...towards the Byzantine Empire Around 800 AD, the vikings began to attack (the slavs) 862 AD, the slavs asked a viking, Rurik ‘ the Rus’ to rule over them in Novgorod Because of viking raids, Europe militarizes itself but they’re still not united Russian Orthodox Christianity 863 AD, Cyrill and Methodius (brothers), were sent as missionaries by the Christian Church in the Byzantine Empire and they developed an alphabet based on the Greek, that was capable of representing Slavic sounds so they could translate the Bible (The Cyrillic Alphabet) East of Rome hits its highest point under the Emperor Justinian (r. 527 - 565 AD) Charlemagne's ‘Charles the Great’ Government Charlemagne was crowned on December 25, 800 AD by Pope Leo III as the new King of Rome (Holy Roman Emperor) His empire was divided into several hundred regions & each region was governed by a count Each count was responsible to organize an army & make laws Charlemagne would send out two-man-teams (Missi Dominici) to make sure counts weren’t plotting against him There were no taxes and public money was made by harvests from the Emperor’s large estates All peasants had to serve 3 months every year in the army The nobility provided calvary He started schools for the noble children and occasionally a bright, peasant child would be allowed to attend (Carolingian Renaissance) Charlemagne tried to tie together Christianity, the legacy of Rome, and the Barbarian ancestry Decline of Charlemagne’s Empire Declined...
Words: 882 - Pages: 4
...The Crusades were holy wars fought between Christians in Europe and Muslims in the Middle East between 1095 and 1291. The goal was to take control of Jerusalem away from Muslims. For centuries , Christians Pilgrims traveled from Europe to Jerusalem. In the 11th century , the Seljuk Turks , who were Muslims begin to interfere with these pilgrimages. In 1071 the Seljuk fought against the Byzantines, who were Christians lost. The Emperor asked the Christians in Europe to help protect his empire from the Turks. In 1095 , Pope Urban 2nd called for a crusade against the Muslims, to regain control of Jerusalem. He told the crusaders their sins would be forgiven. All who die by the way whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the Muslims. The...
Words: 352 - Pages: 2
...Middle Ages began when Western Roman Empire collapsed. Byzantine and Islamic appeared before the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages is the middle period of three traditional division of Western history: early, the high, and the late Middle Ages. Middle Ages is an important part of Western Civilization. It through many different period of time of the Middle Ages helps Western Civilization development economy and political. Each period of Middle Ages affect to how Civilization changes and growth. Western Civilization had more strong and created many intellect men. Also, the last Pagan Europe was converted to Christianity with the Baltic people in the High Middle Ages, bringing them to Western Civilization as well. I. Byzantine and Islamic influence A. Byzantine influence In the textbook Humanities in the Western Tradition, First Edition Marvin Perry, Baruch College, City University of New York, Emeritus J. Wayne Baker, University of Akron Pamela Pfeiffer Hollinger, the University of Akron that discussion Byzantine and Islamic their cultural contribution to Western Civilization. * “The Byzantine and Islam have in common” by contributing writer that almost 700 years Byzantine and Islamic cultural fought the remains of the Roman Empire, but they also hared many cultural political and artistic that shape their societies in many ways. * Advantage: * Byzantine cultural contributions to Western Civilization Byzantine developed vital economy, sophisticated...
Words: 1882 - Pages: 8
...made him very powerful because to go against him now also meant you were going against the church, which held the greatest amount of power at the time. This all set the ground work for his successors, such as Charlemagne. Charlemagne’s forces spread through Europe like a wild fire in the name of spreading Christianity. Charlemagne was successful in unifying most of Northwestern Europe. He didn’t rule it all per say, he appointed counts to govern counties. These counts handled the day to day governance of their patch of land. It was their job to publish royal orders, hold court proceedings, collected taxes/tolls, supervised maintenance of bridges and roads, and also raised troops for the army. This system was the ground work for medieval feudalism. Counts were few and far between and the real glue that held the Kingdom together was alliances/oaths between royal families and other personal relationships, which was also one of its greatest weaknesses. Charlemagne had a handful of sons and only 3 of them managed to survive to adulthood and only one of those survived him....
Words: 511 - Pages: 3
...feudal nobility and labouring peasants(McKay,Hill, Buckler,Crowston,Wiesner-Hanks, & Perry, 2012, p.298). Cities were now crowed and polluted and caused improvement in legal status. The sumptuary laws were laws that social groups needed to wear certain items clothing to distinguish from one another. The high social group wore velvet , silk, pearls while peasants wore dark clothing made of linen and wood blending(McKay,2012., p.300). So the interaction between the wealthy and peasants was common. Games and sports were a popular form of entertainment that united society. With that, Primary schooling was most of the time in monasteries, convents and cathedrals. By the 12th century the demand for trained officials increased, trade and feudalism were the cause of this development(History of Western Civilization,DATE). As urbanization increased so did the numbers of universities. Change was happening , Universities offered more than just law, medicine and theology, they gradually offered different subjects like philosophy(History of Western Civilization, DATE). Art was written by hand on animal skin which was very precious and expensive. Architecture instead of being just Romanesque, gothic style...
Words: 1043 - Pages: 5
...amount they were used, which changed as nations and empires rose and fell; the goods and ideas that traveled the roads after Europe and Asia increased their trading; and lastly the safety of the roads varied throughout this time period. However, the Silk Roads still experienced many continuities as well, for example their original purpose which was to facilitate the exchange of goods between Asia and Europe never changed; they continued to influence many cultures especially with the traveling of religions; and the Silk Roads have always had long term affects and influence on powerful empires. Towards the beginning of their patterns of interaction in 200 BCE, the Silk Roads were minimally used in East Asia. As time progresses, the roads increase as did empires such as Rome and Han who grew both economically and culturally due to usage of the roads. But, instability and economic pressures took a toll on the two empires, and when Rome fell in 476, the Silk Roads were used far less than how they originally were. The roads managed to pick up again as the Byzantine Empire in the east emerged and was able to prosper from usage of the already available roads. However, the Mongols come into play and invade the empire and end Byzantine’s era with the Silk Roads. In Western Europe, society was in the period called the Middle Ages where trade was minimal and feudalism/manorialism had taken the place of trade since the fall of the Roman empire. The Mongols, who had invaded Europe, are determined...
Words: 933 - Pages: 4
...101 Section 7 Sharjah Museum The Sharjah Museum of Islamic Civilization is a museum in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. The museum, established in 2008, cover up Islamic civilization for over 5,000 objects from the Islamic world. Items include carvings, calligraphy, ceramics, glass, coins, manuscripts, metalwork, and scientific devices. This Museum is very able to be seen because of its large size and golden dome. It was originally a traditional souq and it is situated in the historical centre of Sharjah on the Majarrah Waterfront. One section of the museum which is donated to the Islamic architecture, there was a well done replica of the Hagia Sophia. The Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, On 29 May 1453, Mehmet II, conquered Constantinople after a 54 day siege. He directly went to the ancient Byzantine cathedral of Hagia Sophia. When he saw a gentleman slashing the stones of the church and uttering that this was a temple for infidels, Mehmet II ordered the looting to be stopped and the church to be converted into a mosque. In addition, in another segment of the museum we were shown some scientific instruments. Astrolabe was one of them. In the Islamic world, astrolabes were used to find the times of sunrise and the rising of fixed stars, to help schedule morning prayers (salat). In the 10th century, al-Sufi first described over 1,000 different uses of an astrolabe, in areas as diverse as astronomy, astrology, horoscopes, navigation, surveying, timekeeping, prayer, Salah, Qibla...
Words: 276 - Pages: 2
...Charlemagne’s Achievements Charlemagne had many significant achievements during his reign in the Holy Roman Empire. One of his greatest achievements was his military conquests. He built an empire greater than any other since ancient Rome. Charlemagne led his armies against enemies in lands surrounding the kingdom. He fought Germanic tribes and Lombards in Italy. He conquered new lands to the east and the south. He was the first leader who was able to finally reunite Western Europe since the Roman Empire. Charlemagne also became the most powerful king in Western Europe. Through his many conquests, he spread Christianity, the religion in which he felt deeply devoted. Charlemagne’s foremost religious accomplishment was spreading Christianity throughout his empire. During the conquests, Christian priests traveled with Charlemagne’s armies. When he conquered a town or country, the priests were directed to convert the people to Christianity. Charlemagne forced conquered people to convert or be tortured to death. Most people did not resist being converted. Charlemagne essentially helped the Roman Catholic Church by spreading Christianity to vast territories. Throughout his reign, Charlemagne cooperated with the church and made it very powerful. Pope Leo III wanted Charlemagne to continue to protect the church and its lands. Therefore, in 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as the Roman Emperor. Charlemagne also had some important cultural achievements. He promoted...
Words: 330 - Pages: 2
...How far was pre conquest England a prosperous and well governed kingdom I believe that pre-conquest England was a rather well governed and somewhat prosperous kingdom. The countries system of writs; the division of land and the hierarchy as well as the coinage, trade, towns and frequent invasions all suggest that pre-conquest England was prosperous and well-governed. However, the possible threat to the king of the Earls and the countries comparatively undeveloped economy all suggest as less prosperous, more unstable England. My opinion is that they were given a good image due to how well they dealt with the invasion of the Scandinavians and their introduction of Danegeld it showed how wealthy and organised the kingdom was and how they could deal with all that tax. The land was divided into several parts. Primarily, the realm was divided into four earldoms (Mercia, Wessex, East Anglia and Northumbria) each of which was controlled by an Earl. These Earls were incredibly powerful. Each earldom was further divided into shires (like modern-day counties) hundreds and hides. Each level of this hierarchy had its own leader / representative, such as the sheriffs managing each shire under the Earls. This system demonstrates that there was a very clear hierarchy in pre-conquest England; which would have made the country far easier to manage and well governed because each division of land would have a local lord to manage it. I believe that it shows that Britain had a well devised...
Words: 1033 - Pages: 5
...Throughout history there have been numerous counts of individuals who have seemingly sprung from nowhere and ravaged prosperous empires. Attila the Hun is no different. To most people, he is merely known as a mindless barbarian. Nothing about the man himself, his world, or his significance is ever discussed, which detracts from the influential person that he was. There was so much more to him than mere barbarism. Attila’s power derived from his astonishing character. He was brutal and arrogant, but also was able to gain the support of millions with his brilliance. The Huns thought him semi divine, Goths and other barbarians adored him, and educated Westerners were proud to serve him. Not only was he a powerful leader, but also a canny politician. With his vast array of qualities, Attila played a significant role in Europe during his lifetime and very nearly altered the course of its future. By becoming such a prominent figure in such a short period of time, it is a disgrace to his legacy that people do not know more about Attila the Hun other than the fact that he was a savage. This portrayal of him in itself does not do him justice because he truly was so much more. The story of Attila begins in Mongolia, which has been the progenitor of great and violent leaders. Though his origins are in question, with a certain amount of empirical evidence it has been popularly concluded that Attila belonged to a group of Mongolian or Turkic nomadic tribes from northeastern China and Mongolia...
Words: 3166 - Pages: 13
...aristocracy. He was head of state, next to God, and educated. This groomed his major god complex and intolerance of non-believing heathens. He wanted to expand papal ideology, authority, and leadership to southeastern Europe; and he cunningly executed his plan with a little side of “à la hidden agenda”. One might ask what this cached agenda was? It was, simply, one thing, the expansion of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the known world. And the pedantic Emperor Alexios I would unknowingly play a gargantuan role in this dance of lethal, religious bureaucracy. One of the first responsibilities Pope Urban II felt implored to take on was healing the schism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church of the Byzantine Empire. Alexios I wrote a letter of aid to Pope Urban II asking for help to seize Byzantium back from the Seljuk Turks. The Pope saw this as a reciprocated win: Pope Urban II would be able to send the malicious; murderous; and thieving European knights and peasants to fight on behalf of the Roman Catholic Church. If the knights and peasants did so, they would be resolved of all sins and allowed into Heaven. They were interfering with the Roman Catholic Church, so the...
Words: 578 - Pages: 3
...century when King Abas I was still reigning. It was founded almost at the same time with the Sanahin, another nearby monastery. Haghpat Monastery is a medieval monastery which was built by the Byzantines as a monastic complex in Haghpat, Armenia. The village Haghpat, where the monastery takes its name from, lies on plateau in region of Gouark. This plateau is dissected by deep cracks which were formed by the Debed and Pampak Rivers. Unlike other plateaus in Armenia, it has plenty of water and an abundance of vegetation. The book of Documents of Armenian Architecture says “In this natural setting, it is to be framed the simple, substantial volumetric massivity of the buildings of Haghpat built (as a typical in Armenian architecture) with local stones, such as stuff or eruptive rocks, these contributing to give an absolute homogeneity to the landscape. This process of communion with nature, springing maybe from a remote ancestral feeling of respect and almost veneration for one’s land intended as a mother, in whose “womb” one seeks for protection causes sometimes the buildings to compenetrate the landscape” . Besides, Haghpat Monastery catches the sight of the Pampak River in Northern region of Armenia that has boundaries with Georgia. The Byzantines did not establish it on a peak, but a verdant highland was chosen to build, because halfway of hillside is easier to afford protection and hiding from prying people than pinnacle. This situation not only shows both...
Words: 2211 - Pages: 9
...In the year 637 the armies of Islam lead by the Caliph Omar conquered the city of Jerusalem, the center of the Christian world and a magnet for Christian pilgrims. The city's Muslim masters exhibited a certain level of religious tolerance. No new churches were to be built and crosses could not be publicly displayed outside church buildings, but the pilgrims were allowed to continue their treks to the holiest shrines of Christendom. The situation remained stable for over 400 years. Then, in the latter part of the 11th century, the Turks swarmed westward out of Central Asia overrunning all that lay in their path. Jerusalem fell to them in 1076. Reports of robberies, beatings, killings, degradation of holy sites and the kidnapping for ransom of the city's patriarch made their way back to Europe. To the Europeans the Holy Land was now in the smothering grip of the Infidel and something must be done. In response, Pope Urban II called a conference at the city of Clermont, France in 1095, concluding the eight days of deliberation with one of history's most influential speeches. Mounting a lofty scaffold, the Pope exhorted the assembled multitude to wrest the Holy Land from the hands of the Infidel and assured them that God would absolve them from any sin associated with the venture. His words fell on receptive ears as the crowd responded with cries of "It is the will of God!", "It is the will of God!". The Crusades had begun. Since the 11th century, the city economy in Western Europehas...
Words: 773 - Pages: 4
...* Question 1 0 out of 0.2 points | | | What is Rashid al-Din known for? | | | | | Selected Answer: | B. The only staunchly Jewish official in the Mongol Empire | Answers: | A. The military leader that brought down the Mamluks | | B. The only staunchly Jewish official in the Mongol Empire | | C. Policies that reversed the relationship between China and Iran | | D. The leader who shifted the ideological basis of the Mongol Empire in Iran from Chinggis to an emphasis on Islam | | | | | * Question 2 0 out of 0.2 points | | | What did Pope Gregory VII seek to do in the investiture controversy? | | | | | Selected Answer: | B. To ensure that all tithes would be paid directly to the papacy | Answers: | A. To start a rebellion among German princes against the Spanish monarch | | B. To ensure that all tithes would be paid directly to the papacy | | C. To take power away from monarchs in appointing church leaders | | D. To reestablish the church's authority in all matters of doctrine | | | | | * Question 3 0 out of 0.2 points | | | Who were the lowest in the social hierarchy in Yuan China? | | | | | Selected Answer: | C. Europeans | Answers: | A. Southern Chinese | | B. Muslims | | C. Europeans | | D. Mongols | | | | | * Question 4 0.2 out of 0.2 points | | | In which country did Pope Urban urge the people to force out all Muslims? | | | | | Selected Answer: | C. Spain...
Words: 3227 - Pages: 13
...CHAPTER 9 – Test Bank Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The “Middle Ages” in Western Europe includes which of the following time periods? a. the beginning of the Early Christian period through the 13th or 14th centuries b. the end of the Roman Empire through the Byzantine period c. the beginning of Byzantine period through the end of the Roman Empire d. A.D. 300–A.D. 1600 Answer: a 2. The new religion that entered Europe in the 8th century was a. Buddhism. b. Hinduism. c. Islam. d. Judaism. Answer: c 3. Which of the following cultures influenced Islamic art? a. Byzantine b. Archaic Greek c. Early Christian d. both the Byzantine and Early Christian Answer: d 4. The Christian recovery of Moorish strongholds was called the a. Reformation. b. Rebellion. c. Revolution. d. Reconquest. e. Renaissance. Answer: d 5. Which is true? a. Muhammad was born in Mecca in 622. b. Muhammad claimed to be the son of Allah. c. The Hijra marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. d. Muslims are required to pray six times a day. Answer: c 6. The hadj refers to a. the Islamic calendar. b. a pilgrimage. c. a leader. d. a mosque. Answer: b 7. Jihad is a a. religious sentence. b. priest. c. holy book. d. holy war against sin, in oneself and in the world. Answer: d 8. Muslims must pray a. in a mosque. b. facing west. c. facing Mecca. d. facing a qibla. Answer:...
Words: 1435 - Pages: 6
