...‘The election campaign is more important than long-term factors in shaping voting behaviour.’ Discuss. There are many different factors which effect voting behaviour, both long and short term, and in this essay I will be discussing whether I believe the more short-term election campaign, or long term factors have more influence on the way people vote. The region in which you live has a huge impact as to the way you are predicted to vote. In the north, especially in industrial areas, you would be much more likely to vote labour. This is because in these industrial areas there are incredibly high numbers of working class people who work in factories and mines for example and labour has many more policies put in place to help people who are of a lower class. An example of these policies is lower taxes which means working class people will have more money than they would otherwise have should the Tories be in power. In post war 2/3 of the working class population in Britain voted labour, and 4/5 of middle class voting Torie. ‘Class is the basis of British politics, all else is embellishment.’ -Pelzer (1967). This would suggest that 50 years ago many people believed that partisan alignment was purely based on class. This would suggest that purely based on partisan alignment, long term factors are more important in shaping voting behaviour. Ethnicity is also a factor in shaping voting behaviour. 80% of people from black and Asian origins living in the UK have voted labour since...
Words: 1213 - Pages: 5
...3/12/14 A Defense of Hedonism Many objections have been made against the theory of axiological hedonism. I will not attempt to respond to all of them, but instead focus on one of the stronger arguments, which deals with life trajectories. I will begin by briefly presenting the theory of axiological hedonism and then present the objection regarding life trajectories to the best of my ability. Finally for the majority of my essay, I will argue for why this objection is unsound and does not prove that hedonism is false. Axiological hedonism is the philosophical theory that is based on the idea that the only thing in this world that is intrinsically good for its own sake is happiness. This is different from the theory of psychological hedonism, which says that the only thing humans are physically able to desire for its own sake is happiness. First developed by Epicurus and later revised by John Stuart Mill along with many others, the theory of axiological hedonism uses a distinction between what philosophers call instrumental goods and things that are intrinsically valuable to illustrate its claim. Instrumental goods are any things in the world that are valuable because of the good things they bring about. Things that are intrinsically valuable on the other hand, are things that are inherently good for their own sake. Axiological hedonism claims that happiness is the only thing that is intrinsically valuable. The argument for axiological hedonisms is roughly as follows: ...
Words: 1669 - Pages: 7
...Robert Bond February 26th, 2015 Political Advertisements 1992 Presidential Election Campaigns - Bush vs. Clinton During the 1992 presidential election, most of the advertisements were intended to portray the core values of the average American. Both George H. Bush and Bill Clinton attempted to portray patriotism and a deep sense of American pride within their campaigns making the economy one of the key topics of this election. But only one of them seemed to be successful. When analyzing their ad campaigns, it is important to take a look at the historical context of their ad campaigns and how the relate to their platform, public opinion and the times the ads were released. During the 1992 campaign season, George H. Bush was the current president and had lost some popularity due to the economic down turn and recession. At the time, Bush was known for his strengths in foreign policy; the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the defeat of Iraq in the Gulf War were both accomplished under his first term. However, Bush’s strength in foreign policy was not as important as the economy, in the eyes of the American people. Also, around this time, Bush had lost a lot of support from those in the Republican Party because he said he would not raise taxes in the previous election and then did in fact, raise them. In the beginning stages of the election, President Bush was in the lead, but as the election went on, his popularity declined. Bill Clinton came from a very different situation...
Words: 1735 - Pages: 7
...An interest group, also known as lobbies group, or special group; is an organized group that is determined to encourage or prevent changes in public policy without any interest or attempts to be elected. Such groups are formed among individuals who share common ideas, views, beliefs, and commands; where they work hard in trying to influence government officials' decision making by presenting their ideas and beliefs directly to them (Wilson, 2009). There are countless interest groups that exist in the United States today, and there are several reasons behind their rapid growth and existence. One is the diversity of our nation and large amounts of immigrants from all over the world; having different cultures and backgrounds which lead to different views and expectations of the government. Another factor playing a role in the ability for interest groups to form is the nature of our decentralized political system and the manner in which the Constitution was written; giving citizens the freedom and many rights that other countries do not have. Since the Constitution gives people the power to choose who and how the nation should be governed, it gives them access to politicians and those holding seats in office, to demand and have the freedom to speak up about their expectations of their leaders. And lastly, the weakness of our political parties help set the stage for more and more interest groups to arise; using both areas of strength and weakness of each political party to influence...
Words: 2008 - Pages: 9
...medias are representing is the overall opinion of the American politician and American politics in general. The book, America – A Citizen’s Guide to Democracy Inaction (chapter 6), is deeper in the “theoretical” aspect than the other two. But you should not be fooled by the word theoretical. The book does describe the American politics and the politicians, but it is in a very informal and sarcastic approach. The sixth chapter describes campaigns and elections and therefore also how the American politician acts. It tells basic facts about American politics but with a twist of a subjective and sarcastically opinion. As an example “Initially, the process of conducting campaigns and holding elections was conceived as a means to an end – the peaceful transfer of power.”. Later on in the same passage “Today, running for office takes as much, if not more, time, energy and resources as holding it.”. “As you can see the start was pure facts and neutral writing while the end was subjective and sarcastic. In a political aspect the size of these campaigns are unnecessary, but it ensures that the person who most want to be president gets elected. It is a sarcastic way to make fun of the politicians and their job....
Words: 943 - Pages: 4
...Defining Marketing In this paper, the author’s personal definition of marketing as well three definitions from different sources are provided. The author also explains the importance of marketing in organizational success. Lastly, the author provides three examples from the business world to support her explanation. “Marketing is the performance of activities that seek to accomplish an organization’s objectives by anticipating customer or client needs and directing a flow of need-satisfying goods and services from producer to customer or client”(Perreault, Cannon, McCarthy, page 6, 2011). Marketing is about identifying and meeting human and social needs. One of the shortest good definitions of marketing is “meeting needs profitably” (Kotler ,& Keller, page 5, 2012). In 2008 AMA's definition of marketing was: “Marketing is the activity, set of institutions and processes for creating, communicating, delivering and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners and society at large.” The author's definition of marketing after reading the learning material is that marketing is an ongoing communication exchange not only with costumers or buyers of products and services, but also look for receptors that need to buy specific ideas. Marketing includes diverse activities for businesses that help them to identify customers for their products and services. Marketing targets potential clienteles with advertising by creating in a way a new need for their products...
Words: 1148 - Pages: 5
...Countryside Alliance which defends fox hunting. 2. Participation. Increase participation outside elections and also in specific policy area. Eg. US: NRA (National Rifle Association) or in the UK Fathers4Justice 3. Education. Provide education on issues that the government decides to not directly address. Eg. Branches of US or UK Greenpeace 4. Agenda setting. Influence policy discussed by legislatures or the executive. Eg. UK: 38 Degrees rejection of 2012 NHS Bill. US providing voting cues for party members eg. Democracts may adhere to voting cues from ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) 5. Scrutiny. Scrutiny of government action and Supreme Court decisions (mainly in the US). Eg. US: ACLU & NRA court cases to monitor the affects of the Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act 2002. UK: UK Uncut protests in Oct 2011 against the NHS Bill. Pressure group methods 1. Influence politicians. Eg. US: lobbying members of Congress, providing voting cues. UK: BMA and Royal College of Physicians urge PM to scrap NHS Bill. 2. Endorsement. Eg. US Mitt Romney attended NRA 2011 National convention. National Right to Life endorsed McCain in 2008. Also through donations to PACs. UK: 2010 Unite donated £1m to Labour party to support campaign. 3. Publicity and campaigns. Eg US: NRA 2012 “Get out the vote” campaign. UK: May 2011 Police Federation anti police cuts ad campaign showing dangers of cuts to child protection services – condemned by the Home Office. 4. Organised...
Words: 887 - Pages: 4
...X, the rival, is a cheesy piece of goods, won’t hold up, has to be cranked by hand… This is the model for not just our commercial product sales but, rather more vigorously, for our political campaigns as well… we have gradually just gotten used to them. Its not so much that I am wonderful the candidate explains, as the opponent is a lying, cowardly, two faced cheat and con artist. (Pulitzer Prize winner and Washington Post columnist Meg Greenfield, 1995) Whether through print or television media, advertising affects behaviour. A key tool of political parties, it has been used to win support during critical governmental assessment or change, and engage the susceptible electorate to participate in the political process. Yet, where features such as wit, charisma or aptitude have been emphasized and admired, the intemperance of political campaigning has also drawn out a negative side, one that seeks to cast a damaging shadow on any opposition in order to attain the support of the majority. The types of political message given out by both politicians and the media vary in how they are constructed and what they intend to achieve, and despite widespread criticism surrounding its ethical fragilities, attack politics in particular have become a fundamental component of any political campaign and evidence has shown the electorate to show a greater interest in a more pessimistic tone of politics. This essay intends to address whether negative publicity in the form of attack advertising...
Words: 3099 - Pages: 13
...its affect on a political campaign, whether national, state, or local, proves that it is a case by case basis, usually having more emphasis in larger district-wide campaigns, like the Scott DesJarlais and Grant Starrett campaign for United States Congress in the 4th District of Tennessee. Then aspects of more localized elections were explored with former Nashville Mayor’s Phil Bredesen and Karl Dean, and current Mayor Megan Barry. In all three of their instances, their lack of residency did not hinder their success in being elected. Phil Bredesen was the only candidate who seemed to struggle before securing the nomination and election due to his northern roots. The case for Al Gore and failing...
Words: 700 - Pages: 3
...World Applied Sciences Journal 28 (11): 1481-1487, 2013 ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.28.11.13813 The Neutrality of Sinar Harian Newspaper in Malaysian Politics Wan Rohila Ganti bt Wan Abdul Ghapar, Nurul Saadatun Nadiah Mohd Ngah and Ilyas Abdullah Faculty of Administrative Science and Public Policy Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 23000 Dungun, Terengganu, Malaysia Abstract: This article examines the neutrality of Sinar Harian, a Malay daily, which claims to be neutral and without favour, from 20 April 2013 to 5 May 2013, 15-day campaign period of Malaysia’s 2013 General Election. The 13th General Election was the most contentious of election in Malaysian politics. Sinar Harian attempts to present a balanced reporting, by giving spaces to both parties to present their ideas and defend their stand, rooms which are not available in other mainstreams newspapers. This study uses content analysis as a method of investigation. It is a technique of gathering and analyzing the content of text. The analyses cover these dimensions; news report and analyses, letters to the Editor, political advertisements and special guest columns. This study found 33% of articles favored BN, 36% covered PR, 24% of articles considered as neutral reports and 6% of articles reported the activities of independent candidates. Using Monti’s classification of biasedunbiased reports, Sinar Harian can be categorized as unbiased newspaper. Key words:...
Words: 4866 - Pages: 20
...Festivity of Political Campaigns Still Persist By Francel Salas Election from the word itself “elect” which means to choose or to vote a righteous person that will lead his country and his people with his intention of further boost the development of the country side. As a democratic country Philippines used to have its election. And now election 2013 is fast approaching, politicians are becoming very ostensible to the public due to their political campaigns that will convince our voters to vote for them. Different tactics and skims are evident to these aspiring politicians. Nowadays, vast number of banners and tarpaulins sponsored by prominent politicians are encircling the different municipalities and cities of the country that are obviously bespeaks of the upcoming election. Furthermore, even holiday seasons are also utilize for political purposes wherein last Christmas, some of the well-known politician candidates used to distribute “hamon”- definitely for their political intention. Also the “Feast of the Black Nazarene” last January 9, became an instrument for campaign, politicians gave free t-shirts to those devotee with the face of Black Nazarene in the front and the name of politician at the back. Additionally, television networks, radio stations, newspapers and even social media will be used as their medium to broadcast their propagandas. Political campaign would not be complete without the prepared speeches from the candidates with their smiling faces to the...
Words: 519 - Pages: 3
...have done a good job.” It seems that she has done more than a good job in raising three young women, as the eldest is in her fourth year of studying International Studies Communications at The University of Technology Sydney, the second enjoying a GAP year and the youngest an aspiring Medical Student in her last year of high school. “I have always told our daughters that they can be and do anything they want to. And that hasn’t just happened in the last 8 weeks, that is something I have been telling them for the last 21 years.” Support and encouragement are two traits that Margie has passed on to her daughters, reflected through their recent active participation in the election campaign. “They have only ever known a political life”, she says “they were all involved at various stages throughout the campaign. And you know it would have been easier for them to say look dad this is your race; we are just going to step back from all of this. But you know they are very proud of their father and they...
Words: 1378 - Pages: 6
...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The IMC campaign title is “HONESTHESIA: Be the Cure” which came from the medicine drug “ANESTHESIA”. It aims to “inject” or to put into the mind and in the heart of the students the value and importance of honesty during elections in order to reduce “pain” or to reduce the dishonesties and lies to happen during election. Elections have been practiced a long time ago; it’s one way for people to exercise their suffrage to vote to appoint their desired leaders. Philippines as a democratic country used election to appoint officials like senators and president. But with every election, news about vote buying, malicious tampering of votes, fraud and other dishonest acts increases. These kinds of acts are a start of an impending problem called corruption. To prevent corruption to take place, we need to take action first on our elections and make it clean and honest. Our team has come up to a campaign called “HONESTHESIA: Be the Cure” which aims to increase honest individuals and young voters to stop dishonest acts during school and nationwide elections. Our goal is to: 1. To provide awareness about honesty to students within 6 months 2. To teach the true value and importance of honesty during elections within 6 months 3. To increase by 10% the students who will value and practice honesty during elections every year after the campaign is implemented 4. To decrease dishonesty and corruption by 10% every year after the campaign is implemented The major target...
Words: 2476 - Pages: 10
...successful as well. People who are successful in life have a strong passion for their work. According to Oxford Dictionary, success is defined as the accomplishment of an aim or purpose. In Tom Perrotta’s novel Election, the two main characters, Tracy Flick and Paul Warren, illustrate their differences in their motivation and work ethic when running for student body president. Tracy’s disadvantage makes it harder for her to run for student body president against Paul, who is privileged, for success. In order to be successful, Tracy has to be self-motivated. Motivation is defined as the act or process of giving someone a reason for doing something. In the beginning of chapter one, Tracy explains her qualifications when running for president. Her qualifications were listed as, “President of the Junior Class, Treasurer of the SGA, Assistant Editor of The Watchdog, statistician for the basketball team, and star of last year’s musical (Oklahoma!, in case you’re wondering) (Perrotta 8-9). Tracy’s achievements made her qualified to run for student body president as well as portrays her as a great academic student represent of her high school. From what she has achieved, Tracy shows that she is super-involved in school, which builds her motivation to participate in the campaign. It takes a lot of motivation to keep Tracy going with her overwhelming schedule and responsibilities, even after her affair with her English teacher. When people found out about Tracy’s scandal, they tried to...
Words: 1264 - Pages: 6
...The United States elections have become awash in money. More than ever, from the presidential elections to the local elections there has been a significant quantity of undisclosed donations referred to as dark money. Dark Money describes election funds from nonprofit organizations that do not have the obligation to disclose their contributors. However, any election funding that stems from organizations who are not required to disclose their donors is considered dark money. As well these nonprofits are not allowed to be political. Although they donate a large amount to candidates, the donor groups are limited to the form of speech they can produce for a candidate. They have to create issue ads which aren’t deemed to be political since the ads...
Words: 1758 - Pages: 8
