...BILINGUAL EDUCATION: * A form of education in which information is presented to the students in two (or more) languages. * Technically, any educational system that utilizes more than one language is bilingual. OVERVIEW: The Philippine Bilingual Education Policy (BEP): Consistent with the 1987 constitutional mandate and a declared policy of the National Board of Education (NBE) on bilingualism in the schools (NBE Resolution No. 73-7, s.1973) the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) promulgated its language policy. The policy was first implemented in 1974 when DECS issued Dept. Order No. 25, s. 1974 titled, "Implementing Guidelines for the Policy on Bilingual Education." Bilingual education in the Philippines is defined operationally as the separate use of Filipino and English as the media of instruction in specific subject areas. As embodied in the DECS Order No. 25, Pilipino (changed to Filipino in 1987) shall be used as medium of instruction in social studies/social sciences, music, arts, physical education, home economics, practical arts and character education. English, on the other hand is allocated to science, mathematics and technology subjects. The same subject allocation is provided in the 1987 Policy on Bilingual Education which is disseminated through Department Order No. 52, s. 1987. The policy on Bilingual Education aims at the achievement of competence in both Filipino and English at the national level, through the teaching...
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...Ashraf Shaikh English 711 Essay Assignment #3 Elizabeth Spencer 22nd April 2015 Bilingual Education or Not? The debate on whether United States should adopt the bilingual academic program whereby children speaking other languages are taught in two languages, in English and in a second, native language (Hayakawa, 1991). There have been studies and researches indicating the benefits of the bilingual academic program, particularly to the students – such as high academic scores, mental flexibility, improved personal identity etc. At the same time, there is evidence showing a number of downsides to the programs – such as double expense to the government, politicized aspects etc. The aim of this paper is to examine different aspects of the argument on the subject of bilingual programs in schools, and whether United States should make English as its official language. It also demonstrates the argumentative ability regarding the controversial issue of bilingual academic program in the United States. Honestly, I feel that the need to make English the official language of the country is preposterous. Only, because it practically is the main language of the country just unofficially. From a general point of view, the definition of bilingualism is whereby a person possesses the ability of easily and naturally speaking in two languages, without experiencing any problem whatsoever. However, from the context of United States of America, bilingualism has a controversial definition (Fallows...
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...“What do we say to the client who still insists on having a “native speaker” English teacher?” An analysis of the prejudices surrounding non-native English speaker teachers (NNESTs) and the obstacles for fostering cooperation between NNESTs and native English speaker teachers (NESTs) in ESL courses in Indonesia. Word count 2997 The spread of English across the globe in recent years had led to English being taught by many more NNESTs, a shift which has produced as many inconsistencies as it has benefits for both students and the teachers themselves. This paper will examine the types, level and origins of discrimination faced by NNESTs in the EF franchise of English language schools in Indonesia of which the author has 10 years’ experience working in. It will also assess the obstacles which hinder cooperation between NESTs and NNESTs within this context. The number of NNESTs is now at an all time high worldwide, fuelled by the rapid growth in the popularity of English language learning (Graddol 2006). Canagarajah (2005) estimates that NNESTs account for 80% of all English teachers, across both non-English and English speaking countries. Issues surrounding how NNESTs are viewed have become a hot topic for ESL school’s directors of studies, ESL students, parents of students (who want the best for their children, at the best price of course), NESTs and NNESTs (of themselves and each other) and not least the academics who write about the relative merits and demerits of each...
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...learning of second language. The interlanguage part is written from the learning perspective, regardless of one’s failure or success in the attempted learning of a second language. The concept of interlanguage was suggested by Selinker in order to draw attention to the possibility that the learner’s language can be regarded as a distinct language variety or system with its own particular characteristics and rules. There is a key term which is named ‘meaningful performance’. It is used to refer to the situation where an adult attempts to express meanings, which he or she may already have, in a language which he or she is in the process of learning. The writer thinks that one of our greatest difficulties in establishing a psychology of second language learning which is relevant to the way people actually learn second languages, has been our inability to identify unambiguously the phenomena we wish to study. I agree with the writer, because we have difficulty in learning second language and a correct understanding of this phenomenon leads to the postulation of certain theoretical constructs. These constructs in turn, give us a framework within which we can begin to isolate the psychological relevant data of second language learning. Interlanguage and Latent Structure There is psychological structure which is latent in the brain, activated when one attempts to learn a second language. Lenneberg coined the term ‘latent psychological structure’. According to...
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...remained high for a long period of time generating serious doubts about the functionality and effectiveness of bilingual education and other programs. Two have been the main reasons attributed for this desertion from classes: the low socioeconomic level of ELLs and language differences. In this context, dual language, one modality of bilingual education, is showing to be able to make students excel in their academic performance and revert negative statistics Currently, in the United States there are two major approaches about how to teach English to those children whose primary language is different from English. The first approach is by immersing them in English only classes. This program was first implemented in California with proposition 227 in 1998 and continued to other states like Arizona and Massachusetts where bilingual education was considered ineffective. The argument is that the sooner the children are exposed or immerse into English the sooner they will grow in all academic subjects. Students with no English will be in immersion classes for no more than a year. Then, they will be taught all the subjects in English. This kind of program is not only considered subtractive (Ofelia Garcia) since it promotes the abandonment...
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...virtually all people were bilingual in nature. He stated that anyone who can communicate few words of another language is bilingual. This is to say that for example, if someone went on holiday to another country and could exchange a simple greeting in the foreign language, then he would be considered to be bilingual. The writer of the article states that the definition by Edwards is far from what most people consider to be bilingual because most people define bilingualism as the ability to fluently speak two languages. The problem with the Marshall’s statement is that he has not explained how he found out that most people define Bilingualism to be the ability to speak two languages fluently. He simply assumes this without giving conclusive evidence. It would have been better if he would have conducted a research or had the opinions of people on what they considered to be bilingual and would conclude based on the response by the people. Edwards’s definition is also ambiguous because the assumption that simply speaking a word of a foreign language makes one bilingual makes almost all people of the world bilingual because most people know few words of a foreign language and this would mean that everyone is bilingual. The definition by Bloomfield’s (1933) that being bilingual requires “native-like control of two Languages” is confusing to a reader because a reader might not immediately understand what native-like control of a language is. Therefore the intended message to be passed...
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...MN Native Americans In Minnesota there are 11 federally recognized Indian reservations. Seven of these reservations belong to the Ojibwe Indians: White Earth, Leech Lake, Red Lake, Bois Fort, Grand Portage, Fond du Lac, and Mille Lacs (Guise). The other four reservations belong to the Dakota Sioux Indians: Upper Sioux, Lower Sioux, Shakopee Mdewakanton and Prairie Island (Guise). The Ojibwe (or Anishinaabe) Indians are one of the largest Native American groups in North America (Treuer, 2010, p.5). I decided to focus my paper on learning more about the history, traditions, education and language of the Ojibwe people. History Ojibwe people originally lived in the northeastern part of North America, where their ancestors were known as the...
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... SAMANTHA VÁSQUEZ 7517 INTRODUCTION In this paper I am going to talk about pidgins and creoles from the point of view of language acquisition. Creolistics (short form for pidgin and creole linguistics) have provided some revealing and controversial insights into language evolution, acquisition and use; though disagreements exist over what languages or varieties can be labelled as 'creole' or as 'pidgin', and debate continues over the nature of creolization, the 'life cycle' of pidgins and creoles and the origin of grammatical structures in creoles which are absent in any preceding pidgin. PIDGIN LANGUAGES A pidgin language is a language which is based on another language or to be precise on several other languages. A pidgin language develops among people and becomes a means of communication among people who speak different native languages, but in contrast to normal natural languages a pidgin language shows a very poor grammar and a sharply curtailed vocabulary. The major ingredients of a pidgin language come from the native languages of the pidgin speakers. The language with the strongest influence on the pidgin is called the superstrate language and all other contributing languages are called the substrate languages. The vocabulary is mainly drawn from the superstrate language whereas the grammar is a compound product of all involved languages. Slavery and colonization were a major force for the formation of pidgin languages. For example...
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...This article was downloaded by: [University of Texas El Paso] On: 09 August 2011, At: 13:50 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Bilingual Research Journal Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ubrj20 Language Learning in the American Southwestern Borderlands: Navajo Speakers and Their Transition to Academic English Literacy Gloria Dyc a a University of New Mexico-Gallup Available online: 22 Nov 2010 To cite this article: Gloria Dyc (2002): Language Learning in the American Southwestern Borderlands: Navajo Speakers and Their Transition to Academic English Literacy, Bilingual Research Journal, 26:3, 611-630 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2002.10162581 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/termsand-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently...
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...Bilingual Education in the US For this activity I would like you to examine your own preconceptions of bilingual education. Please answer the following questions: 1) Do you view bilingual education in a positive light or negative light or both (please be honest)? Why do you think you have this view? Bilingual education is positive for student education because it uses the learning tools students already have as the basis for building new skills and acquiring new knowledge. Most children enter school with basic language skills in English or other languages, which are already in place. If teachers are able to use the native language skills of the student, the native language will help students develop the academic competence they need to succeed in education. Children learn more effectively if they learn English through the use of their native language, which provides a contextual basis for learning and allows them to keep pace with their peer group while acquiring the language they will need to learn in order to interact effectively in today's society. There are several other distinct benefits to the use of bilingual education, besides its basic effectiveness. First, it preserves children's sense of pride in the language of their parents, allowing them to move freely in an English-language dominant society while retaining an important link to their cultural and linguistic heritage. It helps protect their sense of identity, which is also strongly linked to the language and...
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...having fewer speakers annually, as newer generations are born and learn more established Germanic dialects, there is a strong movement dedicated to preserving the language from the German government as well as international organizations through the implementation of academic programs, transcription of manuscripts, dictionaries, and literature, and extensive assistance from existing native speakers, which intends to maintain an active interest in and use of the language. A language becomes endangered when its speakers no longer pass it onto the next generation. If there are no more native speakers, the language then becomes known as a “dead language.” A language only becomes extinct when there are no existing speakers of it. Although there are no established guidelines on how to identify whether or not a language is endangered, there are several indicators that are examined to determine if one is endangered: the number of living speakers, the mean age of native and fluent speakers, and the percentage of the youngest generation acquiring fluency with the language in question. These three criteria each influence how a language is evaluated, and one indicator does not always necessitate the other two. Endangered languages are not always languages with few speakers. Even though small communities are more vulnerable to external threats, the size of a group not always matters. The viability of a language is determined first and foremost by the general attitude of its speakers towards...
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...info/language-and-mind/does-language-reflectaffect-thought.html Beyond Blogspot statement: My abstract is definitely beyond the Blogspot. In the Blogspot, the author discussed the controversial question “does language effect/reflect thought” by mentioning a few research results that are in favour of the Whorf hypothesis, but also pointing out that the language pattern/structure does not affect how people perceive an event. In my opinion, thoughts are always being expressed by language, therefore it is much harder to figure out the relationship between language and thoughts because they are too closely link to each other. Therefore, I decide to investigate the relationship between language and perception. Perception, in my point of view, is more intuitional and can be separated from language more easily than thoughts. In my abstract, I will display 4 evidences that show the effect of language on perceptions. Research Plan: My research question is “does language affect perception”. The sources I am planning to use are evidences/examples of how language influences on people’s perceptions (such as perception of colour, phonetic, appreciations and etc.) My tentative answer to this question is “yes, language does have effect on perceptions”. I will use the research results from the studies that I cited to show that language does affect people’s perception of the world. A short statement about my references: The following Sources are referred in my abstracts 1. Linguistic experience alter phonetic...
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...before starting this course. Honestly, can you say that you haven’t learned anything from this course? Compare the amount of knowledge you had regarding children’s language and communication development before the course and now. At this point, I think it’s safe to say that there have been many different topics discussed that you need to try to retain and keep in mind, especially when you’re going to have a child (though you better not expect to have one soon). Infants are born in large numbers every day and with each birth, parents are concerned about their children’s progression in language development. (You may not be a parent now, but you ought to be concerned about language development as well for the sake of your future children and the future generation of people.) Naturally, parents desire the best and most effective way to speed up and improve their children’s language and communication development. Studies have been done over communication overall, but fortunately; there are many in-depth studies over the topic of communication development with children. There have been many different learning theories that have been covered over this course to help understand the different kinds of development children undergo with regards to communication. An overlaying widely discussed theory known to many is that of “nature or nurture.” There are many other theories that fit within the framework of the “nature or nurture” theory and these can vary depending on the various ages and...
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...third generation Latinos during their language acquisition stage. Chicano English (CE) is not “learner English” or Spanglish, and it is the native language of most speakers. Chicano English has a distinct sound, people who are not familiar with it can mistake it for being an accent or thinking that Spanish is their first language. However, Chicano English speakers are mostly monolingual, and know little Spanish. There are misconceptions that educators can have about the CE community. For example, thinking that those who speak CE lack proficiency in English, believing that their...
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...deaths. One would ask what do mean when we say a language is endangered. It is when its speakers cease to use it, use it in fewer and fewer domains, use fewer of its registers and speaking styles, and/or stop passing it on to the next generation. The truth is there is no single factor that determines whether a language is endangered, but there are many of them, the list could go on. I think the important question should be what is the role that we allow our languages to occupy in our society? Are we content that our children can understand our languages but cannot speak it? Why should be of concern to us and what exactly should we do as speakers to ensure that these languages do not just end up being the language to honor our ancestor like in India as stated by Ladefoged (1994) that “many of the younger people want to honor their ancestors, but also to be part of a modern India bearing the cost of giving up their langue in their daily life”? It should be a great concern for a number of reasons. One, every language reflects a unique world-view with its own value systems, philosophy and particular cultural features. The extinction of a language results in the irrecoverable loss of unique cultural knowledge embodied in it for centuries, including historical, spiritual and ecological knowledge that may be essential for the survival of not only its speakers, but also countless others. For speaker communities, languages are the creations and the vectors of tradition. They support cultural...
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