...phenol–chloroform protocol. Then, the samples will be mixed and dissolved to release the RNA. The RNA samples were verified by agarose gel electrophoresis with A260/A280 ratio. The samples were analysed using DNA microarray. Next, the hybridization and analysis of the samples were performed according to microarray experiment guideline. The expression levels of aquaporins were accessed in different cells and tissues. Expression of the AQP1 and AQP3 genes were analysed using real-time PCR. The ribosomal protein large P0 (RPLP0) was selected as reference genes for ACTB, PPIA, GAPD, RPLP0 and RPLP1. The tissue distribution of AQP3 protein was investigated by...
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...LPBL – Week II – Group IV STEP I - Unknown Words There is no unknown words in this section. STEP II – Keywords * 42-year-old * Female * Colleague with breast cancer, gave a blood sample for gene-testing, had a mutation in the BRCA-1 gene. * Her sister had breast cancer at the age of 36. * Her father’s family has a history of breast cancer. Step III – IV - Problem Sentence * * Mrs. K, a 42-year-old woman, is worried about a possibility of having breast cancer due to her family history. Step V - Learning Objectives * What is breast cancer? * Age of occurance. * Causes and symptoms. * How can you treat cancer? * Is it important to do a genetic test? STEP VI/VII – Individual Research & Report Breast cancer is cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast. There are two main types of breast cancer: * Ductal carcinoma starts in the tubes (ducts) that move milk from the breast to the nipple. Most breast cancers are of this type. * Lobular carcinoma starts in the parts of the breast, called lobules, which produce milk. In rare cases, breast cancer can start in other areas of the breast. Breast cancer can be invasive or noninvasive. Invasive means it has spread from the milk duct or lobule to other tissues in the breast. Noninvasive means it has not yet invaded other breast tissue. Noninvasive breast cancer is called "in situ." * Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), or intraductal carcinoma, is breast cancer...
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...Background: Breast cancer cases in women are highly attributed to BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. The protein products of these genes suppress the development of cancer, in part by repairing damage in other genes. Women who inherit a nonfunctioning copy of either BRCA1 or BRCA2 therefore have a significantly elevated lifetime risk of breast cancer, especially at an early age. Identification of hereditary breast cancer susceptibility allows optimized medical management of an individual's increased risk of breast cancer. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to highlights the arguments on doing predictive breast cancer genetic testing to investigate who is likely to carry a mutation, from ethical and legal perspectives of proponents and opponents...
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...Breast Cancer Tonia Maraden CM220-51 November 23, 2012 Breast Cancer Debra Wheeler is a wonderful person and a personal friend that works with me at my part time job. She is the Executive Assistant to the CEO. In January of last year, Debra Wheeler was diagnosed with Stage 2 breast cancer. She ended up having to have single mastectomy since the cancer was only in one of her breast. She then later had to have the breast the removed and reconstructed. The way they did it was take the skin and soft tissues from the belly and use it to reconstruct her new breast. Debra’s healthy body and her positive spirit helped her to beat the cancer, now she has been cancer free for a year. She is a very strong willed person and that is why I believe is the reason that she is still here today others have not been so lucky or gave up the fight too early. With this in mind, Debra has discovered along with many breast cancer survivors that the oral contraceptives for many years were a possible cause to the reason they were diagnosed with cancer. There are more than one reason has to why we should support breast cancer. Breast cancer is something that will or has affected us all in one way or another. I. Here are some statics on breast cancer: A. A woman is diagnosed with Breast Cancer every 2.5 Minutes. 1. Worldwide, breast cancer...
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...CANCER INFORMATION PAPER HCA/240 CANCER INFORMATION PAPER The paper will reflect on breast cancer, A breast is made up of three main parts: glands, ducts, and connective tissue. The glands produce milk. The ducts are passages that carry milk to the nipple. The connective tissue (which consists of fibrous and fatty tissue) connects and holds everything together I will talk about the cause and risk factors of breast cancer, ways to try to prevent and how to get early detection. I will be speaking about the effects of your health related to breast cancer as well as treatment options for breast cancer. Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women all over the world. Breast cancer does not discriminate of race or ethnics. In reading this paper, you will see that more than 502,000 women are killed in a year from breast cancer. In 2007, more than 47,000 women died from breast cancer. Unfortunately, there are some risk factors for breast cancer that are not under your control, but learning as much as you can about them is something that should be taken into consideration. Cause and Risk Factors for Breast Cancer While we do not yet know exactly what causes breast cancer, we do know that certain risk factors are linked to the disease. A risk factor is something that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. Different cancers have different risk factors. Some risk factors, such as smoking, drinking, and diet are linked...
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...ORIGINAL REPORTS: CANCER INTEREST, AWARENESS, AND PERCEPTIONS OF GENETIC TESTING AMONG HISPANIC FAMILY MEMBERS OF BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS Objective: To provide a preliminary description of the interest, awareness, and perceptions of genetic testing among Hispanics with a family history of breast cancer Design: This cross-sectional pilot study used interpersonal structured interviews for data collection. Participants: We interviewed 48 Hispanics without breast cancer but who had a family member with breast cancer; participants lived in San Antonio and the surrounding area. Main Outcome: The outcomes were interest in breast cancer genetic testing, awareness about genetic testing, perceived risk of carrying a breast cancer susceptibility gene, and the perceived benefits and risks associated with a genetic test. Measures: Items previously used in research regarding interest and perceived genetic risk and a previously validated benefits and riskslimitations scale for genetic testing commonly used by other researchers were used to measure the outcomes. Results: Awareness of genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility was very low, yet most (82%) participants were interested in a genetic test for breast cancer susceptibility. Participants were more likely to identify with the benefits than the potential risks of genetic testing. The most highly endorsed benefits were to know to take better care of one’s self and to undergo more frequent screening. Conclusions: Hispanics seem to...
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...Team-Based Approach to Health Delivery in a Hospital Ian Overstreet Grand Canyon University: HCA-515 August 19, 2015 Team-Based Approach to Health Delivery in a Hospital Often problems become easier to solve when there are multiple individuals collaborating together. Attacking a problem from different sides can lead to new ideas that can ultimately lead to the solution of whatever problem is at hand. This is especially true in hospitals when the lives of patients are in the very hands of those who care for them. Everything that comes through the doors of a hospital, a team of people is involved in making sure that they treat that individual with the best care. Nurses, technicians, physicians, surgeons, and specialist all play a vital role in ensuring the well-being of each individual patient. Though there are extenuating factors that can limit the amount and type of treatment a patient may receive, like insurance and overall ability to pay, the team in a hospital will do what they can to send a patient home in good health. Case Description A Middle Eastern woman in the United States, in good health, and in her late thirties notices a lump on her breast and proceeds to have it looked at by her gynecologist. Her gynecologist proceeds to take a blood sample for testing, and examine the lump. After test results from the blood sample are ready, the gynecologist determines that the lump is malignant and that the patient also has a genetic condition that makes her far...
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...An analysis of the effectiveness of population-based screening for breast cancer. Breast cancer is the leading cause of death due to cancer in women, with statistics from the USA showing that one in eight women will develop the disease.1 Studies in the UK show that 90% of women diagnosed in the early stages survive the disease, while this figure is only 15% if diagnosed at a later stage illustrating the importance of an effective screening programme to reduce mortality.2 In the following essay I will review various randomised control studies and cohort studies in order to establish how nationwide screening programmes best reduce mortality, looking at the targeted sector of the population and the methods in practice. I will also address how the public health sector could improve on early detection and possible policies that could be implemented. Additionally I will review whether current methods of screening for breast cancer in more economically developed countries can also be implemented in less developed countries. With 1.38 million women having been diagnosed with breast cancer in 2008 I feel this issue is of relevance as chronic diseases such as this one show no signs of eradication in the near future and late stage treatment is both invasive for the individual and damaging to the economy.2 Before delving into the effectiveness of screening programmes the methods used to diagnose breast cancer at an early stage should be mentioned. Screening for breast cancer is usually...
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...Annals of Internal Medicine Clinical Guidelines Screening Mammography for Women 40 to 49 Years of Age: A Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA; Vincenza Snow, MD; Katherine Sherif, MD; Mark Aronson, MD; Kevin B. Weiss, MD, MPH; and Douglas K. Owens, MD, MS, for the Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians* Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of death for women in their 40s in the United States. Individualized risk assessment plays an important role when making decisions about screening mammography, especially for women 49 years of age or younger. The purpose of this guideline is to present the available evidence for screening mammography in women 40 to 49 years of age and to increase clinicians’ understanding of the benefits and risks of screening mammography. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:511-515. For author affiliations, see end of text. www.annals.org RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendation 1: In women 40 to 49 years of age, clinicians should periodically perform individualized assessment of risk for breast cancer to help guide decisions about screening mammography. A careful assessment of a woman’s risk for breast cancer is important. The 5-year breast cancer risk can vary from 0.4% for a woman age 40 years with no risk factors to 6.0% for a woman age 49 years with several risk factors (1). Factors that increase the risk for breast cancer include older age, family...
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...Annals of Internal Medicine Clinical Guidelines Screening Mammography for Women 40 to 49 Years of Age: A Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA; Vincenza Snow, MD; Katherine Sherif, MD; Mark Aronson, MD; Kevin B. Weiss, MD, MPH; and Douglas K. Owens, MD, MS, for the Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians* Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of death for women in their 40s in the United States. Individualized risk assessment plays an important role when making decisions about screening mammography, especially for women 49 years of age or younger. The purpose of this guideline is to present the available evidence for screening mammography in women 40 to 49 years of age and to increase clinicians’ understanding of the benefits and risks of screening mammography. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:511-515. For author affiliations, see end of text. www.annals.org RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendation 1: In women 40 to 49 years of age, clinicians should periodically perform individualized assessment of risk for breast cancer to help guide decisions about screening mammography. A careful assessment of a woman’s risk for breast cancer is important. The 5-year breast cancer risk can vary from 0.4% for a woman age 40 years with no risk factors to 6.0% for a woman age 49 years with several risk factors (1). Factors that increase the risk for breast cancer include older age, family...
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...a project cancer and dna oncology information system with numerous illustrations oη by okeke chika tochukwu Department of computer science madonna unversity, elele campus ©august, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS declaration ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� i dedication ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ii acKnoWledgement ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� iii aBstract ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� iv CHAPTER ONE �������������������������������������������������������� 1 introdUction �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 BackGround oF study ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 oBJectives oF study ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 scope oF the study ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 JustiFication oF study ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 statement oF proBlem �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3...
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...1 HLTH 21: Health Education Spring 2012 Course Orientation This course is all about what YOU want and need to know about personal, family, and community health with an emphasis on epidemiology of disease, nutritional behavior, communicable disease, disease prevention, mental health, and substance abuse. It's really up to you to decide how much you want to get out of this course in terms of meeting your personal and professional goals. Learning Outcomes By the end of this course, students should be able to: Assess health behavior choices, apply that information to everyday life for the improvement of individual, family, and community well-being. Identify preconceived ideas about knowledge, values, and behavior that affect health and compare with established research and accepted scientific evidence. How to be Successful in this Course Plan to spend at least 9 hours per week on this course. Login and keep up with readings, discussions, and quizzes on a weekly basis. Click on Course Map and get familiar with it. First, introduce yourself in the Discussion Forum. Before you begin with the Module readings, take some time to get to know your classmates. Click on the Discussion and Private Messages link to the left of your screen. Click on Discussion Forum titled: Introductions Post a message to tell us a little bit about yourself such as your major, degree plans, career goals, hobbies/interests, and why you are taking this course. Read your...
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