaemf} az/ /]ajrBuD;uvJ rmw,f q&m} az &Sm;/ /]udkif; &Sdap? OD;rif;ausmf tdrfudk ce oGm;vdkufMuOD;pdkU} ; uRefawmfwdkUonf OD;rif;ausmf\ aetdrfodkU a&mufMuaomtcg ,cifu awGUzl;aom OD;rif;ausmf\ udk,fpm;vS,f armifnGefUvlESifh awGUí ¤if;u OD;rif;ausmfonf tvGefw&m cufxef armufrmaom vlwpfa,muf jzpfaMumif;ESifh xyfavmif;í tppfcHav\/ ; &Sm;/ /]olUr,m;a':ESif;jrudk &dkufvm; ykwfvm; jyKzl;ovm;} vl/ /]'Dvdkawmh vufxdvufa&muf rjyKzl;ygbl; cifAsm? odkUaomf olajymwJh pum;awGu &dkufoavmufru emusnf;atmif ajymwwfygw,f} ¤if;aemuf OD;pH&Sm;onf ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewfudk awmif;,lí aocsmpGm udkifMunfUNyD;vQif wpfzef ay;tyfcJhí blwm&HkodkU jyefvmMuav\/ vrf;c&D;ü &Sm;/ /]trItoGm;tvm MunfUvdkufawmhjzifh q&mr rBuD;a&Tudk pGyfpGJp&m taMumif;awG ; rsm;aewm trSefyJ? wpfcsufyJ usKyfrBudKufwm &Sdw,f} uRefawmf/ /]b,ftcsuf[mvJ Asm} &Sm;/ /]olU AD&dkxJrSm aoewfawGUw,f qdkwJh taMumif;[myJ} ; uRefawmf/ /]b,fhES,fvJAsm? 'DtwGufaMumifh rBuD;a&T tay:rSm omNyD;awmh xifp&m&Sdw,f r[kwfvm;} &Sm;/ /]'Dvdk r[kwfbl; udkodef;armif? vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufudk pGyfpGJawmhr,fqdkvQif pGyfpGJ&ef ; taMumif;tcsufawG[m tm;vHk;nDnGwf&if ae&m rusbl;Asm} uRefawmf/ /]aumif;aumif; r&Sif;aygifAsm} &Sm;/ /]aumif;NyD? usKyfajymjyr,f? rdef;rwpfa,muf[m tjcm;rdef;rwpfa,mufudk owfzdkU ; wiful;BuHpnfNyD; ajcmufvHk;jyL;udk ,lxm;? pmESifh a&;NyD; aoaocsmcsmcsdef;? [kdrdef;r vmawmhudk ypfowf? ,ckvdk aoaocsmcsm wiful; pDpOfNyD;wJh aemufrS aoewfudk eD;&m acsmif;xJ ypfrxm;cJhbJ olUae&m jyef,loGm;NyD; olUAD&dkxJ0Sufxm;w,fqdkwm [kwfedkifyghrvm;} uRefawmf/ /]ua,mifuwef;ESifh xm;rdxm;&m xm;&ifaumAsm}

142

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/ /]rjzpfekdifbl; udkodef;armif? owfzdkU&mudk MudKwifNyD; pdwful;xm;cJhvdkU&Sd&if ; ajc&mazsmufzdkUudkvJ MudKwifNyD; pdwful;xm;&r,f? q&mr rMuD;a&Tu 'DajcmufvHk;jyL; a&mufaewmudk olrod&ygbl;wJh ajymw,f? olUpum; rSefcJhvdkU&SdvQif wpfa,mufu rBuD;a&T tay:rSm trIywfatmif olUAD&dkxJ vmxm;r,f r[kwfvm;? 'DvdkqdkvQif xm;aomol[m owfaomol r[kwfaybl;vm;? odkUaomf yJcl;a&mufrS rBuD;a&TESifh awGUNyD; aoaocsmcsm qHk;jzwfMupdkUav} uRefawmfwdkUonf yJcl;NrdKUodkU qdkufa&mufMuaomtcg tcsKyfcHae&aom rBuD;a&TESifh awGU&ef tcGifh yefMum;NyD;aemuf ¤ if;\a&SUae OD;b0if;ESifh twl tcsKyfcef;odkU 0ifoGm;Muav\/ rBuD;a&TrSm ½kyfqif;oP²mef pifppfjynfUpHkonfU rdef;rwpfa,mufjzpfay&m ¤if;\ xl;jcm;aom tcsufwpfckrSm ¤if;\ rsufESmudk jrifvdkuf&onfESifh wjydKifeuf El;nHYodrfarGUaom pdwfoabm&SdaMumif;rSm aumif;pGmxif&Sm;ay\/ &Sm;/ /]udkif; q&mr? trIuawmhjzifh awmfawmfyJ ½Iyfaew,f? onfawmh q&mru ; usKyfwdkUudk [kwfwdkif;rSef&m ukefpifatmif ajymavrS 'DtrIudk uGif;vHk;uRwfatmif usKyfwdkU aqmif&GufekdifzdkU &Sdvdrfhr,f? r[kwfbl;vm; OD;b0if;} 0if;/ /]rSefygw,f} rBuD;a&TrSm þtrIü pHkaxmufBuD; OD;pH&Sm;udk,fwdkif aqmif&GufrnfUtaMumif; od&SdonfUESihf wjydKifeuf tvGefñId;EGrf; tm;avsmhvsuf&Sdaom rsufESmxm;rS Munfvif&Tifysaom rsufESmxm;odkU ajymif;vJvmNyD;vQif ar;orQudk [kwfrSefonfUtwdkif; ajymygrnf[k 0efcHav\/ &Sm;/ /]a':ESif;jrESifh q&mrESifh tajctaeudk ajymjyprf;ygOD;} ; a&T/ /]a':ESif;jru olUa,musfm;ESifh uRefrudk txiftjrif vGJNyD; uRefrudk tvGefw&m rkef;cJhygw,f? uRefru qif;&Jom; v,form;rsm; oufomcGifh &atmif wpfcgwpfav 0ifajymvdkU olUa,musfm;u em;axmifvQif olUa,musfm;tay:rSm uRefrMoZm pl;&rvm;qdkNyD; uRefrtay:rSm &efñId;zGJUvsuf &Sdygw,f} &Sm;/ /]a':ESif;jraowJh aeUu tjzpftysufudk ajymjyprf;ygOD;} ; a&T/ /]xkdaeUu uRefr pmoifwJh pm;yGJay:rSm pmwpfapmif awGUygw,f? tJ'DpmxJrSm a':ESif;jru n 9 em&DtcsdefrSm xdkwHwm;udk olESifhawGU&atmif vmzdkUtaMumif;? vmrnf rvmrnfudk jyefpma&;í 0if;wHcg;rSm ñSyfxm;zdkU taMumif;? olUpmudk zwfNyD;NyD;csif; qkwfypfzdkU taMumif;ESifh pmudk awGU&ygw,f} &Sm;/ /]b,ftwGufaMumifh olUpmudk qkwfypfzdkU rSmowJhvJ} ; a&T/ /]olUa,musfm; awGUoGm;&if olUudk Budrf;rSmpdk;onfU twGuf jzpfw,fvdkU xifygw,f} &Sm;/ /]q&mr jyefpmudkawmh odrf;xm;yguvm;} ; a&T/ /][kwfuJh? olUvufxJrSm jyefpmawGUw,fvdkU Mum;awmh tHhMordygw,f}

143

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/ /]ajymygOD;} ; a&T/ /]'gESifh [dknu olrSmwJhtwdkif; uRefroGm;vdkU wHwm;a&mufawmh olu apmihfaeESifhw,f? awGUawGUcsif; bmrS rajymygESifhawmh? tdrfrSmwkef; olUa,musfm;a&SUrdkU atmifhxm;orQawG uRefrudk ajymvdkuf qdkvdkuf Budrf;vdkuf armif;vdkuf qJa&;vdkuf ay;pm;vdkufeSifh ,kwf,kwfrmrm rMum;0Hh remomawG 'vpyf &Gwfavawmh uRefrrSm rMum;0HhwmESihf em;udk ydwfNyD; tdrfjyefajy;cJh&ygw,f? n 11 em&Davmuf usawmh [dkae&mrSmyJ tavmif;awGUw,fvdkU Mum;&NyD; oGm;MunfUMuygw,f} &Sm;/ /]q&mr xGufvmawmh tdrfrSm OD;rif;ausmf &Sd&pfovm;} ; a&T/ /]&Sd&pfygw,f} &Sm;/ /]jyefvmawmhaum &Sdovm;} ; a&T/ /]&Sdygw,f} &Sm;/ /]q&mr bD&dkxJrSm awGUwJh aoewfudk t&ifu jrifzl;ovm;} ; a&T/ /]rjrifzl;ygbl;} &Sm;/ /]aoewfudk b,fae&mrSm awGUovJ} ; a&T/ /]t0wfawGxJrSm awGUygw,f} &Sm;/ /]'Dae&mudk aoewfa&mufaewm b,favmufMumNyDvJvdkU rajymekdifbl;vm;} ; a&T/ /]reufcif;u 'dkbDvmvdkU t0wfxnfUawmh aoewf rawGUao;yg} &Sm;/ /]'gjzifh wpfa,mufa,mufu q&mr tay:rSm trIywfatmif wrifwum vmxm; ; wmaygh} a&T/ /]'gESifh wlygw,f} &Sm;/ /]'DtrI &Sif;vif;zdkUtwGuf bmrsm; ajymp&m usefao;ovJ} ; a&T/ /]bmrS awG;r&yg} &Sm;/ /]tavmif;awGUwJh wHwm;rSm ; b,fvdkaMumifh qdkwm q&mr ajymekdifovm;} a&T/ /]rajymekdifyg} xdktcg OD;pH&Sm;onf aq;wHudk rD;ñSdí aomufNyD;aemuf rsufarSmifMuKwfum twefMumatmif ai;pkdufí aeav&m uRefawmfESihf wuG a&SUaeOD;b0if;ESifh rBuD;a&TwdkUonf ¤if;\tuJudk cyfvsuf &SdaeMuav\/ twefi,fMumvwfaomf OD;pH&Sm;onf &kwfw&uf tBuHay:vmonfU vu©PmESifh aygifudk ykwfvsuf xkdif&mrS xNyD;vQif
144

opfom;enf;enf;yJhaewm

wpfckawGUw,f?

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/ /]vmAsdKU udkodef;armif? oGm;MuOD;pdkU} ; 0if;/ /]bmrsm;vJ OD;pH&Sm;} &Sm;/ /]pdwfcsaeyg q&mr? reufjzefcgawmh 'DtrIudk usKyf &Sif;vif;edkifygvdrfhr,f? ; 'Dwpf&ufawmh onf;cHNyD; apmihf&pfayOD;awmhAsm} blwm&HkodkU a&mufMuaomtcg OD;pH&Sm;onf &efukefvufrSwf r,lbJ &pfuef vufrSwfESpfapmifudk ,lvmcJhav\/ rD;&xm;ay: odkU wufrdMuaomtcg 'kwd,wef;wpfwGJvHk;ü uRefawmfwdkUESpfa,mufomvQif &SdcJh&m OD;pH&Sm;onf rdrd ,laqmifcJhaom ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewfudk wudkifudkifESihf xkwfí MunfUav\/ xdktcg uRefawmfonf ¤if;\ trlt&mudk em;rvnfekdifonf jzpfí uRefawmf/ /]aoewfudk bmaMumihf 'Davmufawmif xkwfxkwfMunfUae&wmvJAsmh? ,ck oGm;r,fh vrf;u ab;tEÅ&m,f jrifvdkUvm;} &Sm;/ /]r[kwfbl;Asmh? 'DtrIrSm t½IyftaxG;udk 'Daoewfu &Sif;vif;vdrfhr,f} ; uRefawmf/ /]cifAsm;[m em;rvnfaygifAsm? cifAsm;aoewfESifh 'DtrIESifh bmqdkifovJAs} &Sm;/ /]em;rvnf&ifvJ tomaeav? tcsdefwefawmh EGm;ydefuefvdrfhr,fvdkU pum;yHk &Sdw,f ; r[kwfvm;} &pfuefblwmodkU qdkufa&mufMuaom tcg OD;pH&Sm;onf usLv&mqdkif wpfqdkifodkU 0ifí AefcsnfBudK;wpfxHk;udk 0,fNyD;vQif Xmemtkyf udkjrazudk ac:í tavmif;awGU&m wHwm;odkU oGm;Muav\/ wHwm;odkU a&mufMuaomtcg OD;pH&Sm;onf AefcsnfBudK;xHk;udk ajzí wpfzufaom tpESifh ¤if;\ ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewfudk csnfNyD;vQif tjcm;aom tpESifh ausmufcJBuD;wpfvHk;udk csnfav&m uRefawmfESifh udkjrazwdkUrSm em;rvnfedkifojzihf tHhMopGmESihf MunfUaeMuav\/ ¤if;aemuf OD;pH&Sm;onf BudK;csnfxm;aom ausmufwHk;udk wHwm;vuf&ef;ay:rS ausmfcsí aoewfudk udkifí tavmif;awGUaom ae&modkU oGm;í&yfae&m MudK;onf awmifhvsuf&Sdav\/ ¤if;aemuf OD;pH&Sm;onf aoewfudk OD;acgif;qDodkU ajr§mufjyD;aemuf &kwfw&uf vTwfvdkuf&m wHwm;wpfzufü&Sdaom ausmufwHk;onf aoewfxufav;onf jzpfaomaMumifh aoewfonf vufrS vTwfonfESifh wjydKifeuf ausmufwHk;&Sd&modkU oGm;í wHwm;vuf&ef;ESifh &dkufNyD;vQif ausmufwHk;a&m aoewfyg acsmif;xJodkU usoGm;av\/ OD;pH&Sm;onf pdwftm;BuD;pGmaom trlt&mESifh vQifjrefpGmajy;oGm;í aoewfESifh vuf&ef; &dkufrdaom ae&mudk iHkUí MunfUNyD;aemuf 0rf;ajrmufvSaom trlt&mESifh uRefawmfwdkUtm; ac:iifap\/ uRefawmfESifh udkjrazwdkUonfvnf; teD;odkU csOf;uyfMu&mwGif ,cifuawGU&aom yJh&mteD;ü ¤if;ESifh yHkoP²mefwlnDaom 'kwd,yJh&mudk awGUjrif&av\/ xdktcg OD;pH&Sm;onf tHhMopGmESifh ai;MunfUaeaom uRefawmfwdkU ESpfa,muftm;

145

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/ /]MunfUMuprf;ygOD;Asm? 'DxufaocsmwJh &Sif;vif;csuf b,frSm&SdedkifrSmvJ? ; usKyfaoewfu 'DtrIudk aumif;aumif;MuD; &Sif;vif;vdkufayNyD? udkjrazu &Gmom;rsm;udk ac:jyD; wHwm;atmufu acsmif;xJudk a&ikyfjyD; &SmapvQif usKyfaoewfESifh onfUjyifaoewf wpfvufa&m ausmufwpfvHk;pDESifh csnfvsuf a&xJrSm awGUvdrfhr,f? awmfawmfÓPfoGm;wJh a':ESif;jrayyJ ? olUudk,fol ypfowfjyD; rMuD;a&Ttay: trIywfatmif ÓPfqifxm;vdkufyHk b,favmufae&m usovJ? udkif; udkjraz? cifAsm; aoewfESpfvufudk jyef&atmif vlpkNyD; ,lcdkif;&pfayawmh ? usKyfwdkUawmh 'DuaeU OD;rif;ausmf tdrfrSm tdyfjyD; reufjzefusrS rMuD;a&T vGwfzdkU pDrH&tHk;r,f} xdknü OD;pH&Sm;onf ¤if;trI taMumif;udk atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;vif;ajymjyav\/ &Sm;/ /]'DtrIrSm usKyfacsmfoGm;awmhr,fvdkU enf;enf; vdkawmhw,f? wHwm;vuf&ef;rSm ; yJhaewJh t&muav;udk awGUayvdkU? edkUrdkU&if jzifh rMuD;a&TtwGuf cyfcufcufyJ? vlrsm;[m w,fcufw,f? vlwpfa,mufudk tvGefUtvGef rkef;jyD qdkrSjzifh xkdolysufpD;atmif[m ÓPfawG xGufjyD;vmwwfw,f? a':ESif;jr vkyfyHk MunfUawmh Asm? q&mr rMuD;a&Tudk t&SufwuGJ tusdK;enf;aoap&atmif b,favmufÓPfqifNyD; xm;vdkufovJ? rMuD;a&T qDu [kdae&mrSm csdef;pm&atmif olu pwifjyD;a&;? olUpmudkawmh qkwfypfcdkif;? rMuD;a&T pmudkawmh olu ,lcJh? olUa,mufsm; ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewf wpfvufudk ,rf;awmifh wpfckavsmhatmif wpfcsuf ypfazmufjyD; rMuD;a&T bD&dkxJrSm wdwfwdwf0Sufxm;? csdef;wJh tcsdefrSm wHwm;udkoGm;? rMuD;a&T vmwJh tcgrSm olUpdwfxJ &SdwmawGudk tm;&atmifajym? rMuD;a&T jyefoGm;vdkU aoewfoH rMum;avmufwJh ae&ma&mufawmhrS aoewfudk usKyfvkyfovkd vkyfjyD; olUudk,fol ypfowfwmudk As? awmfawmfÓPfoGm;wJh rdef;rAsm? olUtMuHatmifzdkU[m enf;enf;uav;vdkawmhw,f? udkif; bmrsm; r&Sif;wm &Sdao;ovJ} uRef uRefawmf/ /]vufOD;wHk;u acsmif;xJrSm bmaMumifh r&SmMuovJ Asm} &Sm;/ /]tif; olrsm;&Sif;jyD;awmh tMuH ay:wwfwmuvm; Asm? aemufrS tMuH&wJhvludk ; b,fhES,f ac: owJhvJ} uRefawmf/ /]&Sdygapawmh Asm}

*********

NyD;ygNyD/

146

a&TOa'gif;

;avm 7 / / udk,fhudk,fudk owfjcif;avm olwpfyg;owfjcif;avm

uRefawmf\ rdwfaqG armifpH&Sm;onf ]oHk;yGifhqdkif} toif;trIESifh ywfoufí &Srf;jynfe,f awmifydkif; awmifMuD;jrdKUodkU oGm;a&mufaxmufvSrf; pHkprf; ar;jref;vsuf&Sdonf/ wpfaeUaom we*FaEGaeUü pHkaxmuftifpydwfawmf armiftkef;azonf wdkufay: odkU wufvmí vrf;avQmuf wkwfudk wpfckaom axmifhü xdk;ypfjyD;vQif yufvufukvm;xdkif ay:wGif xdkifum rdIifvsuf &Sdaeav\/ uRefawmf/ /]b,fhES,fvJ udktkef;az&JU? bmrsm; tMuyftwnf; awGUvmjyefjyDvJAs} az/ az /]*Gusvdkufwm udkodef;armif&,f? q&mvJ r&Sdbl;? b,folrSvJ wdkifyifxdkufp&m r&Sdbl;? odyfjyD; *GuswmyJ Asm} uRefawmf/ /]udkpH&Sm;vJ vmvkygjyDAsm} az/ az /]vmrSmu aemuf? uRefawmf t&SufuGJrSmu t&if jzpfaevdrfhr,f xifw,f udkodef;armif&JU} uRefawmf/ /]bmrsm; t&SufuGJ&rSmvJ Asm? ajymjyprf;ygOD;awmhvm; As? uRefawmf wwfekdif vQifvJ ulnD&wmyAsm} [k ajymaomtcg armiftkef;azonf uRefawmfvdk vlpm;ESifh a0;avpG[laom rsufESm xm;rsdK;ESifh uRefawmftm; NyHK;aphaph MunfUvsuf&Sd&m uRefawmfu tjzpftysuf tvHk;pHkudk jyefí ajym&ef xyfavmif; awmif;yefonfwGif atmufygtwdkif; od&Sd&av\/ *** &efukefjrdKU u&dvrf; ( ,ck a&ausmfvrf; ) wGif rdk;ukwfjrdKUrS vma&mufajymif;a&TU aexkdif aom ausmufyGJpm;MuD; OD;zkef;ausmf? yGJuawmf a': odef;&if [lí &Sdav\/ OD;zkef;ausmfonf rdk;ukwfjrdKUü ausmufwGif;rsm; wl;azmfjcif; vkyfief;udk vkyfudkifí ausmufwGif;atmifonfESifh ausmufoHywåjrm; tajrmuftjrm;ESifh &efukefjrdKUodkU qif;vmcJh&m ausmufrsm;udk a&mif;csjyD;aom tcgü rdk;ukwfodkU jyefvnf oGm;a&muf vkyfudkifjcif;xuf &efukefjrdKUrSaeí rdk;ukwfom; rdwfaqG taygif;wdkUESifh qufoG,fjyD;vQif yGJpm;vkyfief;jzifh vkyfudkifjcif;onf omvGefí tusdK;aus;Zl; &Sdonf[k rSwfxifojzifh u&dvrf;ü wkdufwpfvHk;udk 0,f,lajymif;a&TU aexkdifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;uJhodkU aexkdifpOf rdrdwdkU arQmfvifhcsuftwdkif; xkdpOftcgu ywåjrm;aps;rSmvJ tvGefaumif;onf jzpfí rdk;ukwfjrdKUrS ausmufukefonfrsm; rMumcP vma&mufwnf;cdkí ausmufta&mif;t0,f tMuD;tus,f jyKMuonfwGif OD;zkef;ausmfwdkU\ vkyfief;rSm zGHjzdK;MuD;yGm;jcif; &SdcJhav\/ xdkUjyif OD;zkef;ausmfwdkU\ wdkuftdrfrSm tawmftwef us,f0ef;onf jzpfaomaMumifh ausmufukefonfrsm; wnf;cdkedkifavmuf&HkrQ ru rkd;ukwfjrdKUrS bk&m;zl;ajrmf&ef vma&mufolwdkUvJ 10 &uf 15 &uf ponfjzifh ¤if;wdkufay:wGif aexdkifvsuf oifhavsmfaom tcaMu;aiGwdkUudk
147

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

vnf;aumif;? vufaqmif ypönf;wdkUudk vnf;aumif; ay;urf;Muonf jzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;wdkufrSm wpfenf;tm;jzifh rdk;ukwfom;rsm; twGuf [kdw,fMuD; wpfckozG,f jzpfavonf/ OD;zkef;ausmf aoqHk;jyD;aemuf a': odef;&ifonf t&G,fvJ i,f? om;orD;vJ rusef&pf jzpfaomaMumifh aemufxyftdrfaxmif jyK&ef vG,fulcJhonf jzpf&m aemufa,musfm;rSm vlabmfausmh jzpfí tdyfum pm;um vnfywfumjzifhomvQif tcsdef ukefvGefap&um; a': odef;&ifonf yxra,musfm;\ vkyfief;udk rdrdomvQif qufvufvkyfudkif cJh&av\/ yxyürl rdwfa[mif;jzpfaom rdk;ukwfom;wdkUonf a&S;,cif OD;zkef;ausmf &SdpOftcg uJhodkUyif xkdtdrfü wnf;cdka&mif;0,fjcif; jyKMuonfjzpfí vkyfief;onf wdk;wufjcif; r&Sdapumrl qkwf,kwf ysufjym;onf [lí rqdkekdifonf jzpf&m rsm;rMumrD twGif;ü ysufjym;qkwf,kwf&ef taMumif;rsm; jzpfay:vmcJhav\/ wpfaeUoü rdk;ukwfjrdKUrS ausmufukefonfMuD; wpfOD;onf tzdk;wefausmufeD tajrmuftjrm;ESifh a': odef;&if \ aetdrfodkU qdkufa&mufvm&m a': odef;&ifonf *kPft&nftcsif;ESihf jynfUpHkaom ¤if;{nfUonftm; rdrd\ wdkuf wwd,txyfwGif taumif; qHk;aom tcef;udk wnf;cdkaexdkif&ef jyifqifí ay;av\/ a': odef;&if\ a,musfm; udkbarmf onf a&S;,cifu vma&mufwnf;cdkaom {nfUonfrsm;udkrl rsm;pGm *&kjyKzl;onf r&SdbJ þausmufukefonfMuD;tm;rl rdwfuRrf;w0if jzpfatmif pum;ajymqdkvsuf ygvmaom ausmuf&dkif;rsm;eSifh wuG aoG;jyD;ausmufrsm;udk awmif;,l MunfU½Ivsuf? tzdk;EIH;wdkUudk cefUrSef; jzwfqdkvsuf &SdcJhav\/ tqdkyg ausmufukefonfMuD; qdkufa&mufjyD;aemuf ig;&ufcefU Mumaomtcg vuG,ftzdwfaeU jzpfav&m ausmufukefonfMuD;onf xdknOfUü tcgwdkif;uJhodkU udkbarmfESifh jrdKUwGif;odkU vnfywfjcif; rjyKbJ acgif;tenf;i,fudkufonf[k ajymjyD;vQif rdrd\ tdyfcef;odkU cyfapmapmyif 0ifav\/ ¤if; wwd,txyfüum; tdrfcef;ESpfcef;rQ &Sdav&m wpfcef;rSm tjcm;{nfUonf r&SdbJ wpfcef;üomvQif ausmufukefonfMuD; tdyfav\/ vuG,faeU eHeufü tapcH omOD;onf rdrd jyKNrJ jzpfonfUtwdkif; umzDESifh aygifrkefUrsm;udk wdkufay: odkU ,loGm;av&m ausmufukefonfMuD; rxao;onfudk jrifonfESifh umzDcGufESifh aygifrkefUudk pm;yJGwpfckay:ü wifxm;cJhjyD;vQif wdkufatmufodkU qif;oGm;av\/ 15 rdepfcefU Mumaomtcg omOD;onf umzDcGufrsm;udk odrf;qnf;&ef wdkufay: odkU wufvm&m umzDcGufrsm;rSm rdrdxm;cJhonfU twdkif; &SdonfUjyif ausmufukefonfMuD;\ tcef;rSmvJ rzGifhao;bJ &Sdaeonfudk awGU&Sd&av\/ tcgwdkif;ürlum; ausmufukefonfMuD;onf rdk;vif;onfESifh wjydKifeuf tdyf&mrS xNrJjzpfaMumif;udk omOD; od&SdonfESifh aexdkifraumif;í rxao;bJ &Sdaeoavm[k ar;jref;pHkprf;&ef tcef;wHcg;udk acgufav&m tcef;wGif;rS rnfonfUtoHrS rMum;&bJ &Sdaeav\/ xdktcg omOD;onf tenf;i,f pdk;&drfruif; &Sdonfjzpf&m tcef;wHcg;udk cyfjyif;jyif;acgufvsuf ac:iifjyefav&m tcef;wGif;ürlum; a&S;enf;twl wdwfqdwfpGm &SdaeonfudkomvQif awGU&jyefav\/ xdktcg omOD;onf pdk;&drfonfxuf pdk;&drfjcif; tm;MuD;vmonf jzpfí wdkufatmufodkU qif;jyD;vQif a': odef;&if tm; tusdK;taMumif;udk ajymjyav\/ udkbarmfrSmrl xdktcsdeftcgü tjyifodkU oGm;a&muf vnfywfaecdkuf jzpfojzifh wdkufatmufü r&Sdacs/ a': odef;&ifonf omOD; ajympum;udk Mum;&vQif ausmufukefonfMuD;rSm
148

a&TOa'gif;

ntcguvnf; acgif;udkufonf? ,ckrSmrl xl;&efudkrQ rwwfedkifatmif tonf;toef zsm;emíyif aeavoavm[k ysm,D;ysm,m omOD;ESifhtwl wdkufay: odkU wufvmjyD;vQif wHcg;udk cyfjyif;jyif; aqmihfí acgufav\/ odkU&mwGif tcef;wGif;üum ;qdwfjidrfvsufyif &Sdaeav\/ tcef;zGJUxm;aom ysOfwdkUrSm wdkuf\ trdk;odkU wdkifatmif xda&mufav&um; tcef;wGif;odkU wHcg;rS wpfyg; ausmfí wuf&ef enf;vrf; rjrifonf jzpfaomaMumifh a': odef;&ifonf omOD;tm; wHcg;udk udk,fapmif;wdkufí twif;zGifhap&m oHk;MudrfrQ wkdufrdaomtcg wHcg;onf &kwfw&uf yGifhoGm;jyD;vQif tcef;wGif;ü aMumufrufzG,f tjcif;t&mudk awGUjrif&onfESifh a': odef;&ifrSm rsufESmudk vuf0g;ESifh tkyfum u,fawmfrlMuyg [k [pfatmfvsuf &Sdav\/ xdkUaemufrS a': odef;&ifonf tBuH&onfESifh wdkufatmufodkU qif;ajy;cJhí w,fvDzkef;ESifh XmemodkU taMumif;Mum;av&m XmemtkyfESifh ykvdyft&m&Sd eSpfa,mufwdkUvJ wdkufodkU a&mufvmMuav\/ ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm; a&mufvmMuaomtcg a': odef;&if rSm rnfodkUrQ rajymedkifbJ &ifbwfudk pHkxkvsuf ]tusdK;enf;ygjyDawmh ? tusdK;enf;ukefygjyDawmh} [lí omvQif a&&Gwfjrnfwrf;vsuf &Sd&m ykvdyft&m&SdwdkUonf omOD;udk ac:í wdkufay: odkU oGm;a&mufMunfU½IMuonfwGif atmufyg tjcif;t&mrsm;udk awGUjrifMu&av\/ tcef;wGif;ü oHckwif\ ajc&if;wdkifudk rSDvsuf ausmufukefonfMuD;onf Murf;ay:ü 'l;axmufvsuf &Sd&m oHckwifudk umvsuf&Sdaom uefUvefUumwpfck\ MudK;ponf ausmufukefonfMuD;\ vnfyif;udk uGif;avQmcsnfvsuf &Sdav\/ ausmufukefonfMuD;\ rsufESmrSm a&mif,rf;vsuf jymief;ief;&Sdav&m rsufvHk;wdkUonf aygufuGJí xGufrwwf jyL;jyD;vQif vQmonf ar;aphudk ausmfatmif wGJ&GJusvsuf &Sdae&um; ykvdyft&m&SdwdkUyifvQif yxrü tjrifqdk;vSojzifh rsufESmvTJvsuf &SdMuav\/ ¤if;aemuf ykvdyft&m&SdwkdUonf MudK;udk ajzjyD;vQif q&m0efudk ac:iifí tcef;udkvnf; aocsmpGm arTaESmufMunfU½IMu&m ¤if;wdkU\ xifjrifcsufrSm tcef;onf twGif;rS ydwfvsuf&Sdonf jzpfaomaMumifh ausmufukefonfMuD;onf olwpfyg;\ vHkUv ya,m*aMumifh aoqHk;&jcif; r[kwf? rdrd\ udk,fudk rdrd MudK;qGJcsí aoqHk;&Smjcif; jzpfaMumif;ESifh xGufqdkMuav\/ odkU&mwGif ykvdyfom; wpfa,mufu Xmemtkyftm; ]aowJhvl[m awmfawmf pdwfwif;wJhvl q&ma&U? wu,fqdkawmh olUajcaxmufESifh Murf;ESifh rDaevsufom;ESifh ajcaxmufudk wrif raxmufbJxm;wm tHhMop&myJ q&m? uRefawmfhvdkjzifh vnfyif;u enf;enf;tpfvmvQif ajcaxmufu Murf;udk axmufvdkufrSmyJ q&m&JU} [kajymaomtcg Xmemtkyfu ]aocsifwJhvludk;uGJU? rif;vdk ao&rSm aMumufwJhvl r[kwfbJudk;} [k jyefajymav\/ ¤if;aemuf q&m0ef a&mufvmaomtcg xHk;pHtwdkif; prf;oyfMunfU½IjyD;vQif aoolrSm avrGef;í aoqHk;jcif;jzpfaMumif;? aoonfrSm tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh 5 em&D? 6 em&D cefUrQ &SdjyD jzpfaMumif;ESifh xGufqdkjyD;vQif Xmemtkyf xifjrifonfUtwdkif; udk,fhudk,fudk owfaojcif;yif jzpf[efwlaMumif;ESifh ajymqdk&m tavmif;udk aq;&HkMuD;odkU ,loGm;av\/ ¤if;aemuf wpfvcefUrQ Mumjyefaomtcg a': odef;&if\ wdkufoHk;xyfwGif txufyg tjcif;t&mESifh xyfwlxyfrQ jzpfaom aMumufrufzG,f tjcif;t&mwpfck jzpfay: jyefav\/ xkdtcsdeftcgü rdk;ukwfrS ausmufukefonfrsm;onf tajrmuftjrm; pk&Hk;vma&mufMuí a': odef;&if\ wdkufü wnf;cdkvsuf&SdMu&m tm;vHk;aom tcef;wdkUrSm jynfUESufvsuf ausmufukefonfMuD; aoqHk;íoGm;aom tcef;wpfcef; omvQif vGwfvyfvsuf &Sdav\/ vuG,f tzdwfaeUüum; aemufxyf {nfUonf wpfa,muf qdkufa&mufí vmjyefav&m xdktcef;\ tjzpftysufudk Mum;zl;aom {nfUonf wpfa,mufu aemufa&mufvmoltm;
149

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

]onfUjyif tcef;awmh tdyfp&m r&Sdbl; q&mMuD;a&U? ausmufukefonf OD;jroD; aooGm;wJh tcef;yJ tdyfp&m &Sdawmhw,f? cifAsm; tdyf0Hh yghrvm;} ]bmvdkU rtdyf0Hh&ovJ As? vlaovQifaum bmjzpfovJ? vlraozl;wJh tcef;&,fvdkU b,frSm&SdrvJ As} ]tdyf0HhvQifvnf; aumif;yg&JU Asm? usKyfwkdUawmh [dkbuf tcef;u tdyfwmawmif awG;rdvQif MuufoD; xrdao;w,f} ]cifAsm;wdkUu e*dk aMumufaewJh vludk;As? usKyfwdkUawmh MuufoD;vJ rxwwfbl;? usKyf tdyfygr,f} aemufa&mufvmaom {nfUonfonf owdåaumif;aom vlwpfa,muf jzpfonfESifh ¤if;tcef;odkU 0ifítdyf&m vuG,faeU eHeufodkU vif;aomtcgü ausmufukefonf OD;jroD;\ enf;wl ckwifwdkifudk rSDvsuf Murf;ay:ü ajcudk auG;vsuf 'l;axmufum MudK;qGJcsí aoqHk; vsuf&Sdonfudk awGU&SdMu&onf jzpfaomaMumifh tdrfom;rsm;ESifh {nfUonfrsm;yg zdefUzdefUwkefrQ aMumuf&GHUvsuf &SdMuav\/ xkdtcg ykvdyft&m&SdwdkUESifh q&m0efMuD;vnf; tavmif;udk vma&muf prf;oyfMunfU½I&m ykvdyft&m&SdwdkUu udk,fhudk,fudk MudK;qGJcsí aojcif;jzpfonf[k rSwfxifaomfvnf; wpfcef; wnf;ürl ESpfa,mufrQ wpfvtwGif; jzpfysufjcif;rSm twefi,fxl;qef;aMumif;ESifh ajymjyaomtcg q&m0efMuD;u vlwdkU\ pdwfrSm tvGefxl;qef;aMumif;? wpfOD;aom olü jzpfzl;aom pdwfonf aemufwpfOD;tm; vHIUaqmf wdkufwGef;bdouJhodkU jzpfwwfaMumif;? vlwdkU rnfonfrSm aoab;udk aMumuf&GUHNrJ "r®wm rSefaomfvnf; tvGefjrifhrm;aom awmifwpfck\ xdyfrS jzpfap?taqmuf tOD;MuD;wpfck\ tpGeftzsm;rS jzpfap &yfvsuf atmufodkU MunfUrdaomtcg ckefícsvdkufcsifaom pdwfonf tcsdKUaomolwdkUü ½kwfw&uf jzpfay:ívmwwfaMumif;? rD;&xm;onf teD;odkU ckwfvmaom tcg udk,fudk ypfvSJí tMudwfcHvdkaom pdwfonf jzpfay:vmwwfaMumif;rsm;ESifh Oyrm aqmifíjyjyD;vQif ,ckaoqHk;olrSmvJ ,cifu ausmufukefonfMuD;\ enf;wl rdrd ya,m*aMumifh rdrd aoqHk;&Smjcif; jzpfrnfxifaMumif;ESifh xifjrifcsuf ay;í xHk;pHtwdkif; tavmif;udk aq;&HkodkU aqmif,lapav\/ xkdtdrfü wnf;cdkaom {nfUonf taygif;wdkUrSmrl tvGefw&m aMumuf&GHU wkefvIyfjcif; jzpfMujyD;vQif xdkaeUtwGif;yif &yf&GmodkU jyefvnfoGm;a&muf Mu&HkrQru a'oodkU a&mufaom tcgüvnf; raumif;aom owif;udk vTifhMuonf jzpfaomaMumifh tjcm;aom ausmufukefonf wdkUonf vnf;aumif;? bk&m;zl; oGm;a&mufaom olwdkUonf vnf;aumif; a': odef;&if \ wdkufü wnf;cdkjcif; rjyKMuojzifh a': odef;&if rSm 0ifaiG enf;yg;vsuf &SdcJhav\/ a': odef;&if onf a&S;tcgu uJhodkU rdrd\tdrfü ukefonf t0iftxGuf rpnfum;onf jzpfí rnfodkUjyK&rnfrod? pdwfnpfnL;vsuf xdktcef;ü wpfn tdyf0Hholtm; aiGwpf&musyfudk vufiif;xkwfí ay;rnf[k ajymqdkavh&Sdonf jzpf&m wpfaeUoü XmemtkyfESifh vdkufygvmzl;aom ykvdyfom;uav; wpfa,mufonf a': odef;&if\ wdkufodkU 0ifvmí vdyf/ /]a':a': uRefawmf owif; wpfck Mum;w,f? t[kwfvm; a':a':}
150

a&TOa'gif;

&if/ /]bmygvdrfh armif} vdyf/ /][kdtcef;rSm wpfn tdyf0HhwJhvludk aiGwpf&m ay;r,fqdk} &if/ /]ay;ygr,f armif&,f? armif tdyf0HhvdkUvm;} vdyf/ /]uRefawmfu wapävnf; aMumufwJh taumif r[kwfbl;? o&Jvnf; aMumufwJh taumif r[kwfbl;? t&ufwpfykvif;ESifh aiGwpfq,fom ay;ygAsm? uRefawmf tdyfyghr,f} xdktcg a': odef;&ifonf t&ufzdk;aiGESifh aiGwpfq,fudk ykvdyfom;uav;tm; 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;om ay;vdkufav&m ykvdyfom;uav;onf xdknOfUü t&ufykvif;udk ayGUvsuf ¤if;tcef;ü tdyf&ef wdkufodkU vma&mufav\/ a': odef;&ifESifh udkbarmfwdkUonfvnf; tjrnf;rsm;udkyif 0,fcsrf;í ay;jyD;vQif tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifap&m ykvdyfom;uav;onf 0uftlacsmif;rsm;udk vufwpfzufrS udkifvsuf t&ufykvif;udk vufwpfzufrS ayGUjyD;vQif &Tifysaom trlt&mESihf tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifoGm;jyD;aemuf wHcg;udk ydwfvdkufav\/ xdknOfUü a': odef;&ifonf udkbarmfudk ac:í ykvdyfom;uav; twGuf pdk;&drfruif; jzpfonfESifh wHcg;aygufodkU oHk;av;MudrfrQ vma&mufacsmif;ajrmif;í em;axmif&m twGif;rS a[mufoHudk Mum;&ojzifh aumif;rGefpGm tdyf&modkU 0ifMuav\/ eHeufrdk;vif;ojzifh a': odef;&ifonf wdkufay: odkY wufoGm;aom tcg ykvdyfom;uav; onf tdyf&mrS edk;jyD;jzpfí ykdUvmaom umzDESifh aygifrkefUwdkUudk jrdef,SufpGm pm;aomuf&if; ]uRefawmfawmh oufouf tacsmif aumfwmyJ a':a':a&U? aiGwpfq,fvJ &ao;? t&ufwpfykvif; vJ aomuf&ao;? jcifrudkuf bmrudkuf arGU&mxlxlESifhvJ tdyf&ao;? onfUxufaumif;wJh tvkyf bm&Sdao;ovJ a':a' : onfvdkrsm; tdyf&r,f qdkvQif uRefawmfawmh nwdkif; tdyfcsifyg&JUAsm} [k ajymav\/ ykvdyfom;uav; jyefí oGm;aomtcg a': odef;&ifonf xdktcef;\ raumif;owif; yaysmufapjcif;iSm rdrd\ tdrfeD;yg;csif;wdkUtm; ykvdyfom;uav; tdyfíoGm;aomfvnf; rnfodkUrQ rjzpfbJ aumif;aumif;rGefrGef acsmacsm armarm jyefíoGm;aMumif;ESihf ajymqdkaom tcg tdrfeD;csif;wdkUu OD;acgif;udk ,rf;vsuf ]tdyf0HhrSmaygh&Sif? vuG,faeUrS r[kwfbJudk;? &Sifhvl owdå&SdvQif vuG,ftzdwfaeUnudk vmjyD; tdyfprf;ygapvm;? olrS raovQif b,folaoOD;rSmvJ &Sifh} ponfjzifh ajymMujyefaomtcg a': odef;&ifrSm pdwfav;NrJwdkif; av;jyefav\/ odkUjzpfaomaMumifh tcsdKUaomolwdkUu ¤if;wdkufudk a&mif;csí a&TUajymif;aexdkif&ef tMuHay;Muaomtcg a&mif;vdkaom ypönf;wdkUrSm tzdk;aumif;pGm r&onfU tjzpfudk od&Sdí tqrwef avQmhaygha&mif;csjyefvQifvJ epfem qHk;½HI;rnf rkcsjzpfaomaMumifh a': odef;&ifonf wdkufudk ra&mif;bJ emrnfqdk; aysmufatmif jyKvkyftHh [líomvQif tMuHjyKvsuf &Sdav\/ vuG,f tzdwfaeUü a': odef;&if onf ykvdyfXmemodkU oGm;a&mufí ,cifu ykvdyfuav;tm; ar;jref;&m tcefUoifhyif awGU&Sdav\/ vdyf/ /]bmvJ a':a' : uRefawmf tdyfapcsifjyefvdkUvm;}
151

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&if/ /]onfuaeU wpfn armif tdyf0HhvQif tdyfprf;ygOD; armif&,f} vdyf/ /(vuf0g;ESpfbufudk yGwfvsuf) ]aumfjyefjyDAsdKU? wpfn r[kwfbl;? q,fn tdyfapcsif tdyfr,f? onfaps;om ay;? t&ufwpfykvif;ESifh aiGwpfq,f [kwfp} xdknü ykvdyfom;uav;onf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om vma&muf tdyfpufav&m eHeufvif;onfU tcgü a': odef;&ifonf wdkufay: odkU wufoGm;aom tcg ,ciftcgu uJhodkU ykvdyfom; uav;onf umzD aomufvsuf r&SdbJ tcef;onf ydwfaeonfudk awGUjrif&av\/ xdktcg a': odef;&ifonf tcef;wHcg; teD;odkUrQ oGm;a&mufjcif;iSm r0HhbJ wdkufatmufodkU ajy;vmjyD;vQif omOD;ESifh udkbarmfwdkUudk ac:jyD;rS wdkufay: odkU wufav\/ omOD;ESifh udkbarmfwdkUvJ tcef;wHcg;udk ESpfa,mufom; uefaMumuf zGifhvSpfMuonfwGif ykvdyfom;uav;onf ,cifu ESpfa,mufaom olwdkU\tvm; MudK;qGJcsum aovsuf&Sdonfudk awGU&SdMu&jyefav\/ xkdtcgürlum; t*Fvdyfowif;pm ? jrefrmowif;pm taygif;wdkUu ]wapäajcmufaom tcef;taMumif; [lívnf;aumif;? ]erdwfraumif;aom tdrfMuD;taMumif;} [lívnf;aumif; acgif;wyfvsuf &efukefjrdKUMuD; twGif; jzpfygvsuf rMuHzl; rMum;zl;avmufatmif xl;qef; tHhMozG,f&m aumif;aom tjcif;t&mrsm; jzpfyGm;&jcif; taMumif;rsm;udk tus,fw0ifh xkwfazmf a&;om;vsuf &SdMuavukef\/ tcsdKUowif;pmwdkUuvJ xkdtdrfonf ykPÖuwkdufjcif; jzpfrnf xifonf [lívnf;aumif;? tcsdKUuvJ ajrcH raumif;aomaMumifh jzpfonf [lívnf;aumif;? tcsdKUuvJ wdkufwnfpOf tcgu tkwfrsm; 0,f,lonfUtcg bk&m;ysuf ausmif;ysufrsm;u tkwfrsm; ygonf [lívnf;aumif; tenf;enf; tzHkzHk awG;awm a&;om;vsuf wkdufudk jzdKíypfoifhonf [lívnf;aumif;? y&dwf&Gwfí ur®0g zwf&rnf [lívnf;aumif; trsdK;trsdK; tMuHay;vsuf &SdMuav\/ ya,m*q&m wpfa,muf? ESpfa,mufwdkUvJ aygufvmí xdktcef;ü o&Jatmif;onf obufatmif;onf ponfjzifh ajymqdkí o&J obufrsm;udk ESifxkwf&ef rdrdwdkU wwfedkifaMumif;ESifh MuGm;0gum aiGrsm;udk ñSpf,lMuav\/ xdktawm twGif; a': odef;&if rSm wpfenf;aumif;edk;? wpfenf;aumif;edk;ESifh enf;rsdK;pHk jyKvkyfygaomfvJ aMumuf&GUHjcif; rajyaysmuf edkifatmif &SdcJhav\/ wpfaeUoü toufESpfq,fausmf oHk;q,feD;yg;&Sd pHkaxmufaygufp wpfa,mufonf a': odef;&if\ tdrfodkU vma&mufí rdrdonf xkdtcef;\ t½IyftaxG;udk &Sif;vif;ekdifaMumif;ESifh ajymqdkjyD;vQif tcef;udk MunfU½IpHkprf;&ef tcGifh awmif;av\/ xdktcgüum; a': odef;&ifrSm xkdtcef;taMumif;ESifh ywfoufí pdwfnpfñl;vSjyD jzpfaomaMumihf rajymcsif ajymcsif vufcHpum;ajymvsuf &Sdonfjzpf&m xkdolu tMudrfMudrf tzefzef tcGifhawmif;onf jzpfaomaMumihf ¤if;tcef;\ aomhrSm XmemtkyfxH ay;tyfíxm;aMumif;? xdktcef;udk rnfolrQ r0if&ef rSmxm;cJhaMumif;? tu,fí t½IyftaxG;udk &Sif;vif;vdkcJhrl XmemtkyfxH oGm;a&muf cGifhawmif;í ¤if;xHrS aomhudk awmif;cJhedkifaMumif;ESifh ajymqdkav\/ xdktcg xdkolonf XmemtkyfxHodkU oGm;a&mufjyD;vQif Xmemtkyftm; tusdK;taMumif; ajymjy&m Xmemtkyfonf xkdolajymaom pum;rsm;udk em;axmifjyD;aemuf q&m0efwpfa,mufudk ac:í xdkoltm; prf;oyfppfaq;apav\/ q&m0efvnf; xkdolrSm vl½l;r[kwf? usef;usef;rmrm &SdaMumif;ESifh tppfcHonfwGif Xmemtkyfonf xdkoltm; trSefrkcs xkdt½IyftaxG;udk &Sif;vif;&ef tMuHwpfck &Sdaomol wpfa,muf jzpfonf[k oabm &&SdcJhav\/ odkU&mwGif Xmemtkyfonf xdktcef;odkU 0ifa&muftdyfpufcGifh rjyKrD tdrfatmufü &Sdaom w,fvDzkef;udk ¤if;tcef;odkU
152

a&TOa'gif;

a&TUajymif; wyfqifapvsuf w,fvDzkef;wdkufodkUvnf; ¤if;tcef;rS w,fvDzkef;udk

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Bored

...When you’re trying to sleep and your mind is clogged up with mathematical formulas and complicated physics concepts, the best thing to do is to have a profound philosophical debate with yourself. The topic I have decided on is the existence of love, a very fascinating topic with no real answers. After several minutes of mental quarreling, my cynical side is victorious (as always). I have concluded that love is simply another label that we, human beings have created. It’s our nasty habit to categorize everything, to create order in anarchy, and know the unknown. It’s out of fear of the unknown and the unfamiliar, that we ritualize things, and give definitions to subjective things that cannot be defined. Love is a word we use to describe a feeling. From what I’ve gathered, it’s basically a feeling that is more intense than “like”. But to what extent? We can’t measure degrees of “like”, it is all relative and variable. Affection, care, attachment, closeness - these are words I associate with love. I believe that these words can develop between anybody, given the right circumstances and amount of interaction. The romantic idea of “true love” or “soul mate” is something I have discarded somewhere along the way of growing up. These concepts were invented by us out of fear of being alone. The love that leads to marriage all comes down to compatibility in the end. Everyone has their differences. It’s the person who has the most tolerable differences from you that you form strong bonds...

Words: 421 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Bored

...Monash University Sunway Campus AFW2401 Commercial Banking and Finance Sample Mid-Semester Test This test consists of 15 questions. Select the best answer by circling them. If you change your mind, you may change your previous selection by crossing it out. a. correct answer b. incorrect answer Name: ID Number: Tutorial (Day, Time): 1. Bank “runs” occur a. when a large number of depositors speculate on rising interest rates b. if depositors shift funds from bank deposits to mutual funds c. because of the collapse of bank loan markets d. none of the above 2. Under RAROC, if the required loan rate is calculated to be 10%, the loan must earn at least this rate in order to earn the target: a. ROA b. ROE c. loan loss rate d. capital ratio 3. How is the ROE related to the ROA? a. multiply ROE by the leverage ratio (equity/assets) to find ROA b. multiply ROA by the leverage ratio to find ROE c. the rate of ROE is higher than ROA d. the rate of ROA is higher than ROE 4. Interest rate risk and liquidity risk are: a. unrelated to one another b. closely related to one another c. only related to one another when interest rate levels are high d. only related to one another when interest rate levels are low 5. The primary advantage(s) of liability management include: a. assets can be shifted from lower earning money market instruments to higher earning loans and longer-term securities b. increased risk c. greater asset diversification is possible d. a...

Words: 791 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Bored Pile

...CLERK OF WORKS REPORT Site: Yuen Long CDA Area 15 – Retail Bridge Site Activities / Programme of Construction (up to 10 May 2013) Contract Period: 195 days (CDA 15) Piling Contractor: Simon & Son Engineering Limited Hand-over Date: 04 January 2012 Commencement Date: 12 January 2012 |Progress of Socketted Steel H-Piles Works |Remarks | |Region |Total No(s) of |Nos. of Socketted Steel |Nos. of Socketted Steel H-Pile(s) |Completion Date |Completed % | | | |Socketted Steel H-Pile |H-Pile (s) in Progress |Completed | | |Sanfield handed over CDA12 side to S&S on 26 | | | | | | | |Sep 12 | | | | | | | |S&S handed over CDA15 side to Sanfield for | | | ...

Words: 3703 - Pages: 15

Premium Essay

Boredom Not Being Bored

...Boredom Have you heard of boredom? We need to be bored more than what we are. This generation 2016 has a huge problem with not being bored. It is going on almost everywhere in the world.We need to make smarter decisions being bored will help you make smarter decisions. “Why is it so important.” Do you want to ride a bike down stairs. No, you need to be bored so you do not make this horrible decision. Being bored will help you day dream and make smarter decisions.If you are on your phone all the time than you should get off and go color or do something that you know will make you bored so you do think straight. If you are never bored than why should you worry about life. You will make bad decisions and go to jail when you get older....

Words: 266 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Im Bored

...AP Microeconomics Midterm Study Guide Scarcity, Opportunity Costs, and Trade Offs ● Scarcity: limited nature of society’s resources ● Opportunity Costs: the value of the next best thing that is given up when a choice is made ○ (ex: when Carla goes to college, her O.C is the $$$ she would have made doing something else with her time) ● Trade Offs: whatever must be given up to obtain some item ○ Trade off is tangible Productions Possibility Frontier ● 4 Key Assumptions 1) Only 2 goods can be produced 2) Full employment of resources 3) Fixed technology 4) Fixed resources (Ceteris Paribus) ● PPF / PPC / PPG: a model that shows alternative ways an economy can use its resources by evaluating scarcity, trade offs, opportunity costs, and efficiency. Shows the combinations of output that an economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology. ● Straight Line: Follows the law of constant opportunity cost, meaning that resources are easily adaptable for producing either good. ● Bowed Out: Follows the law of increasing opportunity costs, meaning that as you produce more of any good, the opportunity cost (foregone production of another good) will increase; resources are NOT easily adaptable to producing both goods. Also known as a concave PPC. ● When points move along the curve, the market is at productive efficiency. ● Points outside of PPC: unattainable given present resources, can ONLY be reached with trade ● Shifters of PPC 1)...

Words: 2137 - Pages: 9

Free Essay

Do Not Feel Bored Again.

...What is next? Marry finally completed her homework, everything is done for the moment. It is 8:00 pm, and it is very early to go bed for her. She was alone in her silent room. She completely felt bored. What a tedious moment it looks! She turned her laptop on, and she searched “How to overcome boredom?” Though she liked every single suggestion, they were more boring than she has never imagined before. Therefore, she tempted to suggest three ways to overcome boredom: Creating noise, kidding the grandmother and practicing a hobby. First, the creation of noise helps changing the atmosphere. In order to create noise, you need to go to the kitchen, handle a dish and break it down. Consequently, your mother will hear the noise and steps towards the place. It might look a childish act, but gallop away right after. As this way, the body will profit from energy, a new air will be inhaled and the surrounding will be more active than it was before. Thence, this helps changing mood and dropping away boredom. Second, try to look for you grandmother. She might be doing her habitual activity of knitting you a colorful wool sweater or socks. She must be watching her favorite TV animation series “Shaun the Sheep”. Get closer to her and scream aloud then hide yourself, as if she is just pretending to hear the voice. This is not a mocking action or a disrespectful behavior more than a beautiful disposal that might turns to an emotional scene, where your grandmother is probably going to hug...

Words: 518 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Bored And Brilliant Challenge Analysis

...I did the third “Bored and Brilliant Challenge” on February sixth. Completing “Challenge 3: Delete that App” consisted of me deleting my favorite app, Adventure Capitalist. I chose this challenge because I am constantly checking my phone to upgrade my sources of income in the game. Without a doubt, it has become an addiction of mine that I am always looking to satisfy. When choosing what Bored and Brilliant challenges I would do, I chose the two that would affect me the most. I believe that doing this challenge definitely helped me. As I did the challenge, I still felt the constant need to check my phone and invest in more sources of wealth. At first, I would go on my phone and go to where the game would normally be, only to remember that it had been deleted earlier in the day. The app store would tantalize me, but I knew not to download the game again, because I was determined to complete the challenge. As the day went on, I felt the need to check my phone for the game less and less. I was glad that I wasn’t on my phone as much and it made me be more social throughout the day. After doing the challenge, I am happy that completed it. I don’t think I’ll be downloading Adventure Capitalist back onto my phone any time soon. This is not because of progress lost, it’s because I had...

Words: 712 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Narrative Essay About Being Bored

...It was so hot I could feel the sun hitting me from inside my house. It was summer. Mid July. I was so bored this summer. I played video games, played at the park, and chilled with some friends. This summer wasn't anything special. I was so bored I actually cleaned up my room. I moved around things brought in a new dresser. After that i didn’t know what else to do to keep myself occupied. I asked a couple friends to come over and they did. We played games, went to the park, bought some snacks at the store. They spent the night at my house. In the morning they left early. Then here I was bored with nothing to do. What could I possibly do? I was thinking and thinking about stuff i could do. I thought about going somewhere, like to Vegas or something. Then I thought about going to an amusement park. I wasn’t the biggest roller coaster fan but I did like the thrill. I asked “Hey dad Can we go to Disneyland or something because I’m really bored.” He said, “I’ll think about it, but if we did it would have to be next week on Friday when i get paid.” I said agreeingly,” Ok sounds awesome.” I went through the week doing random things such as watching tv, doing chores, moving around my room, and other things....

Words: 833 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Persuasive Essay About Being Bored After School

...By Dakota Patrick Do you find yourself bored after school? I believe that all students should participate in an extracurricular activity because they could use that skill in life, staying active, and do if you are bored and have nothing else to do. If you decide to do an extracurricular activity, for example, culinary arts, if you practice that in your time after school you would know how to cook for your family when you are of the age. Or In culinary arts you could be an professional chef who can make amazing meals that go for at least $200 for just one plate. Most professional chefs make a huge fortune by just cooking, and if it’s something you really enjoy, then get paid for doing something you love. If you decide to join the football...

Words: 310 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Boredom

...happen in the daily round ­ but he's still bored. It's very flippant and ironic written. But that's the point, and I like it. Altogether the poem gives a touch of a funny poem, written by an author who understands irony and humor. My own experience: I'm bores sometimes. Of course I am ­ everyone is. Some people are just more bored than others, but everyone feel bored sometimes. I'm am bored and yawns when I'm doing something I don't find interesting. Like waiting for the bus or in queues. But who does find that interesting? Everything in life can't be an adventure. But if it were, we wouldn't appreciate it. There has to be some boring stuff, before we can feel the fun stuffs. We need something to compare with. When I'm bored, I begin to feel very tired and want to sleep, so I kind of try to do something that entertains me. When I'm at home, I quiet often feel bored, if I'm alone, but then I'll just watch a movie or read a book. You just have to find something that kills the time. I also think that you'll easier get bored, if you have a bad patience. You'll quicker get irritated and annoyed, when you have nothing to do. We're all different, and will react different. Some people can sit in hours without feeling bored. I'm kind of in the middle. Sometimes I can go around in my home, not really doing anything, but yet not feeling bored, and other times boredom just comes like a lightning to me. Some people say that it's healthy for kids to be bored. Because they believe the kids gets more...

Words: 498 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Curious And Acrostic Poems: My Five Senses

...Acrostic poem Magnificent and Marvellous Curious and Enthusiastic Elegant and Energetic Talkative Passionate Sporty and Active Terrific Eager to try different things Loyal to friends My five senses I can see the delicious curry I can smell the different types of spices and herbs that have been used to create the masterpiece I can hear my stomach grumble That means it’s time to eat I can feel the hot steam touch my face, oh it’s so warm The steam rises high in the air, up and up, then slowly disappearing around me My mouth starts to water I can taste my own saliva, it tastes like water I start eating I can’t stop myself...

Words: 377 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

John Taylor Gatto Against School Summary

...Conforming American Students In the article “Against School” by John Taylor Gatto, the author argues students and teachers in schools are bored. And that schooling systems are used to create servants, or the ultimate consumers out of children. He also argues that children in schools are categorized into social categories. Though his standpoints on education and educators and educational systems are true, his reasonings are mislaid. The key problem of public education in America is the constraints teachers are given with how they teach, and therefore the students are bored with the way they are being taught. Here in American schools today, walking into a classroom, the atmosphere is almost always lacking excitable energy. The students are falling...

Words: 1331 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Animal Boredom

...It was the crinkling sound again; this time the squirrel was much closer to the peanut bag lying next to my window. I tried shooing it away, but it wasn’t scared anymore. I opened the window and the window’s creaking sound scared the squirrel away. Although it looked totally scared, it was still roaming around the window as if it were bored to tears. Seeing this, a stroke of happiness rushed through my face and I knew I had found what I was looking for: boredom in animals, the topic that this paper focuses on. The study of animal boredom has now become a wide area of scientific research. Until recently, the dominant belief was that the study of boredom could not be attached to any natural sciences since animal boredom could not be experimentally...

Words: 1325 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Why Boredom Is Bad

...It's been said that, "boredom is God's way of telling you that you are wasting time." It's an excellent matter that we are in a fantastic generation that we are never genuinely bored. We consistently have our whole week planned with our very busy schedules. We always have something to do, so we are never really bored. It states in the passage that boredom can be agony. Boredom leads to anxiety along with atrocious decision making, it can be destructive. People who can't cope with it are likely to abuse drugs and alcohol. We need to avoid boredom. It not only stinks, but leads to unacceptable ideas. We could avoid boredom by getting on electronics, hanging with friends, doing our chores, etc. Our phones...

Words: 270 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Why Is Boredom Bad?

...him because maybe he broke something or he wasn’t supposed to go in that room. This can bring about problems within the family and can be a result of a broken family. Lots of teens hang out with friends, and sometimes do stupid things. I think this because, since they were bored at home all day, and finally getting out with their friends, makes them want to do dumb things or act stupid and could lead them and their friends into big trouble. If teenagers are bored, they may start hanging out with the wrong group of “friends” just because it would seem to them to bring some entertainment. The same motivation can make them try and use cigarettes, alcoholic drinks or even drugs. Boredom often makes young people do something illegal to get their share of adrenaline. Boredom and peer pressure - these are the big culprits when it comes to teenage drinking, drugs, sex and violence. If they have enough knowledge they can also become very dangerous thieves and hack people’s credit cards or computers. This helps them focus their brain and get their sense of pleasure. If youths are not that intelligent, they might do something minor, but something still illegal, just to make them feel happy or excited. Even if a bored teenager stays at home and watches TV, this can still lead to trouble, but of a different kind. They may adopt a couch potato life style and spoil their health by a limited amount of movements and an excessive amount of junk food and TV viewing. So, boredom can definitely have...

Words: 839 - Pages: 4