...LAW OF CONTRACT: VOIDABLE CONTRACT A formal agreement between two parties that may be rendered unenforceable for a number of legal reasons. Reasons that can make a contract voidable include failure by one or both parties to disclose a material fact. Circumstances or features that make a contract voidable include coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation and mistake. Based on our case review, we more focus on voidable contract under undue influence. In section 16 has defined undue influence a contract is said to be induced by undue influence when the relationship between parties is such that one party is able to dominate his will on the other and uses that position to gain unfair advantage. In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing principle, a person is deemed to be in a position to dominate the will of another: a) Where he hold a real authority over the other. b) Where he makes a contract with a person whose mentally capacity is temporarily or permanent. In section 16(2) implied or provide with example that in certain situation, a person is deemed to be in the position of dominating the will of the other if: • If the person holds a real or apparent position of power. • If stands in a fiduciary relationship with the other. • If the other person is mentally weak because of sickness, disease, or economic distress. ISSUES OF CASE There are three issues raised in this question. They are: 1) Whether induced by undue influence...
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...Business law and contracts Introduction There are quite a number of business entity that are lead and regulated by various laws.Theselawsensures that each business operates within its jurisdictions. In running a business, one has to deal with various types of contracts with other businesses or different individuals. Whatever types of businesses that one dealin, understanding of business contracts is an essential part of running a business and making sound agreements that can be defended in a court of law in the case that one party defaults on their original profit. Contracts governance by common law or the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). A contract can be defined as an enforceable legal agreement undertaken by two or more parties, corporate or individuals that necessarily creates an obligation between the parties to do or not to undertake certain things (Brullote, n.d). In many countries, business and individual contracts are majorly guaranteed by two laws: the Uniform Commercial Code abbreviated as UCC and the common laws each having its distinct jurisdiction. To transact business properly, it is required that one understands both contracts (Brullote, n.d). Common laws contracts are those contracts that are controlled by a set of rules that are established by various states. These are traditionally basedlaws that are set by thelegislature and are always being changed to suit the various changes n business environments. Common law contracts are meant to guide various...
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...LAW 3235 SEM 2 2013/2014 QUESTION ‘’ Syariah court has no legitimacy for non-muslim’’ Discuss the jurisdiction of Syariah court and civil court in Malaysia. INTRODUCTION Position of syariah court in Malaysia Syariah refers to Sharia law in Islamic religious law and deals with exclusively Islamic laws, having jurisdiction upon every Muslim in Malaysia. The dual-system of law in Malaysia is provided for in Article 121(1A) of the Constitution of Malaysia.The Syariah Court system is one of the two separate system of courts which exists in Malaysian legal system. There is a parallel system of state Syariah Court, which has limited jurisdiction over matters of state Islamic law (Shariah). The Syariah Courts have jurisdictions only over matters involving Muslim, and can generally only pass sentences of not more than three years imprisonment, a fine of up to RM5,000, and/or up to six strokes of the cane. Article 145 of the constitution says the Attorney General of Malaysia has no power over matters related to the Sharia courts. There are three levels of the courts: Appeal, High and Subordinate. Unlike the civil courts in Malaysia, which is a federalised court system, the Syariah Court is primarily established out of state law. Similarly syariah or Islamic law is a matter of state law, with the exception of theFederal Territories of Malaysia, as provided in Article 3 of the Constitution. Thus syariah law in one state might differ to that of another state. There are 13...
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...CONTRACT REVIEW ASSIGNMENT Instructor: Barb Eccles Business Law 3051-FA Matthias Majerczyk Due Date: Tuesday, November-27-2012 BigCo Agreement for Exchange of Confidential Information 2) Most people who have positions in a corporation are employees under the legal entity. So, therefore Really Smart Guy is the Vice-President and an employee of BigCo Limited. BigCo can use confidential draft patent application and some confidential information to compete with III. This is according to paragraph 4, “BigCo can use III’s ideas, concepts, know-how and techniques for its own business activities to compete with III, only if III’s Information is retained in the memories of BigCo’s employees who have had access to the Information under the BigCo Confidentiality Agreement.” BigCo was also given a draft business plan. BigCo cannot use the business plan to compete with III according to paragraph 4, “nothing gives the BigCo the right to disclose, publish or disseminate the business plans of III” 3) BigCo can terminate its agreement with III by providing a one month’s written notice BigCo. III’s and BigCo’s obligations for disclosing information will extend beyond the termination and will remain in effect until fulfilled. The Survival clause is really weird and it conflicts with the Confidentiality Period on paragraph 3. How can you say that it will extend for two years following the initial date of disclosure, then the survival clause states that any terms of the agreement will extend...
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...for formation a valid contract 3 1. Agreement 3 1.1 Offer 3 1.2 Acceptance 4 2. Consideration 5 2.1 Adequacy and Sufficiency of consideration 5 2.2 Privity of contract 5 3. Intention to create legal relations 6 3.1 Domestic arrangement 6 3.2 Commercial agreement 6 3.3 Capacity 7 PART 2 – The impact of different types of contract 8 1. Verbal contract 8 2. Written contract 8 The parol evidence rule 8 3. Implied contract 9 PART 3 – The effect and meaning of different terms of contract 10 1. Condition 10 2. Warranty 10 3. Implied term 11 CONCLUTION 12 REFERENCE 13 INTRODUCTION The assignment is the presentation about the knowledge and understanding about Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business subjects of student. The assignment is divided into three main parts. The first part discusses about the essential elements of a valid contract, the second part discuss the impact of different types of contract and the last one demonstrates the theories applications of these term of contract in given business situation. This assignment will help student link theory to practice by applying in typical examples. It is assessed by Mr. John Andre – teacher of Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business subjects at ITP – Banking Academy PART 1 – The essential elements required for formation a valid contract A contract is defined as an agreement which legally binds the parties (Business Law, 2010). A valid contract cannot be formed without...
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...Hnbs 105 Contract and Negligence Marc Forteau Inder birdi 24/06/2014 Advice to situation A: Joel This is a unilateral contract where Shrubs Only have an obligation the set the conditions, which are that they require cash on delivery, rejected plants to return with the driver, written orders only and will supply through other American plants with offices in London (Burton, 2009). Condensing they have never worked with Joel, the main feature of the contract is that there is a lawful consideration where the conditions are coming from the suppliers. The impact this will have will be the fact that he will build trust with them and in the long run, they could adjust the terms of the contract to allow credit. My advice would be to amend the contract in the presence of the two parties. Advice to situation B: Green Colour The idea that Shrubs only wants to use second grade suppliers without notifying Green Colour shows and example of implied terms which Shrubs only fails to mention to Green Colour, but will include it in the execution of the contract. For this, since Don preferred quality flowers, it will result to the rectification of the contract to erase this clause so as to ensure the company is able to supply quality at all the time. However, there could be the application of Parol evidence where Shrub Only can explain this phase and provide a reason for why they want to change the quality supply. Advice to situation C: Joel ...
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...Business Law 1 Week 4 Seminar Questions Natasha Dunn, Forensic Investigation Q1) This issue is governed under the Law of Contract, under the formation of contract and the revocation of a contract specifically under contractual capacity. Contractual capacity states that young persons aged sixteen and seventeen have full legal capacity. This protects young persons against ‘prejudicial transactions’ until they turn 18 and any contracts like this can be put aside by the court. However, there are exceptions to the rule: if under 18 and running your own business; if ratified before turning 18; if age is misrepresented when entering contract. In this case, Jean is seventeen, running her own business and wants to get out of a legally bounding contract for an object in which has already been ordered. However, Jean cannot get out of the contract just because she is under eighteen years of age because she is running her own business and therefore she is not subject to the protection anymore. Therefore, this puts her in the same legal position that any other adult would be in, in her situation. She could attempt to revoke the offer by emailing or writing to the seller but she is still legally bound by the contract made. Q2) This issue is governed under the Law of Contract, under the formation of contract and specifically contractual capacity. Contractual capacity states that generally children under sixteen years of age have no capacity and the contract is void. However, the...
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...Exclusion And Limiting Clauses INTRODUCTION A clause may be inserted into a contract which aims to exclude or limit one party's liability for breach of contract or negligence. However, the party may only rely on such a clause if (a) it has been incorporated into the contract, and if, (b) as a matter of interpretation, it extends to the loss in question. Its validity will then be tested under (c) the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 and (d) the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999. A. INCORPORATION The person wishing to rely on the exclusion clause must show that it formed part of the contract. An exclusion clause can be incorporated in the contract by signature, by notice, or by a course of dealing. 1. SIGNED DOCUMENTS If the plaintiff signs a document having contractual effect containing an exclusion clause, it will automatically form part of the contract, and he is bound by its terms. This is so even if he has not read the document and regardless of whether he understands it or not. See: Struggling with your Law studies? We can help! Have a look at our huge range of products and services that may be useful when planning your next law assignment or essay. Law Essay Writing Service Essay Marking Service Our Guarantees Our quality promise Freelance Writing Jobs Place an Order L'Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 394. However, even a signed document can be rendered wholly or partly ineffective if the other party has made a misrepresentation as...
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...CORPORATE AND BUSINESS LAW I—Course Outline Instructor: Professor Charles O. Kwarteng References Materials Books Required: K. Adjei-Mensah, Principles of Business Law, Volume ONE (ISBN 9988-0-0944-5). (good for business law) Recommended. K. Adjei-Mensah, Principles of Business Law, TWO (ISBN 9988-0-0945-3) (good for companies) . Internet Materials: www. kkaufhold.net/files_/Bussiness_Law_Outline 2.pdf (good outline for business law) www. Ekconsultinggroup.com/assets/resources/Business_Law_Notes.pdf (good outline for company law) OUTLINE 1. Sources of Law a) Constitutional Law b) Statutory Law (Ghana Company Code) c) Executive Decisions: Executive Decrees, Proclamations, Orders Judicial Decision-Case Law: Doctrine of Stare Decisis (Salomon v Salomon) Treatises of Eminent Jurists Restatement of Torts/Restatement of Contracts International Law Treaties (Bilateral and Multilateral). Compare AGOA (Ghana and US) and ECOWAS Treaty (West African sub-region). Readings: Adjei Mensah, Principles of Business Law, Volume I, Part 3 2. Law of Contracts Types (Oral/Written; Bilateral/Unilateral; Executed/Executory, Terms : Express/Implied: Express Contract/Implied Contracts Oral Contracts and the Statute of Frauds (“MYLEGS” Contracts) 1) Marriage 2) Contract for Years 3) Land Contracts 4) Contract of the Executor 5) Guarantor’s Contract 6) Contract of Surety 2) Writing required in the ff cases (i) Real Property Contract including...
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...Recognizing Contract Risk and Opportunities LAW/531 Introduction Contracts are a binding, critical part of any business deal between two or more parties. Because of the binding promise between these parties it is important that the contract is clearly worded, negotiated if-need-be, and reviewed before they are signed by all applicable parties. Cheeseman (2010) stated “A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes a duty” (Chpt 9, Para 2). The following Memo will identify the legal issues presented in the Contract Creation and Management Simulation as well as identify what a manager may do to avoid theses risks and minimize liabilities. Business Memo -- Confidential TO: Project Leadership Team Span Systems – Kevin Grant, Harold Smith FROM: Mike Myers, Project Manager Span Systems DATE: 03/20/2011 SUBJECT: Contract Risk and Opportunities between Span Systems and Citizen-Schwarz AG CC: Board directors The one-year contract written between Span Systems (Span) and Citizen-Schwarz AG (C-S) to develop banking software has recently met with some serious concern regarding if it can remain intact as it currently stands. Recently Leon Ther: the IT outsourcing director of C-S sent a letter stating that “C-S cannot afford scheduled slips because of its deadlines for the release of transaction software in...
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...Contract Analysis BUSI 561 – Spring D Emerald Jones I would continue doing business with Marshall as long as we come to an agreement on a new contract. This understanding will provide us clarity on this partnership we are going to continue to have while doing business. Marshall is a good person and I would like to see his company continue to flourish as well as his spirituality. However if Marshall does not agree with the terms of a new contract business between us will cease. There are risks involved with discontinuing business with Marshall as he may file a lawsuit against me for various reasons. If it comes to that some legal defense I may have include; covenants of good faith, minor’s capacity to contract and fraud in the execution of a contract. First I would like to explore covenants of Good faith. Going into this deal with Marshall it began based off covenants of good faith and fair dealings. Per what we verbally discussed I would supply Marshall with a scheduled quantity of product. Since making that verbal agreement, I have consistently supplied Marshall with the products we have agreed upon on time. However Marshall has been habitually late with payments and even though I could impose fees as stated per the invoices sent, I have not. By Marshall trying to force me into a contract this could potentially hinder the performance of my company. Due to the demand of my new contract this will cause several components to restructure within the company. As...
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...In the summer of 2012, JPMorgan Chase, the biggest U.S. bank, announced trading losses from investment decisions made by its Chief Investment Office (CIO) of $5.8 billion. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was provided falsified first quarter reports that concealed this massive loss. Use the Internet or Strayer databases to research a different bank of your choosing. Write a five to six (5-6) page paper in which you: Discuss how administrative agencies like the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) take action in order to be effective in preventing high-risk gambles in securities / banking, a foundation of the economy. Determine the elements of a valid contract, and discuss how consumers and banks each have a duty of good faith and fair dealing in the banking relationship. Compare and contrast the differences between intentional and negligent tort actions Discuss the tort action of “Interference with Contractual Relations and Participating in a Breach of Fiduciary duty” and, if the bank you’ve chosen were to behave as JP Morgan did, would you be able to prevail in such a tort action. With the advent of mobile banking, discuss how banks have protected the software that allows for online transaction to occur through automation. Use at least three (3) quality references. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not quality as academic resources. Your assignment must follow these...
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...You explore the aspects of business contracts and these aspects’ application to business management. Discussion focuses on Internet contracts and international transactions. You conduct a simulation to evaluate contract performance requirements and solutions for if the contract is not upheld Contract Risk and Opportunities OBJECTIVE: Analyze legal issues arising from contract formation, performance, and remedies. Resources: Ch. 9–11, 16, 18, & 20 of Business Law: Legal Environment, Online Commerce, Business Ethics, and International Issues Content • Ch. 9: Nature of Traditional and E-Contracts o Introduction to Nature of Traditional and E-Contracts o Definition of a Contract o Sources of Contract Law o Objective Theory of Contracts o E-Commerce o Classifications of Contracts o Equity • Ch. 10: Agreement o Introduction to Agreement o Agreement o Offer o Special Offers o Termination of an Offer by Act of the Parties o Termination of an Offer by Operation of Law o Acceptance • Ch. 11: Consideration and Promissory Estoppel o Introduction to Consideration and Promissory Estoppel o Gift Promise o Contracts Lacking Consideration o Settlement of Claims o Equity: Promissory Estoppel • Ch. 16: Remedies for Breach of Traditional and E-Contracts o Introduction to Remedies for Breach of Traditional and E-Contracts o Performance and Breach ...
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...2011 LEGAL FRAMEWORK I LECTURE NOTES Note to reader: these lecture notes are compiled for the purposes of the unit LAW1100 Legal Framework I and are selective in nature and scope. The notes are for academic purposes only. Lecture 10 Law of Contract: Discharge of the Contract INTRODUCTION In this lecture, we will first discuss a number of ways in which a contract can be discharged (that is, brought to an end), including the right of termination for major breach of contract. We will then consider the issue of breach of contract in further detail, with a focus on the common law remedy of damages together with the principles by which the Courts can assess damages. We will then discuss the equitable remedies for breach, chiefly specific performance and injunctions, and conclude by considering the issue of expiration of time and the loss of the right to sue. On successful completion of this lecture, you should (within the scope of the course) be able to: identify the ways in which a contract may be discharged describe discharge of a contract by performance describe discharge of a contract by agreement describe discharge of a contract by operation of law describe discharge of a contract by breach describe the remedy set respectively available for breach of condition and warranty describe and understand the remedy of damages and how the quantum of damages is assessed by the Courts describe the principle of causation describe the principle...
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...Nature of Law Sources of law: 1. Statute law laws crated by State and Federal Parliament 2. Common law courts and judiciary system 3. Equity expands remedies beyond monetary compensation Classification of law: * International v domestic * Public v private * Substantive (rights and duties under the law) v procedural (rules of evidence and conduct) * Common (parliament and courts) v civil (legal code) * Civil actions v criminal actions Origins of Australian Law: * 1865 Colonial Laws Validity Act NSW (AUS) can pass own laws as long as they don’t conflict with England laws * 1901 Federation 6 separate states become 1 Government * 1931 Statute of Westminster legislative independence. * 1986 Australia Act Final court of appeal became the High Court The Westminster System: * A constitutional monarchy * Separation of powers 1) The Parliament Legislative 2) The Executive Government 3) The Judiciary interprets the law Making a law: 1. Draftsman drafts a Bill 2. 1st, 2nd, 3rd reading in HOR 3. 1st, 2nd, 3rd reading in Senate 4. Governor General consent 5. Bill becomes an Act and become law The Judiciary: Rule of law a means of maintaining the balance between personal freedom and legislative power in a modern democracy. Role of the courts: Impose a legally binding decision on the parties to the dispute. Features of the court hierarchy: * Provides a system of appeals ...
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