...comrlocaterwear An experimental study of diesel engine cam and follower wear with particular reference to the properties of the materials J. Michalski ) , J. Marszalek, K. Kubiak Faculty of Mechanic Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow UniÕersity of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, ul. W. Pola 2, Poland ´ ´ Received 9 August 1999; received in revised form 17 February 2000; accepted 17 February 2000 Abstract The main objective of this paper is to study and experimentally quantify the cam and follower wear mechanisms of a diesel direct valve-gear. Camshafts are made of nodular cast iron, surface hardened, ion nitrided and nitrosulphurized, and those made of grey chilled cast iron are mated with followers made of chilled grey cast iron and hardened steel. The investigation was carried out on a laboratory bench equipped with an engine head with a camshaft, followers and systems creating the conditions necessary for a routine run of the valve gear. Cam wear was defined by comparing the profile lifts of the cams. The height of the followers was measured using a coordinative measuring machine and a perpendicular optimeter. The rotational speed, valve displacement and the torque required by the valve gear were measured. Camshaft C9 and the thimble shaped followers with regulating plates F6 were also examined in a diesel engine. The effects of the materials the kinematic pair was made of, heat treatment and thermochemical treatment, the cams’ own stresses at the moment-of-friction value...
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...Pipe Bends and Thrust Block Forces ------------------------------------------------- Pipe bends and thrust blocks forces on anchors due to fluid velocity and internal pressure - online resulting force calculator Sponsored Links Online Pipe Bend Resulting Force Calculator The calculator below can used to calculate resulting force in piping bends: ------------------------------------------------- Top of FormMetricρ - density of fluid (kg/m3)d - int. diam. pipe or bend (m)v - velocity of fluid (m/s)β - turning angle of bend (o)p - gauge pressure (kPa)Bottom of Form | ------------------------------------------------- Top of FormImperial SG - specific gravity of fluid d - int. diam. pipe or bend (inches)v - velocity of fluid (ft/s)β - turning angle of bend (o)p - gauge pressure (psi)Bottom of Form | The resulting force on a thrust block or anchor depends on the fluid mass flow and flow velocity and the pressure in the bend. Resulting force due to Mass flow and Flow Velocity The resulting force in x-direction due to mass flow and flow velocity can be expressed as: Rx = m v (1 - cosβ) (1) = ρ A v2 (1 - cosβ) (1b) = ρ π (d / 2)2 v2 (1 - cosβ) (1c) where Rx = resulting force in x-direction (N) m = mass flow (kg/s) v = flow velocity (m/s) β = turning bend angle (degrees) ρ = fluid density (kg/m3) d = internal pipe or bend diameter (m) π = 3.14... The resulting force in y-direction due to mass flow and flow velocity can be expressed...
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...Some of Apple’s biggest successes include such products as: * Macintosh: Released in 1984, it became the first computer to integrate two elements we are all familiar with in computers today: GUIs and mice. Drag-and-drop was introduced to the world at large on the Macintosh, as was the concept of folders, file icons, and a trash can on the computer screen. * Pixar: Steve Jobs bought Pixar in 1986 from Lucasfilm. He originally wanted to use the company to help develop graphics-rendering hardware and software, but as it evolved into an animation studio, a deal with Disney to produce fully-CG feature-length family films wound up in a series of blockbusters, awards, and mountains of cash. Today Pixar, now owned fully by Disney, is one of the biggest names in film CG animation. * iPod/iTunes: Originally released in 2001, the portable media device known as iPod didn’t seem like a likely candidate to kick off as large a change in the music industry as it did. It quickly got refined in future generations, and was the premier, even household, name in portable media players for many years. iTunes, released in 2003, similarly revolutionized the music industry with its easily-downloadable media library that was pretty much the only thing allowing non-Apple computers to sync with iPods. iTunes eventually killed big box record stores such as Tower Records and Virgin Media megastores. Some of Apple’s biggest failures included such products as: * Apple Lisa: Released in the...
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...colossal Successes and Failures Apple has created a factory built around innovation. It seems to harness creativity, stimulate new conceptions, and launches successful, remuneratively lucrative, revolutionary products. I believe that Apple’s most immensely colossal success is its ability to leverage its innovation processes to seize new opportunities in the marketplace and grow its business at an incredible pace. Steve Jobs, the co-founder and CEO of Apple, often boasts about the company culture and how it’s predicated upon innovation, forward thinking, and fixate on the “experience”. Aside from conspicuous iPhone and iPad successes, Apple manifested many of its incredible products from incredible misses early in its history. Lisa and the Newton were both recklessly ambitious projects that failed, but were in line with Jobs’ forward thinking...
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...definitely made a huge impact on our lives today. I chose to write about Tablets and how they started and where they could go in the future. The first Tablet was not in fact created by Apple. Apple just took the idea and vastly improved upon it. The first tablet was actually introduced in 1987 with the Linus Write-Top which was essentially a tablet that had handwriting recognition software. Basically you could hand-write on it and the tablet could read it. The first tablet computer was introduced in 1989 by Jeff Hawkins, the founder of Palm Computing. It was called the GridPad, and it ran MS-DOS though the idea was mostly ignored by the general public. A few other attempts were made through the years. Apple branched off and came out with the Newton MessagePad in 1993 which wasn’t really aimed at replacing the home PC, but more of a Personal Digital Assistant or PDA. Then in 2000, Microsoft released its first tablet computer, and later in 2002 the Microsoft XP tablet was released which ran its own version of Windows XP. Then the market for tablets really skyrocketed when Apple released the iPad in 2010. It had a touchscreen which was very popular on the iPad Touch and the iPhone. This created a huge market for tablets which got all sorts of companies trying to release their own. For example the Samsung Galaxy Tab, or the Amazon Kindle Fire. From how the tablet has evolved so far, I expect the future will be full of faster, and more versatile tablets that will help us improve our...
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...Acceleration of a Cart Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to find the relationship between acceleration, force and mass using a cart system. Equipment: • Motion detector • Pasco GLX • Cart • String • Pulley • Hanging Weights & Metal Cubes • Ramp • Ruler Procedure: Experiment 1: 1. Weigh and record the mass of the cart (this will be kept constant for all trials) then the mass of the cart with all the hanging weights on top of it. 2. Take 1 hanging weight off the cart and attach it to the end of the string on the cart with the other hanging weights still on top. 3. Place the cart on the ramp in front of the motion detector. 4. Set the GLX using the correct units for the y and x axis for graphing. Then measure 20cm away from the motion detector, place the cart there and start the GLX and release the cart from 20cm at the same time. Stop the GLX and the cart few centimeters before the cart reaches to the end of the ramp for precise data. 5. Repeat steps 2, 3 and 4 by adding 1 hanging weight to the string of the cart with the previous hanging weight already on the string until all hanging weights are used and not left on top of the cart. Then record data. Experiment 2: 1. Weigh the hanging weight and record the mass (this will be left constant for all trials). 2. Add a metal cube on to the top of the cart and weigh and record the mass of the cart with metal cube. Then...
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...and a good seller about their products. Historically, using successful sports stars has been a typical characteristic of Nike’s commercial. Michael Jordan was one of their main promoters. They are using a lot of rhetorical techniques like ethos, pathos and logos to catch consumers’ attention. Its successful visual appealing makes consumers cannot escape even take a glance of it and want to buy their products. Briefly Introduce the Visual Content of the Ads 1. This advertisement is a Nike advertisement in the old time. 2. It shows a famous basketball player, Michael Jordan, in the air about to most finish off a slam dunk. There are two lines of words in large size on the top right of the advertisement, showing “Michael Jordan: 1, Isaac Newton: 0” this shows that Michael Jordan is basically defying gravity by being that high up in the air. Thus, this goes against Newton’s law of Universal gravitation. 3. Below these two lines, there is a logo of Nike Company----a check mark. The whole design of this ad is very simple and clear. Rhetorical Analysis of the Ads: Ethos, Pathos and Logos. Ethos: 1. The use of ethos is clearly delineated by endorse Michael Jordan. 2. He is a world famous basketball star and has a good reputation. 3. He is wearing Nike shoes in the ad and Jumping that high in the air. His reputation makes audiences and consumers to believe the high quality of Nike shoes. 4. The Jordan ad carried a secondary effect that the capacity to relate to the consumer...
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...Hennig Brand discovered phosphorus in 1669, in Hamburg, Germany, preparing it from urine. (Urine naturally contains considerable quantities of dissolved phosphates.) Brand called the substance he had discovered ‘cold fire’ because it was luminous, glowing in the dark. He did not reveal his method publicly, choosing instead to sell it to Johann Daniel Kraft and Kunckel von Lowenstern. For further payment he also revealed his secret to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, better known for discovering calculus independently of Isaac Newton. Leibniz, also thinking as an alchemist, mistakenly believed Brand might be able to discover the philosophers’ stone by producing a large quantity of phosphorus. Brand’s method is believed to have consisted of evaporating urine to leave a black residue that was then left for a few months. The residue was then heated with sand, driving off a variety of gases and oils which were condensed in water. The final substance to be driven off, condensing as a white solid, was phosphorus. This was a typically alchemical method – alchemists examined the properties of body fluids, hoping to better understand living things in their search for the philosophers’ stone, which they believed offered the prospect of eternal life. Brand’s method became more widely known in 1737 when an unknown person sold it to the Academy of Sciences in Paris. Phosphorus was produced by this method until the 1770s when Swedish scientist Carl Wilhelm Scheele – the discoverer of chlorine and...
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...scientist must be curious about the world Example: Galileo Galileo's curiosity about the heavenly bodies made him the first person to use a telescope to study the moon, the sun, the planets and the stars. 2. A scientist is logical and systematic Example: Among the reasons why Gregor Mendel discovered the principles of heredity when others have failed was his logical experimental methods and his careful and accurate record keeping. 3. A scientist is open-minded and free of bias Example: An open-minded person is one who can modify plans or discard hypotheses if necessary. One such person was Johannes Kepler who was hired to develop evidence that planets moved along perfect circles. 4. A scientist is intellectually honest Example: Isaac Newton built his laws of motion on the previous work of Galileo and others. 5. A scientist works hard and is persistent Example: Marie Curie was the first person ever to be awarded the Nobel Prize twice. It was not surprising considering how hard she worked. 6. A scientist does not jump to conclusions Example: John Dalton's atomic theory was backed by experimental evidence. He was not the first to propose that the atom was the smallest particle of matter, but he was the first to use experimental evidence to support his theory. 7. A scientist is a creative and critical thinker Example: Albert Einstein was able to derive his theory of relativity because he went beyond what was given and known at that time. He saw links and connections where...
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...methods, however. Over time, a step-by-step process of discovery evolved that became known as the scientific method.to explain the data, scientists used reasoning to propose a logical hypothesis, or possible explanation. The 1500s and 1600s saw drmatic changes in many branches of science, especially medicine and chemistry. Medieval physicians relied on the works of the ancient physician Galen. In the early 1540s, French physician Amroise Pare developed a new and more effective ointment for preventing infection. The branch of sciene now called chemistry was in medieval times called alchemy. In the 1600s, English chemist Robert Boyle refined the alchemists' view of chemicals as basic building blocks. As a student in England, Issac Newton devoured the works of the...
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...here: 3. What are the five steps in the scientific method? Type your response here: 4. Why did most Medieval philosophers and scientists feel that experimentation was unnecessary? Type your response here: 5. Why did the Enlightenment writer Voltaire get into so much trouble in France and elsewhere? Type your response here: Part 2 Write a well-developed essay of two to three paragraphs on one of the topics below. Make sure you use specific information from this lesson and, if need be, from previous lessons. Proofread your essay to eliminate errors in grammar and spelling. (Each question is worth 15 points) 1. Choice #1: Compare and contrast the careers of Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton. What discoveries did each make? How were their methods similar or different? How were both received by the religious and political authorities of the day? A complete answer will include an assessment of the political and cultural climate in which each thinker lived. Choice#2: Write an essay explaining how the Scientific Revolution influenced Enlightenment thinkers in other disciplines. Your essay should mention at least two of the following thinkers and topics:...
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...Amazing grace how sweet the sound that found a I took a day in the I was sad now I am happy you take that day and make it your own but you don’t want to hold your own if you take the place if you are in a happy place take that place and take it to the limit of the most high if you have taken this advice and want to take the claim just explain if you time is need and what happens when you are in trouble when you hare in a space of negative thoughts and taking what dfsjalkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkjjjj jjj jjj jjj jjj jjj jjj jjjj jjjj jjj jjj jjj jjj jjj jjj jjj jjj jj jjj jj jjj jjj jj j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j jj j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d dd d d d dd d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d dd d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d dndndndndnndndndndnd d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d...
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...“Response on the Anthropic Principle” The Anthropic Principle, formally proposed at a conference in Poland by Brandon Carter in 1973, is a theory that strongly suggests that humanity holds a special place in the Universe. This topic has become widely discussed and debated topic among scientists. Two branches of the theory are the strong anthropic principle (SAP) and the weak anthropic principle (WAP). The SAP states, “The Universe must have those properties which allow life to develop within it at some stage in its history” (www.physics.sfsu.edu). This branch of the anthropic principle has commonly been used in the argument for intelligent design (ID), which puts forth the proposition that a designer is responsible for the balance of the laws of mathematics and physics that ultimately hold our universe together. The WAP says, “The observed values of all physical and cosmological quantities are not equally probable but they take on the values restricted by the requirement that there exist sites where carbon-based life can evolve and by the requirement that the Universe be old enough for it to have already done so” (www.physics.sfsu.edu). This is simply saying that if people were not here to observe and if the universe did not work as it does, then we could not ask why we are here and why the universe works like it does. Although the SAP and WAP are somewhat different, ultimately they both appear to agree that human life is special given all of the circumstances it takes for us...
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...most famous proponent Sir Isaac Newton. The basic framework of the theory states that due to natural laws of the universe that everything obeys, there can be no such thing as freedom. Sir Isaac Newton is incorrect in his theory, physical determinism does not indicate whether or not freedom is possible in our reality. Like many other scientists, Sir Isaac Newton believed in the concept of universal causation. Universal causation means simply that there is a cause for everything that occurs in the universe, and that one event leads to another event. In Ethics: Theory and Practice by Jacques P. Thiroux and Keith W. Krasemann, they point out that most scientists believe in this for one main reason. In their search for reasoning and acuity for predictions freedom is physically not possible. Thiroux and Krasemann tell us Sir Isaac Newton was a firm believer that, “…our entire realm of nature and the universe is governed by natural laws…” (4). Many of the laws that he speaks of are the ones that he discovered himself, such as his famous three laws and the law of gravity. Sir Newton reasoned that, because humans are also physical beings, they controlled by these laws. There are some issues that arise from this theory however. Thiroux and Krasemann go on to point out that if all of these laws are completely true then there is no true freedom for anyone.(4) If there is truly no freedom then we are all bound just by the laws that Sir Newton talks about. Humans are no more...
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...Sir Isaac Newton Student’s Name Institution’s Name Sir Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton was born in the year 1642 on December 25th. The person who raised Sir Isaac Newton was his grandmother. His country of birth was England in Lincolnshire at Woolsthorpe, it is still in this region that he attended a free grammar school, later on in the year 1661 he joined Cambridge University. During his life in college he developed an immense interest in astronomy, physics and mathematics. He was elected in 1669 as a Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, while before in the year 1667, he had been elected as a Fellow of the Trinity College. Most of his years, he spent lecturing at the Cambridge University until the year 1696 when he moved to London (Krull & Kulikov, 2006). According to Krull and Kulikov (2006), during his college life, Newton used to write the ideas he conceived in a journal. Some of the ideas included gravity, forces and the lights diffraction. His ideas were excellent, a thing that made him to be knighted in the year 1705 by Queen Anne. His ideas had an impact that revolutionized the world and made and laid the foundation that has been adapted by modern science. He was a physicist, philosopher and mathematician. He is remembered as one of the greatest intellects of science of all time During that time, he as a firm opponent of King James 11 due to the kings interest and plans to transform universities into institutions...
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