...The Application of the Profit Function in a Business’s Growth Differential Calculus May 24, 2014 The application of calculus in a business is extremely important since calculus is considered as the study of changes. Its complexity in the study of changes has become one of the humankind’s greatest tool for analyzing changes in the marketplace. The profit function was created with the main purpose for businesses to understand how the changes in revenues and in costs would generate a profit or not profit at all. A profit can be generated when the amount of revenues is higher than the amount of costs. When a business starts, is normal to not gain any profit at all, in fact, most of the time, a business tends to lose money in its first year. However with that information, a business can analyze the money loss of that year and determine any gaps or holes that prevents the maximization of the profit and have a more prosperous result for the following year. For instance, if a company suffer a loss in profit, they can analyze the profit function to determine the main reason of why there was not a positive profit. If they see that the problem of the profit function was a low revenue then they can regulate the sale of products or services and price control, or if the problem lies in the cost function, they can adjust or lower the costs and expenses made by the business. The graph of a profit function can show at what time of the year the company tends to...
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...Producers and Profit Maximization In economic theory, people play two main roles in the market. As we have just seen, they are consumers. The other main role is producers. For producers, the economic problem is to maximize profits. The key decisions are which outputs to produce, how much of each output to produce, and which inputs to use to produce the outputs. We will take these decisions one at at time. How Much Output? Let us return to Josh's lawn mowing business, and focus on the decision of how many lawns to mow each day. To make things simple, suppose he already has leased a lawnmower and a pickup truck. Also, to avoid confusing the output decision with Josh's labor-leisure choice, let us assume that all of the labor is done by two hired workers. Now, Josh has to decide how many hours for which to hire the workers, which in turn will determine how many lawns his company mows. For example, if each worker works 5 hours, then the total hours worked will be 10 and the total number of lawns mowed will be, say, 9. The key factors in Josh's decision will be worker productivity, the wage rate, and the price he can charge for mowing lawns. Suppose that Josh receives $18 for each lawn that his workers mow. Finally, suppose that his workers' lawnmowing productivity is as follows. Total Hours Worked Per Day | Lawns Mowed Per Day | Cost ($11 per hour) | Revenue ($18 per lawn) | 8 | 7 | $88 | $126 | 10 | 9 | $110 | $162 | 12 | 11 | $132 | $198 | 14 | 13 | $154 | $234...
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...Explain profit maximization from the following approaches: Total revenue to total cost – In order to project what profits a company will generate, we will use two factors, total cost and total revenue. The total revenue is determined by multiplying the product of sales (quantity) by the given price. TR=P*Q The total cost is what a company pays for production of a product which includes both total fixed cost (TFC) and total variable cost (TVC). Whereas TC= TFC + TVC (Q) at each level a unit is produced. Once the total cost is deducted from the total revenue earned, the amount left over is profit. The business goal is to maximize profits by using the most efficient processes. Marginal revenue to marginal cost - For firms to find the maximum profit point, they view the marginal revenue (MR) – which is the total gain in revenue from selling an additional unit of product. The marginal cost – (MC) is the total additional cost of producing one more unit of product. A company will continue to produce more product as long as the additional unit produces more revenue than cost. So firms should continue to produce more output until marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. This will be where profit is maximized. This will show the calculation used to determine marginal revenue. Marginal Revenue can be found using calculus. Since MR is the change in total revenue (TR) that occurs when and additional unit of output is produced and sold, MR is the derivate of total revenue taken...
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...example the cost of additional equipment if it was needed to produce the additional unit. Marginal cost relates to total cost in that marginal cost is the change in total cost that comes when the number of units produced is increased by one. Total cost is found when adding fixed costs plus variable costs and multiplying by the amount of units produced. Marginal Cost is found by using the calculus formula of MC = dTC/dQ, where MC is equal to marginal cost, TC is equal to total cost, and Q is equal to quantity. Marginal cost is also the slope of the total cost curve when cost and quantity are represented on a graph. Profit is the amount of money a company makes when the total cost of production is subtracted from total revenue. If the number is positive, the company is making a profit on the units being produced and sold. If the number is negative, the company is losing money producing that unit. When a company tries to achieve maximum profit for units produced, it will calculate what price per unit and level of output will return the greatest profit. This is called profit maximization. One of the two more widely used...
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...Chapter 8: Profit Maximization and Competitive Supply CHAPTER 8 PROFIT MAXIMIZATION AND COMPETITIVE SUPPLY TEACHING NOTES This chapter begins by explaining what we mean by a competitive market and why it makes sense to assume that firms try to maximize profit. The chapter then covers the choice of optimal output in the short run, thereby revealing the underlying structure of short-run supply curves, the choice of output in the long run and long-run competitive equilibrium. Along the way, the concepts of producer surplus and economic rent are introduced, and the chapter ends with development of the long-run industry supply curve. Section 8.1 identifies the three basic assumptions of perfect competition and section 8.2 discusses the assumption of profit maximization as the goal of the firm. Students often find some of these assumptions to be unrealistic and/or very restrictive, so it is important to acknowledge that the world is more complex, but remind them that our goal is prediction. Although the world does not work quite as simply as the model of perfect competition suggests, the model predicts quite well even when some of the assumptions hold loosely at best. To put perfect competition in perspective, it can be helpful to give a brief overview of monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition before or after presenting the assumptions of perfect competition. Restrict this discussion to identifying the number of firms in the industry, product differentiation...
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...Question 1 Yes, Union Carbide owed its first loyalty and moral responsibility to the financial interests of its local community and employees who are affected by the gas leak. So, to support my answer, it is helpful to look into the Kant’s moral theory. Act so that you use humanity, as much in your own person as in the person of every other, always at the same time as an end, never merely as a means [McFarland 2012] First, Union Carbide must not treat the shareholders simply as tools to maximizes their profit; in other words they must recognize a person’s value as a human being. Next, individuals and communities must treat people in ways that respect people’s basic rights. Finally, members of community work together to support and improve the institutions on which will help restore its reputation and reassure people who live near its plants that it is a good neighbour, and in the long run, will help its profits. According to [Brown 2010], these three values are called respect for human dignity. Union Carbide shouldn’t negligent with respect to the safety of people in the plant's environment and not maintaining the security regulation. Besides, Union Carbide disaster at its plant in Bhopal, India, which killed thousands of people and injured several hundred thousand, focused world attention on the chemical industry. According to the ethic of caring approach argue that since we are interdependent upon others for our individual identity and well-being we have a moral obligation...
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...Question 1 Part A: (i): (ii)(iii)(iv): (iii): If the price for the orange set at 6, the market will provide 110 oranges per day while the demand for that will be just 60,so it means that we have surplus of 50 oranges per day. Because the equilibrium price is 5, so when the price increase the market provide larger amount of oranges to make more profit while the number of costumer decrease in order to the price. (it is in the previous diagram) (iv): In this case if the price set at 3, the market will provide just 80 oranges per day but the demand for orange will be 180 because the price is cheap so costumer want to buy more of it, On the other hand sellers don't want to sell orange because if the price will be low, the amount of profit would be low for them. (it is in the previous diagram) (v):In the case of increasing in demand it will affected on price and also quantity of supply, here demand increase by 40 cases so it means that we have shortage of 40 and equilibrium rise to the approximately 108 and price increase to about 5.80. The reason for this action would be several factors, for example increases in population, so number of buyers will be increase or market export this goods to the new country Another reason is change in tastes, for instance some product would be popular for period of time as a result of advertising or fashion and so forth, so it may increase the demand (vi): if government give subsidy the supply curve shift...
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...Post-Graduate Diploma in Management Managerial Economics Course Owner: Sadananda Prusty, Ph. D Name of Faculty Members to Teach this Course (To be mentioned after final course allocation) Institute of Management Technology Ghaziabad Course Background and Learning Objectives: “Economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life.” So wrote Alfred Marshall, the great nineteenth-century economist, in his textbook, Principles of Economics. Although we have learned much about the economy since Marshall’s time, this definition of economics is as true today as it was in 1890, when the first edition of his text was published. In recent years, there are many questions about the economy that might spark any one’s curiosity. Why are apartments so hard to find in Mumbai City? Why do airlines charge less for a round-trip ticket? Why executive class airfare is costlier than economic class? Why are jobs easy to find in some years and hard to find in others? Why a package tour costs less as compared to individual booking of air ticket and hotel? Moreover, as one go about his/her life, he/she make many economic decisions. During student carrier one has to decide how many years to stay in school. After joining in a job, one has to decide how much of his/her income to spend, how much to save, and how to invest his/her savings. When running a small business or a large corporation, and one will decide...
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...technology Activity analysis 5 Monotonic technologies 6 Convex technologies 7 Regular technologies 9 Parametric representations of technology 10 The technical rate of substitution 11 Example: T R S for a Cobb-Douglas technology The elasticity of substitution 13 Example: The elastzczty of substztutzon for the Cobb-Douglas productzon functzon Returns to scale 14 Example: Returns to scale and the Cobb-Douglas technology Homogeneous and homothetic technologies 17 Example: The CES productzon functzon Exercises 21 2 Profit Maximization . Profit maximization 25 Difficulties 28 Example: The profit functzon for Cobb-Douglas technology Properties of demand and supply functions 31 Comparative statics using the first-order conditions 32 Comparative statics using algebra 35 Recoverability 36 Exercises 39 VI CONTENTS 3 Profit Function Properties of the profit function 40 Example: The eflects of price stabilization Supply and demand functions from the profit function...
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...economic order is determined precisely by the fact that the knowledge of the circumstances of which we must make use never exists in concentrated or integrated form, but solely as the dispersed bits of incomplete and frequently contradictory knowledge which all the separate individuals possess (H.3)” a. What does Hayek mean by a “rational economic order”? Hayek “rational economic order” refers to the use of knowledge in a rational form. According to Hayek “data”, from which the economic calculus starts, are not “given” for the whole society. Knowledge is limited when given to us, therefore the need for the best allocation of resources in order to be economically efficient. b. What does Hayek mean by “dispersed bits of incomplete and frequently contradictory knowledge”? It means that people of different spheres of life will have a specific knowledge that they will utilize when needed. For example, business managers possess knowledge in regard to management and profit maximization, whereas a worker might have the knowledge on how to economize in the way he makes product, which perhaps the business manager does not know about it. c. Why is Hayek critical of the common assumptions in economic analysis that buyers, sellers, producers and the economist all know every relevant thing about the economy? Because according to Hayek, Economic theory has been refined through the use of mathematics. For example, economists rely extensively on statistical aggregates, but...
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...Lecture Notes on Mathematics for Economists Chien-Fu CHOU September 2006 Contents Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lecture 3 Lecture 4 Lecture 5 Lecture 6 Lecture 7 Lecture 8 Lecture 9 Lecture 10 Static Economic Models and The Concept of Equilibrium Matrix Algebra Vector Space and Linear Transformation Determinant, Inverse Matrix, and Cramer’s rule Differential Calculus and Comparative Statics Comparative Statics – Economic applications Optimization Optimization–multivariate case Optimization with equality constraints and Nonlinear Programming General Equilibrium and Game Theory 1 5 10 16 25 36 44 61 74 89 1 1 Static Economic Models and The Concept of Equilibrium Here we use three elementary examples to illustrate the general structure of an economic model. 1.1 Partial market equilibrium model A partial market equilibrium model is constructed to explain the determination of the price of a certain commodity. The abstract form of the model is as follows. Qd = D(P ; a) Qd : Qs : P: a: Qs = S(P ; a) Qd = Qs , quantity demanded of the commodity quantity supplied to the market market price of the commodity a factor that affects demand and supply D(P ; a): demand function S(P ; a): supply function Equilibrium: A particular state that can be maintained. Equilibrium conditions: Balance of forces prevailing in the model. Substituting the demand and supply functions, we have D(P ; a) = S(P ; a). For a given a, we can solve this last equation to obtain the equilibrium...
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...Chapter 01 Limits, Alternatives, and Choices Multiple Choice Questions 1. Economics is the study of: A. increasing the level of productive resources so there is maximum output in society. B. increasing the level of productive resources so there is a minimum level of income. C. how people, institutions, and society make choices under conditions of scarcity. D. the efficient use of scarce resources paid for at the minimum level of cost to consumers and businesses. 2. The primary focus of the study of economics is with: A. expanding the production of goods and services. B. equalizing the distribution of consumer income and wealth. C. making the most efficient use of scarce productive resources. D. reallocating resources from consumption to production in the economy. 3. The general concern of economics is with the study of the: A. degree of competition in stock and bond markets in the economy. B. efficient use of limited productive resources to satisfy economic wants. C. issue of equality in the distribution of income and wealth among households. D. budget deficits in the domestic economy and trade deficits in the international economy. 4. Which of the following is not a central focus of the "economic perspective"? A. Scarcity and choice. B. The scientific method. C. Purposeful behavior. D. Marginal analysis. 5. The term scarcity in economics refers to the fact that: A. economic wants are limited and resources are...
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...Future of Finance Finance is the study of how investors allocate their assets over time under conditions of certainty and uncertainty. The term financial crisis is applied broadly to a variety of situations in which some financial institutions or assets suddenly lose a large part of their value. In the 19th 20th and early 21st centuries, many financial crises were associated with banking fears, and many recessions coincided with these fears. Other circumstances that are often called financial crises include stock market crashes and the bursting of other financial bubbles, currency crises, and sovereign defaults. Financial crises directly result in a loss of paper wealth; they do not directly result in changes in the real economy unless a recession or depression follows. The 2007–2012 global financial crisis, also known as the Global Financial Crisis and 2008 financial crisis, is considered by many economists to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. It resulted in the threat of total collapse from large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national governments, and downturns in stock markets around the world. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of US dollars, and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008–2012 global recession...
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...Chapter 01 Limits, Alternatives, and Choices Multiple Choice Questions 1. Economics is the study of: A. increasing the level of productive resources so there is maximum output in society. B. increasing the level of productive resources so there is a minimum level of income. C. how people, institutions, and society make choices under conditions of scarcity. D. the efficient use of scarce resources paid for at the minimum level of cost to consumers and businesses. 2. The primary focus of the study of economics is with: A. expanding the production of goods and services. B. equalizing the distribution of consumer income and wealth. C. making the most efficient use of scarce productive resources. D. reallocating resources from consumption to production in the economy. 3. The general concern of economics is with the study of the: A. degree of competition in stock and bond markets in the economy. B. efficient use of limited productive resources to satisfy economic wants. C. issue of equality in the distribution of income and wealth among households. D. budget deficits in the domestic economy and trade deficits in the international economy. 4. Which of the following is not a central focus of the "economic perspective"? A. Scarcity and choice. B. The scientific method. C. Purposeful behavior. D. Marginal analysis. 5. The term scarcity in economics refers to the fact that: A. economic wants are limited and resources are...
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...Tata Motor’s -Company Background Tata Motors was established in 1945 and is formerly known as Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company. It is India's largest automobile company, and a fortune 500 company. Tata Motors acquired Jaguar and Land Rover, a premium car brand in UK, in 2013. The company always worked in line the Tata Values to contribute to Indian society. Tata Nano - Origin Ratan Tata’s thought about a people’s car was a social concern. He wanted to give a car to middle class of the society. Accordingly Ratan Tata, former Chairman, Tata Motor’s, shared his vision of making Rs. 1 lakh car at the Geneva Motor Show, in 2003. A team was then constituted to build a car with a target price of Rs. 1 lakh. Subsequently, the car was launched with a tag line “A promise is a promise”. Executive Summary TATA Nano is the cheapest car in the world. It is manufactured by TATA Motor Limited, the largest automobile company in India. Its chairman, Mr. Ratan Tata envisions that Tata Nano to become a “People’s car” which is affordable by almost everybody. Tata Nano is scheduled to first be launched in India on 1st April 2009 and expected to be in Indian market by July 2009. From the first moment that Tata Nano project was published, a huge buzz has been created all over India. It has already received 3000 bookings. What makes Tata Nano so cheap? Basically, by making things smaller, lighter, do away with superficial parts and change the materials wherever possible without compromising...
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