...of Doing Business in America and Japan A manager or company has many factors to consider when deciding to conduct business internationally. Besides being sensitive and respectful to the foreign country’s culture, one must also be cognizant of how the culture influences the cost of doing business. To illustrate this point, consider the following scenario of countries A and B: Both countries [A and B] are characterized by low labor costs and good access to world markets. Both countries are of roughly the same size (in terms of population) and both are at a similar stage of economic development. In country A, the education system is undeveloped, the society is characterized by a marked stratification between the upper and lower classes, the dominant religion stresses the importance of reincarnation, and there are three major linguistic groups. In country B, the education system is well developed, there is a lack of social stratification, group identification is valued by the culture, the dominant religion stresses the virtue of hard work, and there is only one linguistic group. Which country makes the best investment site? Country B does. The culture of country B is supportive of the capitalist mode of production and social harmony, whereas the culture of country A is not. In country A, conflict between management and labor, and between different language groups, can be expected to lead to social and industrial disruption, thereby raising the costs of doing business. The lack...
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...Ethics and Culture By Tonya Anderson June 6 2012 BUSN310 Professor Sparks Hello Class and Professor, Cultural differences create understanding between neighbors, friends, family and especially co-workers. This is very evident where I live in Denver. We are a city of many cultures all tossed together for work, shopping and living. When we look at the ethical behaviors in relation to culture, we are viewing two forms of beliefs and attitudes meshed together to create one action or thought. In the work environment this can be difficult due to the nature of the action or communication as it can cause confusion and obstacles. While it is customary to bow when introduced in a business meeting in Asia it is customary to shake hands in America. This may seem like a simple difference but in fact it is disrespectful if a bow or handshake is not performed by either culture. Ethically Asians see bowing as respect and a moral code. Americans find bowing a sense of weakness. So how do we make it work? “In some countries, bribery is part of the fabric of life and no business can be transacted without it. Without knowing whom to pay to grease the wheels, companies face frustration and failure”, (Pitta,Fung, Isburg, 1999). Bribing to grease the wheels is very common in not only Asia but in Eastern Europe as well. In America bribery is very frowned upon and will cause legal actions if discovered. The cultural differences pertaining to bribery stem from a long line of business growing up...
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...Chapter 2 In China the social structure is formal and hierarchical. You know where you fit in the structure and you abide by the rules there. There is no crossing into other areas. In America, it is much more loose and informal. It is not uncommon to see those of various social levels socializing and knowing each other. There are very few lines that socially are not allowed to be crossed. This can cause problems in business relationships if the visiting culture is unaware of it. If you are planning on conducting business in China or expecting an extended stay, it might be useful to know that the direct way that most Americans approach issues is not the way to go in China. Direct conflict or confrontation over issues is highly frowned upon. Doesn’t matter that the “truth” needs to be spoken, respect and honor to each person supersedes that. To prove a point and show yourself in the right even over business issues is considered shameful and should be avoided. The Chinese looks more at the group collective than at individualism. America has become known for its push of individualism which has been a source of conflict with other cultures that look collectively. A person from China is more prone to look at how their acts affect the whole instead of how it affects them personally. They are more willing to give up and sacrifice for the greater good. America’s individualism has been its backbone and the reason for its success as a world power, but when visiting China...
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...Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies When East and West Meet, Page 1 When East and West Meet: An Essay on the Importance of Cultural Understanding in Global Business Practice and Education S. J. Chang Illinois State University ABSTRACT As today’s business decisions and choices are increasingly influenced by the diverse cultural backgrounds and perspectives of various corporate stakeholders, it is critical for business managers to have multicultural understanding. This motivates us to refine our business perspectives and approaches in global arena as well as our educational philosophies on global business management. Based on casual yet experiential discussions, this essay presents some cohesive points on comparative cultural understanding and business implications thereof between the “West” and the “East,” which is presupposed by the cultural contrasts between America and Korea. It can hopefully serve as a practically meaningful guideline for business practice and education on multiculturalism. Keywords: multiculturalism, global business management, comparative cultural understanding Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies When East and West Meet, Page 2 INTRODUCTION Thanks to the rapid and continuous expansion of large global businesses, today people, capital, information, and technology travel more freely, rapidly, and widely than ever. The everexpanding scope and scale of large global firms over the recent decades have...
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...MSc Management Cross-cultural Management module Cross Cultural Study of China and America Name of Student Name of Instructor Dated: Table of Contents S. No. | Topic | Page No. | Cross Cultural Study of China and America | | 1- | Introduction | 3 | 2- | Chinese Culture | 3 | 3- | Leadership styles and skills of China | 4 | 4- | Motivating others | 4 | 5- | Trust Builder | 5 | 6- | Talent retention | 5 | 7- | High Performance team | 5 | 8- | Management Style of China | 5 | 9- | The Guanxi | 6 | 10- | Individualism and collectivism | 6 | 11 | America’s Culture | 6 | 12 | Leadership Styles in America | 7 | 13 | Directive leadership | 7 | 14 | Participative leadership | 7 | 15 | Empowering leadership | 8 | 16 | Charismatic leadership | 8 | 17 | Management Styles of America | 8 | 18 | Ethical issues in cross cultural of China and America | 8 | 19 | Compare and contrast between China and USA | 9 | 20 | Conclusion | 11 | 21 | References | 12 | Introduction: This paper consists of cross cultural study of two developed countries named USA and China. These countries are well developed and exist in the major countries of the world. Both have an entire different culture in reference of behavior, leadership styles and management. China is the part of eastern countries and USA is a western country, both have entirely different environment and too far from each other. There are many roles that are involved in any organization...
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...has a different culture. This diversity is seen from different of religious beliefs, languages and ethnic groups. With this much diversity in the world, many people is dividing a group based on the average person is classified. Stereotype is the way a person views and judgment to the average person is classified or in short assessment of the appearance or background. Stereotypical way of thinking is taken to simplify complex allegations in the observation quickly. Stereotypes are rarely accurate, usually only a few basic right or even completely fabricated. For example, the Chinese have slanted eyes. Though not all Chinese have slanted eyes. From these examples, it is only a view of the many against the background of the case, for example the Arabs are terrorists. This stereotypical view usually shared by many people because it formerly existed on known terrorist from the Arab world is Osama bin Laden. That's what makes people think or labeling that Arabs are terrorists. But, does all Arabs are terrorists? The reality is not all Arabs are terrorists. Moreover, whether in Asia or in America there is a terrorist? With the stereotype, many people who judge someone based group, religion, or race them. Though we do not yet know the person. Therefore a lot of people who uses stereotyping use it as a guide to a national culture. There are lots of people who work internationally or study abroad for many years. Stereotype cannot be used as a guide to a national culture as the first character...
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...Cultural evaluation Cultural evaluation In the realm of business dealing with other cultures can be cumbersome if one is not prepared to adjust or identify difficult areas so that both cultures can have an amicable and fruitful business environment. There are many differences in which people do business compared to the “American way”, today we will examine a little about the way Brazilians perform business with Americans. First of all, formality, American business men are taught and coached to “Wear dark colored business suits in classic colors of gray and navy. For an important formal meeting, choose a white dress shirt, for less formal a light blue shirt will still give you a conservative appearance.” Kimberley Roberts & Stephen Taylor 2012, United States of America Business Etiquette, Culture, & Manners While in Brazil “Three-piece suits carry an "executive" connotation, whereas two-piece suits are associated with office workers. Conservative attire for women in business is very important. Also make sure your nails are manicured” Joni Nicol 2012 Brazil Business Etiquette & Culture. no major change in the clothing aspect, just small details where things are not very noticeable. However, as far as the other elements we see that initial meetings can be somewhat formal, where you are expected to shake hands with everybody present on arrival, but any subsequent meetings...
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...Panama Introduction If a countries culture can be define as the state of intellectual development among a people, the business culture might be had to be the state of commercial development in a country. But business culture is not made by the commercial development alone; attitudes, values and norms define and make part of a business culture in a country. (Hart) Taking into consideration all of the characteristics and costumes of a countries culture will help you understand and do business with enterprises and make your negotiations much easier. Most people believe there is a single homogenous Latin American business culture which is an erroneous idea. Each country has their own culture and rules of doing business. On this report there will be tips and rules on how to do business in Panama as a foreign partner in order to achieve success when working with Panamanians. General information The Republic of Panama is the southernmost country of Central America. Panama connects the both continents South and North America. Panama borders Costa Rica and Colombia, it also has access to the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Since it is connecting both North and South America some schools teach that it forms part of South America and others that it is part of Central America. The capital of Panama is Panama City. The population of Panama is approximately three million five hundred thousand. The total area is 29,157 sq miles almost the size of the state of South Carolina...
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...popular in southern China. It is made from herbs and is believed to be able to lower internal heat and relieve inflammation. With a sharp business sense, Chan positioned Wong Lo Kat as a healthy, mass market soft drink and packaged it in eye-catching red aluminum cans emblazoned with bold golden Chinese characters. The company also built large production lines and established a widespread sales network through supermarkets, grocery stores and restaurants in Guangdong. The efforts paid off as annual sales of Wong Lo Kat grew rapidly to reach 100 million Yuan in 2000. From 2003, the company started to expand beyond Guangdong. It built plants in Beijing, Zhejiang and Fujian, and invested heavily in marketing and television advertising, making the sweet-tasting beverage known across the country. Sales shot up to 600 million Yuan in 2003. Four years later, JDB surpassed Coca-Cola as the biggest seller of canned drinks on the mainland, with annual sales of 17 billion Yuan, according to statistics from the China Industrial Information Issuing Centre. Introduction of America Geography United States of America is from the Atlantic to the Pacific, America area after Russia, Canada and the People's Republic of China, ranking fourth. Its territory also includes the edge of the Arctic in Alaska and Hawaii in the Pacific equatorial region. America area is 4,500 km from east to west, north-south width of 2700 km coastline of 22,680 kilometers. Continental climate in most parts of the...
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...Culture is the collection of values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish a society. Culture is important to companies because it determines the rules within which businesses operate. Culture is a learned behavior that may be transmitted intergenerational or intragenerationally. Culture’s elements are interrelated, and may change to adapt to external forces. Culture is shared by members of a society. ELEMENTS OF CULTURE The basic elements of culture are social structure, language, communication, religion, and values and attitudes. The way in which the elements interact affects the local environment in which international businesses operate Islamic Law (known as Shariah) forbids charging interest. Instead, lenders under Islamic Law may charge “fees” or “rent” to borrowers. Shariah scholars say there is no prohibition against using an interest rate as a benchmark to calculate appropriate fees or rents. Several U.S. lenders (including Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae) are now offering “Islamic home mortgages.” Such mortgages are described in detail in the textbook. The price of the Islamic mortgages tends to be very comparable to the price of traditional mortgages. Values and Attitudes * Values are the principles and standards accepted by members of a society; attitudes encompass the actions, feelings, and thoughts that result from those values. Attitudes about time, authority, education, and rewards reflect an individual’s deep-seated values...
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...Beauty of Business in Brazil Unknown to so many, South America is a very robust and expanding region with a population reaching close to 200 million native people as well as foreign population. South America has a very tropical climate, and the primary language in South America is Portuguese. Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, and the largest country in Latin America. Brazil is an economically growing country located in northeastern part of South America. Brazil gained its independence from Portugal in 1822. Years later, in 1888 slavery was abolished in the nation. The next year in 1889, The Brazilian Republic was established. Brazil is well-known as the world’s leader in coffee production and exportation. Brazil produces one third of the world’s total coffee production. The country has held this position in the coffee market for 150 years. In 1982, Brazil held the world’s largest debt at the time. In 1986, the country put forth a plan to control inflation (BBC News. 2012). The country has come a long way since last century. Brazil’s economy is now ranked seventh in the world related to nominal GDP and the seventh largest in terms of purchasing power and value of the Brazil’s currency. In 2012, the country’s gross domestic product was 2.253 trillion US dollars. According to BBC News, Brazil’s economy growth has doubled from the expected rate in the final quarter of 2013. This growth was surprising considering the Countries economy declined slightly...
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...Intercultural Communication (Spring 2015) Moodle Title: BA3H HM302 Date: 22nd May, 2015 Words Count: 3982 Table of Content Table of Content 2 Introduction 3 Comparison between dimensions of American and Japanese culture 4 Background of cultures 4 Power Distance 7 Individualism v.s. Collectivism 9 Masculinity v.s. Femininity 11 Uncertainty Avoidance 13 Long-Term Orientation 15 Important issues during business negotiations in Japan 16 Greetings 16 Time 17 Appropriate attires 17 Business cards 18 Gifts 18 Meetings 19 Seating 19 During the negotiations 20 Role of language negotiation 20 Exchange of favors 21 Japanese Etiquette of non-verbal expressions 22 Leaving 22 Follow-up of the negotiation 23 Relationship building 23 Conclusions 24 References 25 Introduction Dear Ms. Johnson, Regarding globalization brings culture diversity into organizations all over the world, while there are managers and staff from different cultural backgrounds, potential conflicts may arise in organizations if we are not sensitive to the inherent differences. As a manager in hospitality which is a people-orientated industry, it is relatively important for you to understand well intercultural differences in working places, whenever dealing with guests or fellow staff, because of same behaviors under different cultural backgrounds can greatly affects the comfort and harmony atmosphere within an organization...
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...of Organizations and the Contemporary Environment TUI UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT The Nature of Organizations and the Contemporary Environment World English Dictionary states that culture is the shared behaviors and beliefs of a particular social, ethnic, or age group, and an environment can be defined as the external conditions or surrounding in which people live or work. Organizational culture is a system of shared meaning and beliefs held by organizational members that determines how they act, (Robbins & Coulter 2003). It also refers to working language and habits. Most times the environment will determine an organization’s culture but each environment is vastly different. One of the keys to being successful in a different environment with strong cultural beliefs is to be aware of the cultural differences within the environment. The right level of knowledge will determine success or failure. Cultural values, assumptions and beliefs affect organizational performance and management. The organizational culture affects employee and managers behaviours. Poor organizational culture affects the management of an organization negatively. Also, the business environment affects performance and management differently. Managers should understand culture and environment a firm operates in order to manage effectively (Green, 2011). Linda. Myers had what seemed to be all of the right credentials on paper that would make her the ideal candidate for a foreign...
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...What are International Business Ethics? International Business Ethics The importance of international business ethics has been rising steadily along with the growth of international business. Technologies like the Internet have made international business all the more viable, and many companies can only find the desirable growth and profit they seek by expanding into new markets. This means that just as business ethics domestically have grown in importance along with the power and significance of major businesses, so must international business ethics take center stage as a major concern of the modern era. The primary problem of international business ethics lies in the fact that most cultures and nations hold entirely different standards of both law and ethics. In America, business ethics can be employed because, in general, the disagreement between what actions are ethical and what actions are unethical in a single culture will be lesser than the disagreement between two entirely different cultures with different values and cultural practices. As a result, one business might believe it is acting perfectly in accordance with international business ethics, while another would view that first business as acting in a completely unethical fashion. Many businesses adopt the policies of cultural relativism, in which they attempt to take on the business ethics exhibited by the nation in which the business is working a particular deal, as opposed to attempting to carry any...
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...gender. These are minor words that have a huge impact on different cultures around the globe. In America the talk of social status seems be more seen and not heard. It shows up in actions of those in this culture. If you want to raise money for a certain charity or event, the first crowd you will go out your way to extend an invitation to will be those in a high social status or class. America has come a long way in its views of status and age. Even though there is no set class structure as in other countries, America has its own views of social class. The words upper class and middle class and lower class are often mentioned. They were often referenced on the road to the White House in the Presidential elections of 2008. Many from outside American culture can often be blind when it comes to seeing our class structure since the homeless are often seen in the same areas as those who are wealthy. If one hangs around the Washington, DC area long enough, they will start to hear terms such as “The DC Elite” social status. These are people who are usually in the upper class and are invited to the important (often political) events in the city. Even certain areas of the city are known for where those with the money reside. Mention you live in Georgetown, Capitol Hill or one of the neighboring counties known for their wealth, and you will automatically be listed as someone with “status.” Titles in America are not as important as they are in other countries. We have...
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