THE IMPACT OF POLITICAL INSTABILITY TOWARDS TRANSITIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IN WARDHIGLEY DISTRICT

BY

ABHIRI ABDULLAHI MOALIN

111-023031-06073

THIS RESEARCH IS SUBMITED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIEREMENT FOR
THE AWARD OF BARCHELORS DEGREE IN DEVELOPMENT
STUDIES OF THE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY IN UGANDA

MAY 2014
DECLARATION
I, Abshir Abdullahi Moalin, hereby declare to be the sole author of the work presented in this research. It is my own work and has never been presented for the same award by any student in this course or any other. Name : ABSHIR ABDULLAHI MOALIN
Reg No: 111-023031-06073

Sign: ………………………… Date: ………………………..

APPROVAL SHEET

This research was written by Abshir Abdullahi Moalin of REG NO: 111-023031-06073, under my supervision and it is now ready for submission as partial fulfillment of the award of a Bachelor’s degree in Development Studies of the Islamic university in Uganda. Name: MR. MALIYAMUNGU HABIB

Sign: ……………………..…… Date: ………………………..

University supervisor

DEDICATION
All honor and praise be to Allah the Most Gracious the Most Merciful, who has enabled me to successfully complete this dissertation successfully.
I dedicate this research to my parents, brothers and sisters for the love, care and support they rendered to me. May the Almighty Allah bless them and reward them abundantly. Amen.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First my deepest appreciation and profound gratitude is to the Almighty Allah for guiding me and enabling me to complete my work successfully.
Secondly, am sincerely grateful to my dear parents, my father Mr. Abdullahi Moalin and mother Miss Nuura Mahamud for their spiritual and moral support and for their unconditional love. May Allah bless them, have mercy on them, and grant them eternal paradise. Lastly to my dear uncle Omar moali, sisters Safia, Mulki, Muna, Bishara and brothers Dahir, Muhammad, Abdufatah and Mukhtar for their undying support throughout. May Allah bless them all abundantly.
Thirdly, I would like to extend my warm heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor Mr. Maliyamungu Habib for his insightful comments, guidance, suggestions and above all his relentless tutoring and dedication that I always received throughout which enabled me to complete my work.
Finally I would like to thank my classmates and close friends Bashir Mohamed, Abdullah Mohamed, Omar Abdul Fatah, Ali Khalif, Suleiman Hussein, Daniel Ajal, Mohammed Abdi Osman and Ivan Ogwang for their undying support throughout the years.

Table of Contents DECLARATION i APPROVAL SHEET ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF ABBREVIATION x ABSTRACT xi CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the study 1 1.2 Statement of the problem 2 1.3 General objective of the study 3 1.4 Specific Objectives 3 1.5 Research questions 3 1.6 Significance of the Study 4 1.6 Scope of the Study 4 1.6.1 Geographical scope 4 1.6.2 Time scope 5 1.6.3 Content scope 5 CHAPTER TWO 6 LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2.1 Comparison between Wardhigley district and other districts 6 2.2 Development efforts in Wardhigley district. 7 2.3 The community perception of the different civil wars 8 CHAPTER THREE 10 METHODOLOGY 10 3.0 Introduction 10 3.1 Research Design 10 3.2 Population of the Study 10 3.4 Sampling techniques 11 3.4.1 Purpose 11 3.4.2 Simple random sampling 11 3.5 Data collection instrument 11 3.5.1 Questionnaires 12 3.5.2 Interviews 12 3.5.3 Documentary Analysis 12 3.7 Data Analysis 12 CHAPTER FOUR 13 DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION 13 4.0 Introduction 13 4.1 Respondents by gender 13 4.2 Percentage response rate 14 4.3 Respondents age distribution 14 4.4 The comparison of Wardhigley and other districts which have stabilized after conflicts 14 4.4.1 Wardhgley has the same schools as other districts 15 4.4.2 Hospitals and medical facilities of Wardhigley districts. 16 4.4.3 Peace enjoyed by Wardhigley and other districts 17 4.4.4 Recreational facilities in Wardhgley 17 4.4.5 Factories and other industries in Wardhigley 18 4.4.6 Farmers and pastoralists in Wardhiigley 18 4.4.7 Significant development in Wardghley 19 4.4.8 Peace and development initiatives in Wardhgley 19 4.5 The nature of the development efforts in wardhigley district. 19 4.5.1 Slow development after the war in Wardhigley 20 4.5.2 Interference by Al-shabaab insurgency 21 4.5.3 Reconstruction and rehabilitation of markets in Wradghley 21 4.5.4 Nature of the infrastructural development in Wardhiigley 22 4.5.5 Road blocks put by Al-Shabaab 22 4.5.6 Economic development of Wardhgley compared to other districts 23 4.5.7 Peace initiative structures are undermined by conflicting groups 23 4.5.8 Recovering stray guns to bring about stability 23 4.6 The community perception of the different civil wars 24 4.6.1 War has caused destruction of infrastructure in Wardhgle 24 4.6.2 War should be brought to an end in Wardhgley 25 4.6.3 Deployment and motivation of Somali soldiers 25 4.6.4 Warring factions should be brought to the end 25 4.6.5 Government should fight the Al-Shabaab 26 CHAPTER FIVE 27 FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 27 5.0 Introduction 27 5.1 Summary of findings 27 5.1.1 What is the comparison between Wardhigley and other districts which have emerged stable from the numerous conflicts? 27 5.1.2 What is the nature of the developments efforts in Wardhigley district? 28 5.1.3 What is the community perception of the different civil wars? 28 5.2 Conclusions 29 5.2.1 What is the comparison between Wardhigley and other districts which have emerged stable from the numerous conflicts? 29 5.2.2 What is the nature of the developments efforts in Wardhigley district? 29 5.2.3 What is the community perception of the different civil wars? 29 5.3 Recommendations 30 5.3.1 What is the comparison between Wardhigley and other districts which have emerged stable from the numerous conflicts? 30 5.3.2 What is the nature of the developments efforts in Wardhigley district? 30 5.3.3 What is the community perception of the different civil wars? 30 Reference 31 APPENDIXES 32 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR RESPONDENTS 32 APPENDIX 2 35

LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.2 Population of study……………………………………………………….10
Table 3.3 Sample size………………………………………………………………...11
Table 4.1 The comparison of Wardhigley and other districts…………………...……15
Table 4.2 The nature of the development efforts in wardhigley district…………..…20
Table 4.6 The community perception of the different civil wars………………..…….24

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1 Respondents by gender………………………………………………..13

LIST OF ABBREVIATION
AMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia
IDP’s Internally Displaced Persons
ICU Islamic Courts Union
IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development
NFD Northern Frontier District
NGO Non Governmental Organizations
SNM Somali National Movement
SPM Somali Patriotic Movement
UN United Nations
USC United Somali Congress
WFP World Food Programme

ABSTRACT
The study is to investigate the impact of political instability towards transitional development programs in Wardhigley district. The objectives were, to compare Wardhigley and other districts, to establish the nature of the development efforts in wardhigley district and to establish the community perception of the different civil wars. The research used cross sectional design for collecting information. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were used for data collection. The population of the study was made up of women, men, children, people with disabilities as a result of war, internally displaced persons, and the political leaders such as the district commissioner, clan leaders and the local courts judges. The study used a sample of 108 respondents. The respondents were sampled purposively and by use of simple random sampling. Data were collected by use of questionnaires, interviews and documentary analysis. The findings revealed that the district did not have equal development like other districts in Somalia. The peace that was enjoyed by other districts was not the same as Wardhiigley. The farmers and pastoralists were not developing at the same rate as other districts. It was the most affected by al-Shabaab operations than any other district. The conclusions arrived at were, Wardhigley district did not have equal distribution of resources. There was slow development and the war had caused destruction of infrastructure in Wardhgley district. The research recommended that there was need for Wardgliiley district to step up ways of improving development so as to come up to the same level with other districts, there was need to explore all ways of ending war in the district.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Somalia as a country has been going through various political turbulences. Since the time of independence in July 1, 1960, Somalia has gone through the worst political experience especially of the military dictatorship of Siyad Barre that exposed the Somalis to the most atrocious experience and insecurity .The political instabilities led into a violent conflict. In 1969 Abdi Rashid Ali Shirmarke, Somalia's second President, was assassinated and in the following days a military coup, led by Major General Muhammed Siyad Barre, gained control of the country. In 1970 Barre declared Somalia to be a socialist state. He ruled Somalia with a heavy hand that attracted discontent from the citizens .It led to an armed domestic opposition to Siyad Barre that started in 1988 in the Northern part of the country. The Somali National Movement (SNM), the United Somali Congress (USC), and the Ogadeni Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM) joined forces to fight against Siyad Barre's government. In 1990 Barre began to lose control of the country, the local political and business figures came together to sign the Mogadishu Manifesto, calling for Barre's resignation.
After the ousting of the Siad Barre regime in January 27, 1991 and the ensuing civil war, various militias fought for control of the city including Wardhiigley District. The political control was later to be replaced by the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) in on 5 June 2006, and then extended their control over most of South Central Somalia .The aim was to bring about sober governance of Somalia that would bring about the security of citizens and good political governance. The Islamic Courts Union subsequently divided into more radical groups, notably Al Shabaab, which has since been fighting the Transitional Federal Government and its AMISOM allies. With a change in administration in late 2010, federal control of Mogadishu steadily expanded. The pace of territorial gains also greatly accelerated, as more trained government and AMISOM troops entered the city. In early August 2011, government troops and their AMISOM partners had reportedly succeeded in forcing out Al-Shabaab from the parts of the city that the group had previously controlled.
Large parts of Wardhiigley district have been directly affected by the civil wars; the major structural drivers underlying violence and conflict in Wardhigley district are high youth unemployment and lack of livelihood opportunities; insufficient, unequal and inappropriate education and skills; poor governance and weak political participation; and a legacy of past violence. Other factors comprise forcing youth to join violent groups, often due to a lack of alternatives for survival. Immediate triggers include political events, abuses by security forces, sudden economic crisis and personal loss and trauma.

Although there have been efforts by the government and the international community to end civil war in Somalia it still leaves a lot to be desired .For example many Somali grass root groups such as civil society organizations, independent media, human rights organizations and religious institutions are not fully committed to peace initiatives (Boulder, 2002)
Such a move has been hampered by resurgent warring groups that affect transitional development programs based on peace building ;political stability ; eradication of diseases ; nutrition ;education and reconciliation .However al-Shabaab established bases in Wardhigley, and Karan districts in Mogadishu, where it prepares for operations that become an obstacle to theabove efforts .They also have safe havens in Abdi Aziz, and parts of Hawl Wadag districts and Bakara Market.

After a situation of conflict there is need for reconstruction and rehabilitation .However for the case of Wardhiigley there is still a lot to be done if development prospects are to be achieved ; thus a need for this inquiry .
1.2 Statement of the problem
After conflicts there is need for reconstruction, rehabilitation, peace agreement and resettlement. The conflict happened in Somalia but other places have been rehabilitated and soon people have coped up. However as per WFP (2010), the situation in Wardhiigley is not comparable to other districts that experienced war. Thousands of people were dying every day because they are incapable of accessing the basic necessities of life such as food, shelter, clothes, education and health and tolerance that would be so crucial in post war period. It’s believed that the major cause and hindrance resulting to inadequacies is the prevailing political instability. Therefore this study aimed at assessing the impact of political instability towards transitional development programs in Wardhiigley district
1.3 General objective of the study
The study has investigated the impact of political instability towards transitional development programmes in Wardhiigley District.
1.4 Specific Objectives
The study has been guided by the following objectives: 1. To compare Wardhigley and other districts which have stabilized after numerous conflicts. 2. To establish the nature of the development efforts in wardhigley district. 3. To establish the community perception of the different civil wars.
1.5 Research questions 1. What is the comparison between Wardhigley and other districts which have emerged stable from the numerous conflicts? 2. What is the nature of the developments efforts in Wardhigley district? 3. What is the community perception of the different civil wars?

1.6 Significance of the Study
This research had the following significances; * Determining the appropriate development programs in Wardhigley and Somalia at large based on Youth Empowerment, Promoting Employability, Partial Peace through Traditional Means, etc. * Enabling the citizens of Somali and Wardhigley in particular recognize the importance of living in peace and in harmony. * Helping minimize conflicts among the Somali and reduce the associated instabilities.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study has been conceived on three perspectives; geographical scope, time scope and content scope.
1.6.1 Geographical scope
The study has covered Wardhiigley District. It is one of the districts of Mogadishu in Somalia. The name Wardhigley means the lake of blood, because the residents often had armed bloody clashes using poison-coated arrows, spears, daggers and lethal traditional weapons when the people fought over grazing areas, water, women and land dispute ownership at the beginning of previous century. Wardhigley consists of 5 sub-districts, namely, General Dawood, Hanti-wadag; Hamar Bila; Barwaaqo and Horseed .The last two areas fell in the hands of armed insurgents fighting with the government forces. There is a big market in the General Dawood sub-district, which is the only market that provides revenue for the local government. A considerable number of Wardhigley inhabitants are now living in the outskirts of Mogadishu as internally displaced persons (IDPs). People have become destitute because of the war. Those who have remained in the neighbourhood are living in abject poverty depending solely on small businesses.

1.6.2 Time scope
The time scope of the study focused on the period between 2010–2014. This is because of the realization that other areas started settling down compared to Wardhgley.
1.6.3 Content scope
The study has been limited to investigate the impact of political instability towards transitional development programs in Wardhiigley District. The sources of information will include youth, city councils, and the departmental heads, women groups, the poor, former government officials and few selected people in the community.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Comparison between Wardhigley district and other districts
There are areas of Mogadishu which are more or less controlled by al-Shabaab during only the night-time because they are not visible during daytime. This is especially the case in Wardhigley district. Because of the al-Shabaab control of Wardhigley and places of economic importance such as the livestock market ; many residents have run away fearing killings by al-Shabaab. For that reason, people in general find that other areas of Mogadishu safer ever since the civil war began in 1991. (Amnesty International. 2010).
The most affected district is Wardhigley where you need an armed escort to move as al-Shabaab is active in these areas. Some parts of Wardhigley is controlled by al-Shabaab compared to other areas of Somalia. The people keep the operations of the al-Shabaab secret in Wardhgley.This feeling is because of the fear that the existing government does not have the capacity to protect them from the al-Shabaab. This probably could explain why other areas have a high recovery rate than Wardhgley. (Dagne, 2011).
According to a representative of an international organization explained that the situation in some parts of Mogadishu was improving as it was by February 2012.For example a number of people had returned from warring and had got involved in investment and more reconstruction. There is greater mobility of the people to areas such as Jezira beach, Lido beach, and the Bakara market. People had settled down in Karan and in the Gupta area, Towqfir and all the way to Hurriwa, unlike sometime in the past where people settled in Hamar Weyne, Hamar Jabjab, Wadajir, Hodan and Dharkenley. If this trend continued, it would have a positive effect on safety and security .Conversely the recovery rate of Wardhgley in terms of investments, reconstruction and free movement of citizens is still taken with apprehension (Amnesty International 2010 & Daniel, 2010).
According to Mulugeta (2009), it is difficult for al- Shabaab to conduct targeted killings in some areas of Mogadishu such as Wadajir, Medina due to the fact these areas are inhabited by one clan. Thus the district authorities have enforced strict security protocols for people visiting or entering into the area. However, districts such as Wardhigley and Hamar Weyne with mixed clan composition and with relaxed security have provided a safe haven to the al-Shabaab to strike at will. This reveals that it is easier for al-Shabaab operatives to intermingle and operate freely in multi-clan areas. As a result they perpetrate a security risk and hamper development or meaningful settlement of the citizenry.
2.2 Development efforts in Wardhigley district.
According to McGregor (2009) Wardhgrey district is a host to a major industrial area of Mogadishu for goods like oil, seed, cigarette, matches, and metal factories. These have all been destroyed by the armed conflicts. The loses have been so heavy compared to other district. In recent memory a few new industries that have recently started up operations, including the major water company Caafi supplying bottled water, and a foam mattress factory have been hampered by the war. Although there are a number of agencies providing humanitarian relief services in the district, such as Medicines Sans Frontier, Norwegian Refugee Council and the Danish Refugee Council; there is still need for the district to get back to its footing.
According to Amnesty International (2010), the lack of schools and poor quality in existing ones especially in the northern parts of the city Mogadishu is a serious problem. Besides, most functioning schools are private and the cost per month per child is 20 to 25 US There is an estimate of 95 % of people in Mogadishu are unemployed and they cannot afford to send their children to school. Education remains a set back as far as development is concerned.

The health sectors is equally not well developed .There are no public services in the city Mogadishu as well as the districts of Somalia; all there is are run by private interests. However, there are a few mother-child health care centers. There are neither public housing schemes nor private investors in building living areas. The construction works in Mogadishu are mainly business related, and private people’s efforts to rebuilding their homes. This reveals how the political conflict has affected the pace of development in the districts of Somalia including Wardhgley.

According to Mulugeta (2009), competition for economic resources is also a major cause for the Somali conflict. Clashes over resources such as water, livestock, and grazing have always were a source of contention in Somalia, both before and after independence. In the post-independence period, competition over state power involved securing the major economic resources. This coupled with economic mismanagement, corruption, and failure to meet the people’s expectations and provide them basic services by successive regimes led to increasing poverty and further discontent and under development Stedman (2002) & Lynne Rienner,( 2002),.

2.3 The community perception of the different civil wars
According to Charles (1992), at the macro level the colonial legacy has also played a significant role in the Somali conflict. In 1884, the colonial powers divided the Somali peninsula into five different regions. Great Britain took the northwest regions and Northeast Frontier District (NFD). France colonized Djibouti and, Italy controlled southern Somalia. During the 'scramble for Africa', Ethiopia was given the western portion of Somalia for its cooperation with the colonial powers. After colonization, Great Britain handed over several regions of the Somali territories to Ethiopia and Kenya. Indeed, it was because of this division that Somalis started to mobilize for independence and fight against colonial forces. Moreover, after Somalia became independent in 1960 it spent most of its resources regaining the lost regions. The current collapse of the Somali state is rooted in the 1977 war between Somalia and Ethiopia over the 'Ogaden' region. Due to direct military intervention from the Soviet Union and Cuba, Somalia lost the war. This state of affairs has dragged Somalia in to civil strife for decades
According to Stedman (2002), badly designed and poorly implemented peace agreements lead to a renewed civil war, not to peace. Stedman cites the examples of Rwanda and Angola where, according to him, more people died after a peace agreement was signed than during the conflict.19 at the outset, there were serious problems with the process that produced Somalia's Transitional Federal Government. Ethiopia dominated the peace process. In particular, it rewarded the warlords that supported its policies by appointing them as members of the parliament and cabinet, and it punished those who were not on its side: civil society, nationalist intellectuals, and Islamists. Since representation problems have always been the most difficult challenge, Ethiopia and Kenya, with the help of IGAD, arbitrarily selected most of the 275 members of the parliament. They also alienated factions and countries that were important for any successful peace agreement in Somalia.
According to Stedman (2002), Ethiopia and Kenya imposed this transitional government on the Somali people, and for the first time in history they had a charter, a parliament and a government of their design in Somalia. Without a national debate or referendum, Ethiopia and Kenya, while using their proxy warlords, also forced an undefined and obscure form of federalism on Somalia. Interestingly, the argument here was that the state was not federal but the government was federal - the Transitional Federal Government of the Somali Republic. This logic was strange because it created confusion the new Government of National Unity.
According to Boulder,( 2002) Somalis did not own the process that produced the new charter, parliament and the government, many Somalis were cautious in dealing with the transitional government. Neither the Somali people nor their representatives have elected the members of parliament; most members obtained their parliamentary seats with the help of the countries managing the peace conference. Many Somali grassroots groups such as civil society organizations, independent media, human rights organizations and religious institutions were not happy with such outcome. Many chose not to cooperate with the government and thus perpetrating further conflict.

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This section consists of the research design, population of the study, sample size, sample techniques, instrument of data collection and data analysis as described below;
3.1 Research Design
The research has used cross sectional design for collecting information from various respondents such as local leaders, women, men, the youth and the displaced persons of Wardhigley district. The research has employed the qualitative and quantitative research approaches for data collection. According to Sloven (1998) a cross sectional survey design is appropriate for collecting data that relates to attitude, practices and concern of people about the various phenomena in an environment. The qualitative approach has been helpful in exploring the respondent’s views, feelings and attitudes about how they perceive the impact of war on the development process. The Quantitative approach has explored the use of getting meaning from the responses in term of percentage response, presentation of data using table and figures.
3.2 Population of the Study
The population of the study has been made up of women, men, children, and people with disabilities as a result of war, internally displaced, the political leaders such as the district commissioner, clan leaders and the local court leaders.
Table 3.2 Population of study. Category | Number | Women | 7000 | Youths | 4800 | Children | 3700 | People with disabilities | 800 | Men | 4700 | Internally displaced persons | 1000 | The district commissioner | 1 | Clan leaders | 2 | Local courts judges | 1 | Total | 22004 |
Source: (Wradhigleey district and Wradhigleey Local government 2013)
3.3 Sample size
The study used a sample of 108 respondents, 1district commissioner, 30 women, 15 youth, 15 children, 6 disabled people, 30 men, 8 internally displaced persons, 2 clan leaders and 1 local court judges.
The summary is in table 3.2 below;

Table 3.3:- sample size Category | Sample size | Sampling technique | Women | 30 | Simple random sampling | Youths | 15 | Simple random sampling | Children | 15 | Simple random sampling | People with war disabilities | 6 | Simple random sampling | Men | 30 | Simple random sampling | Internally displaced persons | 8 | Simple random sampling | The district commissioner | 1 | Purposive sampling | Clan leaders | 2 | Purposive sampling | Local courts judges | 1 | Purposive sampling | Total | 108 | |
Source: Researcher (2014)

3.4 Sampling techniques
3.4.1 Purpose
This has been used to select 4 respondents; the district commissioner (1), the clan leaders (2) and the local court judges (1).

3.4.2 Simple random sampling
This technique has been used to select 104 respondents; 30 women, 15 youths, 15 children,6 people with war inflicted disabilities, 30 men and 8 internally displaced persons. A simple random sample was used to ensure that respondent had equal chance to participate in the research.

3.5 Data collection instrument
The research used questionnaire, interviewing and documentary analysis as describe below.

3.5.1 Questionnaires
A questionnaire is a research tool with predetermined responses that offer a range for the respondent to choose from (Zarumi 2001). The questionnaire consisted of questions which the subject’s responded to in written (Amin 2005). The questionnaires has been open and closed ended. The questionnaire has been distributed to all respondents of the above categories. The rating has been based on Likert scale on items of: strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree, and undecided.
3.5.2 Interviews
An interview guide has been used on 9 respondents; selecting 1 respondent from each of the categories in table 3.1 above. This method will ensure the collection of information in a free and natural setting. It is presumed that interviewing will also be flexible and easy to carry out.
3.5.3 Documentary Analysis
Documents and records have provided information about the statistics of projects aimed at reconstruction and comparison of the rate of settlement of Wardhgliiy with other areas in terms of effects of war on people, physical structures and the extent to which reconstruction is taking place.
3.7 Data Analysis Data got from Questionnaires, interviews and documents have been grouped and coded. The Quantitative data has been arranged in to themes bearing on similarity or difference of the responses. Basing on the views of the respondents, data has been presented in form of frequencies and percentages. Tabulation has been used to present the data for interpretation.

CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION
4.0 Introduction
This chapter presents analysis and interpretation of the findings from the respondents. It is divided into four sections. The first section presents findings on the respondent’s background information. The other sections present findings based on the objectives of the study to compare Wardhigley and other districts which have stabilized after numerous conflicts, to establish the nature of the development efforts in wardhigley district and finally to establish the community perception of the different civil wars.
4.1 Respondents by gender
The respondents background information. It is based on findings by gender, percentage, response rate and age distribution. The research established that 42% of the respondents were female while 58% were male. The findings showed that the male respondents were more than the female. This was probably that the male were more concerned on the general progress of Wardhgiigley district This information is summarized in figure 4.1 below;

4.2 Percentage response rate
The percentage response rate was summarized as follows; Women 24%, Youth 18 %, Children 30%, People with war disabilities 3%, clan leaders 5%, Internally displaced persons, the district commissioner 0.1%, clan leaders 3%, local courts judges 1.9 % and Men 15 % .The findings showed that a majority of the respondents were women and children . The children were of particular intrest because they are usually victims of armed conflicts alonf side the women.

4.3 Respondents age distribution
The age groups of the respondents had the following distribution with corresponding; between 10-20 was 38 (40%), 20 - 40 was 25 (18%), 40 - 50 years 12 (10%) and above 50 years of age 25 (2%).The age distribution of the respondents showed that the largest number of respondents fell between 35-50 years .It was seen that the number of respondents who were above 50 years were few while between 10-25 years were more. Age was a factor because it was important to find out how they benefited from the peace building activities.

4.4 The comparison of Wardhigley and other districts which have stabilized after conflicts
Data here was obtained by use of questionnaires that were administered to 30 Women, 15 Youth, 15 Youth, 15 Children, 6 People with disabilities, 30 Men, 8 Internally displaced persons, 1 district commissioner, 2 Clan leaders and 1 Local court judges.
Through a questionnaire a number of questions were projected to the respondents in order comparison of Wardhigley and other districts which have stabilized after conflicts .The intention was to project whether the other districts were comparably better in terms of development. The ratings were based on 1 = strongly agree, 2 = Agree, 3 = Disagree and 4 = strongly disagree . The responses showed the following .

Table 4.1 The comparison of Wardhigley and other districts | Statement | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | | | F | % | F | % | F | % | f | % | 1 | Wardhgley has the same schools as other districts | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 36 | 70 | 64 | 2 | Wardhgley has the same number of hospitals and medical facilities as the rest of the districts | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 54 | 50 | 54 | 50 | 3 | The peace enjoyed by other districts is the same as Wardhgley. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 53 | 48 | 55 | 42 | 4 | There are enough recreational facilities in Wardhgley compared to other districts. | 7 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 56 | 51 | 37 | 36 | 5 | The development initiative such as factories and other industries are adequate in Wardhgley compared to other districts . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 66 | 61 | 42 | 39 | 6 | The farmers in Wardhgley and pastoralists are developing at the same rate as other districts in Somalia. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 62 | 50 | 38 | 7 | There is significant development in Wardghley socially, economically and politically | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 80 | 28 | 20 | 8 | The Al-shabaab disturb the peace and development initiatives in Wardhgley than other districts | 45 | 40 | 63 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Source: Primary data (2014)

4.4.1 Wardhgley has the same schools as other districts
The comparison of Wardhigley and other districts examined whether Wardhgley has the same schools as other districts in relation to physical facilities developed in the area and aspects of economic recovery. The following is an analysis, respondents that rated 38 (36%) disagreed and 70 (64%) strongly disagreed. The findings revealed that Wardgliiley district did not have equal distribution of schools like other districts in Somalia. It showed that little had been done in as far as developing the education sector ever since war reduced .Thus there was little done in as far as bringing Wardhgiiley district to equal footing thus making the area lag behind.
The research found that Wardgliiley district did not have equal distribution of schools like other districts in Somalia .It showed that little had been done in as far as developing the education sector ever since war reduced. Thus there was little done in as far as bringing Wardhgiiley district to equal footing thus making the area lag behind. Although there have been efforts by the government and the international community to end civil war in Somalia Wardhiigley district still needs more effort (Boulder, 2002).
However , if the government and the international community do not end the civil war, the rate of unemployment will increase and people will not ba able to send their children to school, thus the youth and the children will tend to join al-shabaab.
4.4.2 Hospitals and medical facilities of Wardhigley districts.
Similarly the research found in Question 2 that Wardhgliiley district did not have the same number of hospitals and medical facilities as the rest of the districts in Somalia .According to the respondents 54 (50%) disagreed while 54 (50%) strongly disagreed over the area having good medical facilities. Therefore, it was evident that the district had been affected by war and had lagged behind a lot. Although there were attempts to finance the health sector; it left a lot to be desired . It was evident that the district had been affected by war and had lagged behind a lot. The peace that was enjoyed by other districts was the same as Wardhiigley.
There were few or no recreational facilities in Wardhgley compared to other districts. The results implied that the district did not have enough recreational facilities, an indicator that it had not been given enough attention. As per WFP (2010), the situation in Wardhiigley is not comparable to other districts that experienced war because many people are dying every day because they are incapable of accessing the basic necessities of life such as food, shelter, clothes; education and health and tolerance that would be so crucial in post war period.

4.4.3 Peace enjoyed by Wardhigley and other districts
In relation to Question 3 respondents were asked whether the security enjoyed by other districts was the same as Wardhiigley. In response 53 (48%) disagreed while 55 (42%) strongly disagreed. The results showed that all respondents were in disagreement in as far as suggesting that there was peace in the area .It implied that while other districts were enjoying relative security after the intensive war, the residents of Wardhgiiley were still affected by the war and especially the various warring civil groups. The areas of Mogadishu which are more or less controlled by al-Shabaab during only the night-time because they are not visible during daytime (Amnesty International. 2010). This is especially the case in Wardhigley district.
However, there is a decrease in the number of civilian casualties in Mogadishu, relative to the last few years. This decrease is due to front-line fighting having moved out of Mogadishu. There are now fewer mass-casualty attacks and killings, in particular due to the cessation of shelling in Mogadishu. Still civilian casualties remain a daily occurrence, principally due to assassinations, improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and suicide attacks, and reactions to these attacks by armed forces. Recent grenade and suicide bomb attacks on theatres and cafes, such as the August 2012 attack on the Jezira Hotel, cause numerous civilian casualties.
4.4.4 Recreational facilities in Wardhgley
Question 4 asked whether there were recreational facilities in Wardhgley compared to other districts in order to assess the level of peace and development in the area .The findings showed that 15 (14%) were in agreement while 93 (86%) disagreed over the assertion .The results implied that the district did not have enough recreational facilities ; an indicator that it had not been given enough attention that probably other districts had got .Therefore it was behind as far as recreation was concerned. According to the international NGO working in S/C Somalia (A) the most affected district is Wardhigley where you need an armed escort to move as al-Shabaab is active in these areas. Hawlwadag, some parts of Wardhigley is controlled by al-Shabaab compared to other areas of Somalia . The people keep the operations of the al-Shabaab secret in Wardhgley.This feeling is because of the fear that the existing government does not have the capacity to protect them from the al-Shabaab.Fot that reason it had even lacked the recreational facilities (Dagne 2011).

4.4.5 Factories and other industries in Wardhigley
Question 5 asked whether the development initiative such as factories and other industries were adequate in Wardhiigley compared to other districts .The findings revealed that 108 (100 %) were in disagreement of the fact that the development initiatives in the district were not in existence whatsoever. Therefore similarly the place was found to lag behind economically
Comparatively it still had a lot to be done in as far as economic development was concerned. Similarly the research found that the development initiative such as factories and other industries were adequate in Wardhiigley compared to other districts. Therefore the district is behind economically. The farmers and pastoralists were not developing at the same rate as other districts. The place is behind agriculturally. Wardhiigley district had not registered significant development economically and politically. It was the most affected by al-Shabaab operations than any other district (Dagne 2011). This could have been reason for the low development in the area. According to an international NGO working in Somalia the al-Shabaab had become an obstacle to development of Wardhiigley because they had taken control of places of economic importance leaving many residents to run away and thus limiting progress in the area (Amnesty International. 2010).
Therefore there are many unemployed youths who can easily be lured to join the al-shabab concerning recruitment to al-Shabaab, according to a local NGO in Mogadishu, if the government does not establish youth programs for young men in Mogadishu there is a risk that many of these will look towards al-Shabaab and some may even join its ranks. On the other hand there are reports that forced recruitment to al-Shabaab is decreasing.
4.4.6 Farmers and pastoralists in Wardhiigley
Question 6 asked whether the farmers and pastoralists in Wardhiigley were progressing at the same rate as other districts in Somalia. In line with that inquiry 108 (100%) all disagreed that the farmers and pastoralists were not developing at the same rate as other districts. This also implied that the place had lagged behind agriculturally. The findings revealed that the district needed a lot of government support to pull it up from the shackles of war. “With continuous war in the area there is no way one can expect any development .It is only important for the government to provide peace and development Initiatives as it has occurred in other districts .”
This was in line with Mulugeta (2009) who argued that because of the al-Shabaab control of Wardhigley and places of economic importance such as the livestock market ; many residents had run away fearing killings by al-Shabaab. For that reason , people in general found that other areas of Mogadishu safer ever since the civil war began in 1991.
4.4.7 Significant development in Wardghley
Question 7 asked whether there was significant progress in Wardghley socially, economically and politically and in response 108 (100%) disagreed over the suggestion. The results showed that Wardhgiiley district had not registered any significant development economically, politically and economically. For example there were many occupational troops, the UN troops, the Somali troops and al-Shabaab. The existence of such groups in the area showed that there was no relative peace prevailing. Economically other districts were more developed and socially the running up and down of citizens had affected the social fabric of society. It is for this reason that the recovery rate of Wardhgley in terms of investments, reconstruction and free movement of citizens is still taken with apprehension compared to other district in Somalia (Amnesty International 2010 & Daniel, 2010).
4.4.8 Peace and development initiatives in Wardhgley
Finally Question 8 affirmed that the al- shabaab disturbed the peace and development initiatives in Wardhgley than other districts .This was rated by 108 (100%) of the respondents. Similarly the results showed that Wardhgiiley district been the most affected by al-Shabaab operations than any other district. This could have been reason for the low development in the area.. Wardhigley and Hamar Weyne districts with mixed clan composition and with relaxed security have provided a safe haven to the al-Shabaab to strike at will. This revealed that it was easier for al-Shabaab operatives to intermingle and operate freely in multi-clan areas. As a result they perpetrate a security risk and hamper development or meaningful settlement of the citizenry ( Mulugeta 2009)
4.5 The nature of the development efforts in wardhigley district.
Like in research question Data to this research question was obtained by use of questionnaires that were administered to the categories used in research question one above .Through a questionnaire a number of questions were projected to the respondents in order to find out the nature of the development efforts in wardhiigley district . The ratings were based on 1 = strongly agree, 2 = Agree, 3 = Disagree and 4 = strongly disagree .The responses showed the following.
Table 4.2 The nature of the development efforts in wardhigley district. | Statement | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | | | F | % | F | % | F | % | F | % | 1 | Wardhgley has experienced slow development after the war | 54 | 50 | 54 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | The development in Wardhgley is interfered by Al-shabaab insurgency | 88 | 80 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | There is re construction and rehabilitation of markets in Wradghley | 12 | 11 | 23 | 21 | 40 | 36 | 33 | 32 | 4 | The infrastructural development is very poor in Wardhgley.e.g schools, hospitals, road net work water and sanitation etc. | 88 | 71 | 20 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | The road block put by Al-Shabaab have been cleared off to ensure easy mobility of the people | 10 | 9 | 15 | 13 | 43 | 40 | 40 | 38 | 6 | The economic development of Wardhgley district is low compared to other districts | 100 | 89 | 08 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | The peace initiative structures are are undermined by conflicting groups like Al Shabaab; AMISOM;Government troops etc and thus a danger to development . | 101 | 90 | 7 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | There is very little development such recovering stray guns so as to bring about stability. | 108 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Source: Primary data (2014)
The research focus on this question was based on why Wardhgley has experienced slow development after the war. Below is an analysis;
4.5.1 Slow development after the war in Wardhigley
In Question 1 the study investigated why Wardhgley had experienced slow development after the war. Respondents that rated 108 (100%) agreed occurred because of the various warring factions and interest groups. The findings revealed that Wardgliiley district was not progressing like the rest of the districts because of the above reasons The research found that there was slow or no development in Wardhgley district because of the continuous war. There were so many warring groups. Wardgliiley district was not progressing like the rest of the districts because of war and -therefore it was difficult to achieve any progress.
The al-Shabaab operations had affected the area a lot and had undermined any development strategies economically. socially and politically. There was a lot of destruction in the area. There was no construction or reconstruction in the area. If any it was at a low pace. There are few or no schools, hospitals, road net work, water and sanitation as explained by McGregor (2009) who argued that the situation in Somalia had denied most parts of country development. However, al-Shabaab still has the ability to move around in Mogadishu, and it is hard to know where and who they are. In August 2012 al-Shabaab was capable of undertaking a terrorist attack on a restaurants and markets which scares investors from investing in Wardhigley.
4.5.2 Interference by Al-shabaab insurgency
Similarly the research found in Question 2 suggested that Wardhgliiley district had not developed because of interference by Al-shabaab insurgency. Accordingly 108 (100%) indicated so .The reasons given were that they had caused a lot of interference in the place economically, socially and politically. Nothing positive could be done because the al-Shabaab had caused a lot of destruction in the area. This was evidenced by the fact that there are poor quality schools and 95% of the youth are unemployed. Education remains a setback as far as development is concerned. The health sectors is equally not well developed neither public housing schemes nor private investors are in the area. (Amnesty International 2010).
In Mogadishu al-Shabaab also exerts its influence by calling people and threatening them in Mogadishu. The phone numbers it does not have, it will get through those informants it has within the telecom companies. Al-Shabaab threatens people dealing with the SNG and AMISOM, telling them that if they are not stopping what they are doing, it will come and kill them. This is still going on.
4.5.3 Reconstruction and rehabilitation of markets in Wradghley
In relation to Question 3 respondents were asked whether there was reconstruction and rehabilitation of markets in Wradghley district. The response showed that 35 (32%) agreed while 73 (68 %) strongly disagreed. The results showed that although there were some efforts to reconstruct the infrastructure it was minimal and at a very slow rate the reason why a majority 68% had disagreed. According to McGregor (2009) Wardhgrey district is a host to a major industrial area of Mogadishu for goods like oil, seed, cigarette, matches, and metal factories. These have all been destroyed by the armed conflicts. The losses have been so heavy compared to other district. In recent memory a few new industries that have recently started up operations, including the major water company Caafi supplying bottled water, and a foam mattress factory have been hampered by the war.
4.5.4 Nature of the infrastructural development in Wardhiigley
Question 4 asked a question to inquire on the nature of the infrastructural development in Wardhiigley district basing on the schools, hospitals, road net work, water and sanitation. The findings showed that 108 (100%) were in disagreement. The results implied that the district did not have adequate infrastructural development, an indicator that it had not been given enough attention that probably other districts had got .Therefore it had lagged behind in as far as infrastructural development was concerned. According to McGregor (2009) Wardhgrey district is a host to a major industrial area of Mogadishu for goods like oil, seed, cigarette, matches, and metal factories. These have all been destroyed by the armed conflicts. The losses have been so heavy compared to other districts. Therefore in reality there are no development efforts in Wardhiigley district. 4.5.5 Road blocks put by Al-Shabaab Question 5 tested the extent peace had prevailed in the area. It asked whether the road blocks put by Al-Shabaab had been cleared off to ensure easy mobility of the people in the area. The findings revealed that in some places they had been cleared off while in a majority of places they had not been removed. In relation to that 25(22%) agreed over the clearance of the road blocks while 83(78%) disagreed .Therefore a majority felt that there was need for more road blocks to be cleared off. It is for this reason that the recovery rate of Wardhgley in terms of investments, reconstruction and free movement of citizens is still taken with apprehension compared to other district in Somalia (Amnesty International 2010 & Daniel, 2010).

4.5.6 Economic development of Wardhgley compared to other districts
Question 6 asked whether the economic development of Wardhgley district is low compared to other districts. The responses showed that 100 (89%) strongly agreed while 8 (11%) agreed. Evidence of the low development was attributed to the poor road net work, poor schools, low economic activities, dilapidated and few markets, poor social infrastructure low housing, poor sanitation and many others. As per WFP (2010), the situation in Wardhiigley was not comparable to other districts that experienced war because dvlopment was still very minimal.

4.5.7 Peace initiative structures are undermined by conflicting groups
Question 7 asked whether the peace initiative structures had undermined by conflicting groups like Al Shabaab, AMISOM and Government troops. The results showed that 108 (100%) agreed that the presence of many confliction interests had brought about absence of peace in Wardhgiiley district. The many groups had increased conflict in the area. Therefore it had become a challenge to build continuous peace structures. The major threat was from the al Shabaab .
The other groups were reactionary. According to Mulugeta, (2009) this was because of a conflict and competition for economic resources and thus had taken time to be resolved. Clashes over resources such as water, livestock, and grazing have always been a source of contention in Somalia, both before and after independence (Stedman 2002) & Lynne Rienner (2002).
One of the clan leaders interviewed said; “The only way peace can return is by keeping off all forces foreign to Somalia out of the conflict so that the Somalis can sort out their own issues .However the major set back that brings this forces is the Somali failure to understand themselves .”
4.5.8 Recovering stray guns to bring about stability
Finally Question 8 showed that there was very little development such recovering stray guns so as to bring about stability in Wardhiigley district. This was rated by 108 (100%) of the respondents. Similarly the results showed that Wardhgiiley district been the most affected by al-Shabaab operations than any other district therefore it had undermined all developmental strategies. These findings are in line with Amnesty International report (Amnesty International 2010)
4.6 The community perception of the different civil wars
The responses to the third objective are tabulated as below:
Table 4.6 The community perception of the different civil wars | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | | Statement | F | % | f | % | F | % | F | % | 1 | War has caused destruction of infrastructure in Wardhgley | 108 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | War should be brought to an end in Wardhgley district. | 88 | 79 | 20 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | There should be more deployment and motivation of the local and indigenous Somali soldiers . | 65 | 69 | 35 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | The warring factions should be controlled and brought to the end using local potential and external intervention . | 45 | 40 | 35 | 31 | 15 | 13 | 5 | 16 | 5 | The Government should fight the Al-Shabaab in order to end the civil war. | 35 | 31 | 35 | 31 | 20 | 18 | 10 | 20 |
Source: Primary data (2014)
The research focus on this question was based on the community perception of the different civil wars;
4.6.1 War has caused destruction of infrastructure in Wardhgle
In Question 1 the study investigated whether war has caused destruction of infrastructure in Wardhgle. Respondents that rated 108 (100%) agreed that war had caused a lot of destruction in Wardhgiiley district in terms of, political tranquility and the social fabric of society. Therefore war was perceived as disastrous in the area. People were running up and down and the values of society had been eroded. This is line with Stedman (2002), who argued that because of the badly designed and poorly implemented peace agreements it had led to renewed civil war. He cited examples of Rwanda and Angola where, according to him, more people died after a peace agreement was signed than during the conflict.
4.6.2 War should be brought to an end in Wardhgley
Similarly the research found in Question 2 which suggested that war should be brought to an end in Wardhgley district. This was suggested by 108 (100%) who agreed that they did not enjoy the situation of war and therefore it ought to be brought to an end .The above feelings were because respondents felt that war had caused a lot of suffering among the masses. Similarly the next question 2 that focused on whether civil wars were a setback to development in Wardhgley or not and the findings showed that 108 (100%) agreed that it was so. Therefore war was a serious setback in the area. view ; To back the above it is argued that the occupational forces had escalated conflict in the area . At the same time Othe Somali grass root groups such as civil society organizations, independent media, human rights organizations and religious institutions felt that they were not fully involved in the pact of the peace initiatives.This had given room to conflict (Boulder, 2002)
According to the documents available at the district head quarters that were linked to development at the district level, little could be discerned thus implying that little had been done to this effect.
4.6.3 Deployment and motivation of Somali soldiers
Question 3 asked whether there should be more deployment and motivation of the local and indigenous Somali soldiers in order to maintain peace in Wardhgiiley district. The findings revealed 108 (100%) in favour of motivation of soldiers because they were the immediate indigenous peace maker alongside others. The argument was that if preference was given to occupational forces it would escalate conflict in the area.

4.6.4 Warring factions should be brought to the end
Question 4 suggested that the warring factions should be controlled and brought to the end using local potential and external intervention ; 108 (100%) expressed the same view .Only that it suggested the use of both options in order to bring war to an end and let peace prevail. According to Stedman (2002), badly designed and poorly implemented peace agreements had led to a renewed civil war and had given no room to peace. Stedman cites the examples of Rwanda and Angola where, according to him, more people died after a peace agreement was signed than during the conflict.
4.6.5 Government should fight the Al-Shabaab
On Question 5 there was a feeling from the respondents on the contrary that the government should fight the Al-Shabaab in order to end the civil war. This was found to be contrary to the general view of using the local soldiers without external intervention. A total of 70(62%) agreed while 30(38%) disagreed .This implied that some respondents were opposed to an armed approach as a solution to the conflict in Wardhgliiley district since it had had enough political setbacks. According to Boulder,( 2002) Somalis did not own the process that produced the new the new changes in Somalia and therefore it was important to have Al Shabaab fought and after installing peace sort the way forward for government of indigenous unity .

CHAPTER FIVE
FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the summary of findings; conclusions and recommendations towards the study. The discussion is as below;

5.1 Summary of findings
5.1.1 What is the comparison between Wardhigley and other districts which have emerged stable from the numerous conflicts?
The research found that Wardgliiley district did not have equal distribution of schools like other districts in Somalia .It showed that little had been done in as far as developing the education sector ever since war reduced. Thus there was little done in as far as bringing Wardhgiiley district to equal footing thus making the area lag behind.
The research also found that in Wardhgliiley district did not have the same number of hospitals and medical facilities as the rest of the districts in Somalia. It was evident that the district had been affected by war and had lagged behind a lot. The peace that was enjoyed by other districts was the same as Wardhiigley. There were few or no recreational facilities in Wardhgley compared to other districts. The results implied that the district did not have enough recreational facilities, an indicator that it had not been given enough attention.
Similarly the research found that the development initiative such as factories and other industries were adequate in Wardhiigley compared to other districts. Therefore the district was found to have lagged behind economically. The farmers and pastoralists were not developing at the same rate as other districts. The place had lagged behind agriculturally.
Wardhiigley district had not registered significant development economically and politically. It was the most affected by al-Shabaab operations than any other district. This could have been reason for the low development in the area.

5.1.2 What is the nature of the developments efforts in Wardhigley district?
The research found that there was slow or no development in Wardhgley district because of the continuous war. There were so many warring groups. Wardgliiley district was not progressing like the rest of the districts because of war and therefore it was difficult to achieve any progress.
The al-Shabaab operations had affected the area a lot and had undermined any development strategies economically socially and politically. There was a lot of destruction in the area. There was no construction or reconstruction in the area. If any it was at a low pace. There were few or no schools, hospitals, road net work, water and sanitation.
Wardhgrey district is a host to a major industrial area of Mogadishu for goods like oil, seed, cigarette, matches, and metal factories and they have been destroyed by the armed conflicts. The losses have been so heavy compared to other districts. Therefore in reality there are no development efforts in Wardhiigley district .This is evidenced by the fact that there are poor quality schools and 95% of the youth are unemployed. Education remains a setback as far as development is concerned. The health sectors is equally not well developed neither public housing schemes nor private investors are in the area.

5.1.3 What is the community perception of the different civil wars?
The community perception of the conflict was focused on the fact that the war had caused destruction of infrastructure in Wardhgley district. The destruction was felt politically, socially and economically. Therefore war was perceived as disastrous in the area. People were running up and down and the values of society had been eroded. The respondents also wanted the war to be brought to an end in Wardhgley district. According to 108 (100%) ; they did not want to continue seeing a situation of war in the area and thus wanted it ended because it had caused a big setback to development in Wardhgley. A section of the respondents felt that the local soldiers and peace makers ought to be motivated in order to maintain peace in Wardhgiiley district. They also feel that occupational forces had escalated conflict in the area.

5.2 Conclusions
The research arrived at the following conclusions
5.2.1 What is the comparison between Wardhigley and other districts which have emerged stable from the numerous conflicts?
Wardgliiley district does not have equal distribution of resources such as schools, factories, hospitals and recreational facilities. It is evident that the district has been affected by war and had lagged behind a lot. The peace that is enjoyed by other districts is not the same as Wardhiigley. There are few or no recreational facilities in Wardhgley compared to other districts. The results imply that the district does not have enough recreational facilities, an indicator that it has not been given enough attention. Similarly it has lagged behind agriculturally compared to other districts .
5.2.2 What is the nature of the developments efforts in Wardhigley district?
The research found that there is slow or no development in Wardhgley district because of the continuous war from the warring groups. Wardgliiley district is not progressing like the rest of the districts because of war and therefore it is difficult to achieve any progress.
The al-Shabaab operations have affected the area a lot and had undermined any development strategies economically, socially and politically.
5.2.3 What is the community perception of the different civil wars?
The community perception of the conflict was focused on the fact that the war had caused destruction of infrastructure in Wardhgley district. The destruction was felt politically, socially and economically. Therefore war was perceived as disastrous in the area. People were running up and down and the values of society had been eroded. The respondents also wanted the war to be brought to an end in Wardhgley district. This could be achieved through motivation of the local militias and removal of the occupational forces.

5.3 Recommendations
The research arrived at the following conclusions
5.3.1 What is the comparison between Wardhigley and other districts which have emerged stable from the numerous conflicts?
In relation to this research question the research recommends that there is need for Wardgliiley district to step up ways of improving development so as to come up to the same level with other districts in terms of improving the quality of schools, factories, hospitals and recreational facilities. This may call a lot of effort from the government of Somalia.
5.3.2 What is the nature of the developments efforts in Wardhigley district?
The research found that there is slow or no development in Wardhgley district because of the continuous war from the warring groups. Therefore there is need to bring war to an end and arbitrate in the areas of intense conflict so as to give Wardgliiley district a chance to develop.
5.3.3 What is the community perception of the different civil wars?
The community perception of the conflict was focused on the fact that the war had caused destruction of infrastructure in Wardhgley district. Therefore there is need to explore all ways of ending war in the district.

Reference
Boulder.M.(2002) The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010).
Dagne, Ted.( 2011). Somalia Current Conditions and Prospects for a Lasting Peace. Congressional Research Service.
Daniel, Wallis. 2010. “WFP suspends operations in much of southern Somalia,” Reuters, January 5, 2010.
Lynne Rienner (2002) The Implementation of Peace Agreements , 2002), pp. 43-70
Mc Gregory (2009) Military and policing Assistance to Somalia should be reviewed.
London: Amnesty International publications.
McGregor, Andrew. 2009. Who is Who in the Somali Insurgency. Washington DC: The Jamestown Foundation.
Stedman .A.(2002) Anti-colonialism and Class Formation: The Eastern Horn of Africa before 1950', paper presented at Somali Studies Conference, Boston,(2009)
VOA News. 2009. “Al-Qaeda-Linked Militants Capture Key Somali Town.” VOA News November 28, 2009.
Stedman .A. (2002) The Somalia conflict and its effects on the regional security in the horn of Africa between 1990 and 2004”. Institute of diplomacy and international studies, (2005),

APPENDIXES
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR RESPONDENTS
Dear respondent
I Abshir Abdullahi Moalin, an undergraduate student of the Islamic University in Uganda pursuing a degree in Development Studies humbly wish to undertake a study on “the impact of political instability towards transitional development programmes”.
I would therefore kindly request that you humbly respond to this study as your responses shall be used for academic purposes and hence be kept confidential.
Researcher
SECTION A (a) Name of area /Ward ………………………………………………………………… (b) Age …………………………………………………………………………………… (c) Title /position...………………………………………………………………………… (d) Gender……………………………………………………………………………..
SECTION B
Fill the information below as honestly as possible giving what your view is .It has three sections based on the objectives of the study .The ratings are based on the scale 1 = strongly agree, 2 = Agree, 3 = Disagree and 4 = strongly disagree

APPENDIX 2 INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR DISADVANTAGED GROUPS, INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS, DISTRICT COMMISSIONER, CLAN LEADERS AND LOCAL COURT JUDGES.

(1) What is your view about the development in Wardhigley compared to other places? (2) What areas of development are needy in Wardhigley? (3) What is your view on the state of hospitals, roads and other infrastructure in Wardhigley? (4) What are some of the obstacles to peace in Wardhiigley? (5) What do you think is the current strategy for peace in Wardhigley? (6) How can the conflicting groups in Wardhigley be handled and have peace achieved? (7) How has the community helped in bringing about peace in Wardhigley?

THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR TIME AND RESPONSE.