...Rule out diagnoses or differential diagnoses are diagnoses that appear to share similar symptoms as the one that is being used for the client. Erika’s diagnosis is PTSD. Differential diagnosis are any other trauma-and-stressor related disorders such as adjustment disorder, and acute stress disorder. Acute stress disorder is differentiated from PTSD due to Acute Stress Disorder has a duration of three days to one month. Anxiety disorders such General Anxiety Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Agoraphobia, Social Anxiety, and Specific Phobias can appear like some of the avoidant symptoms in PTSD, and the desire for things to be done in a certain order. OCD can appear like PTSD due to the presence of intrusive thoughts, but the thoughts usually are not due to a traumatic event and such is the same with any other anxiety disorder. Major Depression Disorder (MDD) can sometimes be diagnosed along with PTSD as the symptoms of PTSD may cause eventual depression but MDD lacks criterion C and D of PTSD. PTSD can also present like psychotic symptoms so differential diagnosis may be Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and...
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...reviews concepts of depression, including history and classification. The original broad concept of melancholia included all forms of quiet insanity. The term depression began to appear in the nineteenth century, as did the modern concept of affective disorders, with the core disturbance now viewed as one of mood. The 1980s saw the introduction of defined criteria into official diagnostic schemes. The modern separation into unipolar and bipolar disorder was introduced following empirical research by Angst and Perris in the 1960s. The partially overlapping distinctions between psychotic and neurotic depression, and between endogenous and reactive depression, started to generate debate in the 1920s, with considerable multivariate research in the 1960s. The symptom element in endogenous depression currently survives in melancholia or somatic syndrome. Life stress is common in various depressive pictures. Dysthymia, a valuable diagnosis, represents a form of what was regarded earlier as neurotic depression. Other subtypes are also discussed. © 2008, LLS SAS rior to the late 19th century, although detailed systems of classification abounded, the main problem for psychiatric nosology was the establishment of the broad major disorders. Melancholia was recognized as early as the time of Hippocrates, and continued through Galenic medicine and medieval times. The earlier connotation of the term was very wide, and included all forms of quiet insanity. It was linked with the humoral theory...
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...Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, disabling mental disorder typically characterized by a separation between the thought processes and the emotions (Torrey). Schizophrenia is a common disorder, striking one person in every hundred (Schizophrenia). For most people, young adulthood means leaving home, starting a job and starting a family. For most schizophrenics, young adulthood means first admission to a psychiatric hospital. An unfortunate reality for young schizophrenics is the need for hospitalization during their most vibrant and productive time. The age of the first admission is younger for men than women, early twenties for males and mid-twenties for women. The reasoning behind this variation is not exactly known but there is speculation. One biological theory that exists is the help of the female sex hormones. Scientists speculate that these hormones may help delay the horrifying symptoms that afflict schizophrenics. Another question raised is who gets schizophrenia more commonly, men or women? Studies have shown there is no great variation in the numbers but in the severity of the symptoms. Men seem to suffer more severely. Scientists have attempted to explain this through differences in the brain. Research has shown schizophrenia tends to affect the left side of the brain. Males are generally "left- brained" or "right-brained" while females have less specialization on either side of the brain. This disorder usually appears earlier in men than in women; however...
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...Psychotherapy, treatment of mental or emotional disorders or personal problems using psychological techniques that rely heavily on verbal and emotional communication and other symbolic behavior. Psychotherapy differs in two ways from the informal help one person gives another. First, it is conducted by a psychotherapist who is specially trained and licensed or otherwise culturally sanctioned. Second, psychotherapy is guided by theories about the sources of distress and the methods needed to alleviate it. Because communication is the primary means of healing in most forms of psychotherapy, the relationship between the therapist and patient, or client, is much more important than in other medical treatments. The therapist’s personality influences the patient and may be used quite deliberately to achieve therapeutic ends. Psychotherapy is often used in conjunction with other treatments, especially psychotropic drug therapy (seePsychoactive Drug; Psychiatry). These drugs may be prescribed by a mental health professional, usually a psychiatrist (a physician who specializes in the treatment of psychological problems). (See also Mental Disorders; Mental Health.) Attempts to ameliorate emotional and mental disorders through psychological means date from ancient time. Psychotherapeutic practices based on scientific principles date from about 1772, when the Austrian physician Franz Anton Mesmer defined and used a form of hypnosis called animal magnetism. Neuroses were treated in the 19th...
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...Psychological Disorder Analysis Laura Baker Psy/270 February 18, 2012 Monica Mauri Psychological Disorder Analysis Maria is a 42-year-old Hispanic female who came to the clinic ascribing of having trouble sleeping, feeling “jumpy all of the time,” and experiencing difficulty concentrating. She further said, “That these symptoms are causing problems for her at work, where she is an accountant.” She perceived these symptoms to be her cause of declined performance at her job. So she is very concerned about this, and has come in to seek our help. Upon intake Maria’s symptoms stand in need for analysis to come to a diagnosis. As Maria’s symptoms meet various criteria for Bipolar disorder, Dysthmic disorder, and Major Depression must be eliminated or ruled out. The suspected diagnosis upon her intake is Bipolar disorder or Major Depression. A complete assessment will be done on Maria, and a diagnosis will be determined. After a diagnosis has been established, a brief overview will be explained and possible causes will be explained also, and then followed by an ongoing effective plan of treatment to return the patient to a level of functioning with reduced symptoms. Maria participated in an in-depth interview process. The first questions initially posed to Maria a starting point for further analysis included in the following: 1. Did you remember any significant problems in your childhood? Yes. I was abused at age eight through twelve by a family member, but I do not remember...
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...Criminal Behavior Lorenzo Reid Virginia College Online Abstract The following paper will address the different areas of the Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior. Within this paper, every aspect from theories to what the law states when it comes to this state will be addressed. Criminal Behavior Doctor Leon Eisenberg once stated, "...persons who are seriously mentally ill are far more likely to be the victims of violence than its initiators." (Campbell) Yet how true is that? When it comes to mental illness, there have been several violent crimes that have been committed, and been blamed on mental illness. There are several shows for entertainment such as the show “Criminal Minds”, that attempts to bring a reality and understanding to mental illness and criminal behavior. This show gives a reality to the fact that people can be simply mentally ill and not simply criminals. In early society times, people simply did not take mental illness into account. It was thought that people, regardless of their mental state, should be accountable for their actions. Yet, in today’s society, this is not the case. Due to research and a better developed country, citizens are given an opportunity to show that their mental state was not steady when they committed a crime. So, what is it then, which motivated a person to kill or maim another? How can a person kill someone else, or a numerous amount of people, with no remorse? These questions and several...
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...schizophrenia other than the acknowledged role of medication as a treatment modality (Birchwood and Tarrier 1993). Developments in psychological theory have led to a number of innovative psychological treatments drawn from human experimental psychology such as behavioural and social psychology and cognitive science. Therapies based on cognitive behavioural theory have been rapidly developing, initially for the so called ‘neurotic disorders’ but in recent years evidence has accumulated to suggest that these cognitive behavioural approaches can be effective for those people suffering from psychosis ( Williams 1995). The aim of this assignment is to explore the basis of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and review its’ therapeutic application to schizophrenia. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is an evolutionary paradigm that came about a from the merging of the established paradigm of behavioural therapy and contemporary cognitive therapy (Clarke and Fairburn 1997). Behavioural therapy historically focused on anxiety, phobic and obsessional disorders. Treatments were aligned to the learning theories of Pavlov and Skinner, anxieties and phobias were conceptualise to be conditioned fear responses, passively acquired and elicited by conditioned stimulii (Clarke and Fairburn 1997). A variety of techniques were employed to enable the client to ‘unlearn’ these acquired behaviours. These treatments regimes were concerned with maladaptive habits and behaviours; thought and emotional...
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...| Abnormal Psychology 2810 Term Paper| | Case Study: Brian| | | | Ashley Allen Due: 12/5/2011 Ashley Allen Case Study: Brian Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder that has affected many people all over the world. It is a term that many people have heard but few understand the true meaning. When described, those with schizophrenia involve abnormal changes in their behaviors, thoughts, feelings, and views on the world. Those with schizophrenia are considered to have their behavior disturbed in particular way along with having difficulty with reality. With a remarkable amount of evaluation on the client, Brian, he has shown a pattern that leads to the diagnosis of Schizophrenia. There are a number of factors that play an important role when considering one with abnormal behavior (Beidel et al, 2010). By acknowledging particular factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, family & health history, work & health status, social relationships, drug & alcohol history, and various behavioral habits, it is easier to fully understand Brian’s behavioral influences. Hyman (2006) explains that schizophrenia affects both men and women equally though men tend to experience symptoms at a younger age than women do. Schizophrenic symptoms often develop in late adolescence to early twenties for males and given that Brian is a 25 years old male, he falls into the appropriate age of onset for schizophrenia. It is important acknowledge that at 19 years old, Brian has experienced...
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...Abstract Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the most common and serious mental disorders (Kessler et al., 2005) and can cause great dysfunctionality in the daily lives of its sufferers, including co-morbidity and suicidality. It is important to establish the best treatment offers for depressed individuals in order to give them the best chance at recovery. Many studies have looked at the effects of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and combination therapy to determine which is best for treating depression. Presented in this paper are two studies who researched the differences. Results were similar to previous studies in that each treatment is equally effective at improving depression in individuals (Iftene, Predescu, Stefan, & David, 2015;...
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...Kleine–Levin syndrome: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment Santosh Ramdurg Author information ► Article notes ► Copyright and License information ► This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Go to: ------------------------------------------------- Abstract Kleine–Levin syndrome (KLS) is a rare sleep disorder mainly affecting teenage boys in which the main features are intermittent hypersomnolence, behavioral and cognitive disturbances, hyperphagia, and in some cases hypersexuality. Each episode is of brief duration varying from a week to 1–2 months and affected people are entirely asymptomatic between episodes. No definite cause has been identified, and no effective treatments are available even though illness is having well-defined clinical features. Multiple relapses occur every few weeks or months, and the condition may last for a decade or more before spontaneous resolution. In this study, PubMed was searched and appropriate articles were reviewed to highlight etiology, clinical features, and management of KLS. On the basis of this knowledge, practical information is offered to help clinicians about how to investigate a case of KLS, and what are the possible treatment modalities available currently for the treatment during an episode and interepisodic period for prophylaxis. Comprehensive research into the etiology, pathophysiology, investigation, and treatments are required to aid the development of disease-specific targeted therapies. Keywords: Hypersomnia...
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...Coping Mechanisms: strategies and outcomes. Coping with Crisis and Overwhelming affect: Employing coping mechanisms in the acute inpatient context. Isabel Clarke Consultant Clinical Psychologist Address for Correspondence: Isabel Clarke, Consultant Clinical Psychologist, AMH Woodhaven, Loperwood, Calmore, Totton SO40 2TA Email: isabel.clarke@hantspt-sw.nhs.uk Website: www.isabelclarke.org Abstract When mental health breaks down, the human being grasps at ways of coping with the crisis. The goal of coping is escape from intolerable affect and the means are familiar as 'symptoms' of mental illness. For example, to shut down physically and cease to compete is depression (Gilbert 1992), and drugs and alcohol provide a straightforward way out. As psychological therapists, our task is to devise, evaluate and, most importantly, persuade the client to adopt alternative, healthier, ways of coping; ways that offer less immediate relief, but which do not trap the person in a diminished quality of life. By explaining breakdown in terms of coping with intolerable affect, this approach, developed and evaluated in an acute hospital setting (Durrant, Clarke & Wilson 2007), enables us to offer more adapted skills for coping with affect as the solution. This 'third wave Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)' approach (Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999) takes seriously the discontinuities in human information processing (Teasdale & Barnard 1993) and employs mindfulness...
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...One of the largest differences between the two studies would be the specificity of the second, versus the broader nature of the first. While the first article discussed specifically the idea of psychosis as one of the main risk factors of arson, the second article took a look at not only first-time offenders, but also probably causes for repeat offenders. The wider breadth of possible causes in the second article allow for a more holistic view into the issue. However, one thing the first article covered that the second did not was the implications gender may have on this form of crime. Based off of its findings, the first article concluded that females were more likely to commit arson if they also suffered from a psychotic disorder. It substantiated that claim by citing another article, which claimed that there is a consistent gender gap between men and women as regards violent crime. While that strayed from the main concept of arson, it did seem to hint that women were more likely to commit arson (making it a risk factor) which is a point that is not mentioned in the other article at...
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...Obsessive - Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents A Review of Literature Galaunda J. Pee Professor Shirley McClerklin - Motley “Using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV TR)” Coker College, Hartsville South Carolina Abstract Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder or OCD, is a medical disorder that causes repetitive, unpleasant thoughts (obsessions) or behaviors (compulsions) that are difficult to control (Stewart et al.2007). Unlike ordinary worries or habits, these obsessions and compulsions may consume significant amounts of time, more than an hour per day, may interfere with a person’s daily schedule. OCD may cause significant distress, and affects approximately one percent of children and adolescents. It was once considered a rare condition, but is now viewed as not only one of the more prevalent psychiatric disorders, but also one the most disabling medical disorders. Obsessive-compulsive disorder has a significant impact on humans and social functioning, quality of life, family, Relationships socio-economic status. Think of OCD as an “overactive alarm system.” Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), is a debilitation neuropsychiatry disorder with a lifetime prevalence of two to three percent and is estimated to be the tenth leading cause of disability in the world (Abramowitz, J.S. (2006)...
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...Compare and contrast two or more theories of Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia, a Greek word meaning “split brain”, was coined by Eugen Bleuler in 1908 to describe a type of dementia praecox which emphasizes a break from reality and disintegration between emotions, thought and actions. In contemporary term, schizophrenia is a mental disorder with impairments in the perception, psychomotor behaviour and affect; manifested as a syndrome characterized by two categories of symptoms, positive (hallucinations, delusions and disorganization) and negative (social withdrawal, apathy, poverty of speech), expressed variably in the sufferers (Crow, 1980; Andreasen, 1995). Although the underlying mechanism of schizophrenia remains somewhat elusive, theories of the causation of schizophrenia based on evidence at different levels, ranging from biochemical, neurodevelopmental, cognitive to social, have been proposed. In this essay, I will focus on two of the most prominent theories, Dopamine hypothesis and neurodevelopmental theory. I will first outline the main body and the evidence in support of the theories, and then compare the theories on the basis of its explanation of the development and associated symptoms of schizophrenia, and corresponding limitations. Here, I would like to argue that despite the differences between the two theories, they are not mutually exclusive; contrarily, they can complement each other to give a better picture of the causation of Schizophrenia. Dopamine hypothesis...
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... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AUTHORS’ CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DATA AND ANALYSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analysis 1.1. Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 1 Compliance: 1a. With medication - non-compliance. . . . . . . . ....
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