...Canada’s laws against abortion Abortion in Canada is legal at any point in a woman's pregnancy for any reason, and is governed by the Canada Health Act.[1] While some non-legal obstacles exist,Canada is one of only a few nations with no legal restrictions on abortion.[2][3] Regulations and accessibility vary between provinces.[4] Early in Canadian history, all abortions were illegal. The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968-69 introduced by Pierre Trudeau's Liberal government legalized abortion as long as a committee of doctors signed off that it was necessary for the physical or mental well-being of the mother. In 1988, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in R. v. Morgentaler that the existing laws were unconstitutional and struck down the 1969 law. The then governing Progressive Conservatives attempted, but failed, to pass a new abortion law, and since then Canada has had no criminal laws governing the subject, and abortion is a decision made by a woman with her doctor. Without legal delays, most abortions are done at an early stage.[5] In 2005, 97,254 abortions were reported in Canada; it is estimated that this number "represents approximately 90% of all abortions performed in Canada involving Canadian residents".[6] This number has been decreasing since at least 1998.[6] Abortion was completely banned in Canada in 1869. As in other countries, illegal abortions were still performed, and some cases charged that this led to the deaths of women. An early example received much attention...
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...Is strict gun regulation necessary to reduce gun related crime? In Canada, only 2% of criminal activity accounts for firearm. A majority of gun owners have experienced endless screening and testing to become certified. These individuals are responsible and do not need to be troubled with additional laws (Cotter). My group members and I strongly believe enforcing strict gun laws is not necessary to reduce criminal activity. For the past decade, Canada has implemented stern gun laws into the legal system, which has helped lower crime rates. As a result, our group believes we should not be wasting resources on gun enforcement, but prioritizing our time to other matters such as finding a resolution on how to reduce violence created by physical...
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...The criminal law procedure is an integral but distinct part of criminal law in Canada. It is distinct from the substance of criminal law in that it does not define the type of conduct that constitutes a criminal offence or establishes punishment, but rather determines by whom and in what circumstances prosecutions against accused offenders may be initiated, conducted, terminated and appealed. Criminal law procedure is a set of rules according to which the substantive law is administered. The principal objective of criminal law procedure is to ensure a fair and just process in the determination of guilt or innocence, this determination is made reflecting the proper balance between the value of protection of society and the value of individual...
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...Luca Santoro A00354983 Reflection #4 The Supreme Court of Canada in R. v. Gladue, [1999] 1 S.C.R. 688, as well as, Section 718.2(e) of the Criminal code have stated that judges should account for these considerations when making sentencing decisions. This ruling asks judges to apply an analysis that recognizes the adverse background cultural impact factors that many Aboriginals face. Upon analyzing these factors, if present in their personal history, work to alleviate or reduce the culpability of offenders. Judges are then asked to consider all reasonable alternatives to jail in light of this. After such an analysis, it is more likely to lead to a restorative justice resolution, being used either in place of a jail sentence or combined with a reduced term. In applying principles of restorative justice to Aboriginal offenders, in the context of urban aboriginals discussed in the Gladue decision, it is necessary not only to focus on the individuals before the court, but as well to work with the First Nations communities, to restore their ability to deal with their members in a manner consistent with their traditions. While some critics suggest that decision in the Gladue case is “bad criminal justice policy”, I feel that comment speaks directly to aboriginal restorative justice, the tradition of restoring victim, offender and the community to a state of compatibility is a genuine and widely recognized one in Aboriginal communities around the world. The move to implement restorative...
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...experiences and most the people who have high degrees or high skill levels are more likely to be accepted in countries. Instead, Canada’s immigration laws in fact make it unjust for the people who immigrate as it shows discrimination towards them, strict opportunities and increase the stress of the lives of these newcomers. To start with, the foreigner laws of Canada display discrimination towards particular groups of people making them feel excluded. In Canada, discrimination is shown...
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...Pierre Elliot Trudeau was the fifteenth Prime minister of Canada. He had numerous accomplishments that had many advantages to all of Canada which contain the official dialect demonstration of Canada where Trudeau made French and English the official dialects, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom, and the progression of laws on premature birth, homosexuality and the legitimization of lotteries. These accomplishments are just a couple of what that Pierre Trudeau accomplished for Canada while his position in Parliament that was fundamental. Pierre Trudeau first drew out the official dialect demonstration of Canada in 1969. He gave the Canadian populace the convictions that Canada ought to have two authority languages, French and English. These would fill...
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...characteristics of the members of any given society.” Canada’s culture originated from Europe, especially Britain and France. Canadians are relatively a broadminded, civil and very community-oriented people. Although they are individualistic in terms of their basic cultural traits, they nevertheless place a great deal of emphasis on the individual's responsibility to the community. This is seen as giving balance and a good quality of life. They’re also very protective of their constituent identity and encourage their people to stay true to it. Canada also has a low context which means most of its information is explicitly contained in the words. Furthermore, Canada’s government is made up of constitutional monarchy that is also a parliamentary democracy and a federation. A multitude of languages are spoken in Canada. According to the 2006 census, English and French are the preferred language of 67.1% and 21.5% of the population, respectively. Canada also has five widely-spoken non-official languages which are Chinese (the home language of 2.6% of Canadians), Punjabi (0.8%), Spanish (0.7%), Italian (0.6%), and Arabic (0.5%). They’re also perceived as diverse, and multicultural. Ethnic groups that reside in their country are British Isles origin (28%), French origin (23%), other European (15%), Amerindian (2%), other, mostly Asian, African, Arab (6%), mixed background...
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...However, African nations have not met the potential economy growth that they could. Canadian companies need to help African companies benefit from their resources by generating equal profits between Canada and the nations they companies are being based in. As stated above many Canadian companies are violating environmental laws and producing unhealthy environments for the citizens of the African nations. That is way I suggested that the Canadian government should make sure environmental rights are met here and overseas, and that there are consequences for companies that are violating these policies. The aids coming from Canada need to be regulated and in order for that to happen Bill-300 needs to be passed. Bill C-300 will be used to guarantee companies are not violating the laws and that if they are they will be criminalized to the fullest extent of the law. By publishing the violations, it will help make sure violations are not happening as they will negatively affect the company’s profits. Additionally, the government must send out human and environmental rights activists to help regulate the Canadian mining companies in Africa. Justin Trudeau has made many promises to help improve Canada’s involvement in controlling mining in Africa. Mineral extraction is a big...
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...Canada Constitution vs Unites States Most countries around our world for the most part have a constitution for people to live by or another resource laying out the freedoms for the citizens for the countries. A Constitution of course is the foundation for one’s country that he or she lives in. The constitution or other government rules lay the foundation for the government as well as the citizens that reside in the country. This is especially true for the lands of America and the Monarchy of the providence of Canada. Both nations citizens live by the rights of each constitutions everyday even though in some cases our rights are not always treated as a nation of free people should be. Of course the United States and Canada have different freedoms than other lands but, these freedoms and rights for both countries were not easily achieved wars were fought and to many people died for the cause on both sided of the wars for the lands. The United States constitution was written in 1787 between May and September after the American colonies citizens won their independence from the British rule of the king and queen. The men who wrote the constitution were called the framers, they met and discussed what would be in it which some of the things were not put in it and the articles. There were 55 Framers of the constitution. Among them some familiar names as George Washington, James Madison, Benjamin franklin, alexander Hamilton which he invented the first national bank for the United...
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...Canada, A Cultural Analysis Abstract Canada is a beautiful country that is adjacent to the United States of America. There are many resemblances between Canadian culture and American culture. It is also common for Canadians to expect great communications in the workplace and friendliness. It is valued to be respectful of others ethical background as well. It is also standard to see similarities in basic hand shake as a cultural behavior to mean many things. In a business environment in Canada, business people often begin relationships in a reserved manner; once people get to know one another they usually become friendly and informal. Canada as the United States encourages small businesses to grow and prosper as well as their economic. In regards to the workplace, Canada also promotes from within companies and wants its workforce to be involved in a company’s growth and offers great benefits to its employees. Canada as the Unites States offers great cultural diversity among its people and within the workforce as well. It would be easier for an individual to adapt to Canadian ethical behavior since it is similar and diverse as the United States. There are many similarities and differences between the culture of the United States and the culture of Canada. While there are many preconceptions about the culture and behaviors of Canadians, many of the country’s customs are similar to those found in the United States, despite differences in culture and government...
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...Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt llp Doing Business in Canada Doing Business in Canada Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt llp first produced Doing Business in Canada in 1997 and this guide continues to be one of our most popular and respected publications. Laws change and evolve and to ensure the information is current, we review the guide regularly. Doing Business in Canada Doing Business in Canada is designed to give business executives, counsel and potential investors from foreign countries a concise overview of Canada’s legal and economic framework and key business legislation. For those looking to pursue business opportunities in Canada, this guide outlines several unique aspects of doing business in Canada, including French language requirements in the province of Québec as well as overlapping regulatory jurisdiction among various levels of government in certain areas of the law. With few exceptions, the same considerations apply to Canadians who live, work and conduct business in Canada. Despite the ongoing harmonization of many areas of Canadian business law with those of our major trading partners through international agreements, addressing distinctly Canadian business law requirements is a crucial consideration when entering the Canadian marketplace. Each chapter is designed to assist you with an overview of that particular subject and the laws most likely to affect your business decisions. Beginning with an introduction to Canada’s legal system as it applies to businesses...
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...College Idle No More The “Idle no More” movement is a grassroots political undertaking of a large group of Canadian Aboriginal people which consist of First Nations, Inuit’s and Metis. The primary focus of the movement is on Indigenous rights and environmental protection. It began as a fairly small group in Canada, but rapidly became international in scale essentially from rapid proliferation through the use of social media such as Facebook and Twitter (OJEN, n.d.). The movement has also attracted a great deal of attention in the Canadian national and local mainstream media, through rallies, protests, teach-ins and direct political actions. Political actions such as flash mobs and round dances around the country protested against omnibus Bill C-45 (currently known as the Jobs and Growth act, 2012) that was introduced and announce by Prime Minister Stephen Harper in October 2012 without consulting the Indigenous peoples (OJEN, n.d.). The vision of Idle No More is to “call on all people to join in a peaceful revolution, to honour Indigenous sovereignty, and to protect the land and water” (idlenomore.ca, n.d.). The Idle No More manifesto contends that “the state of Canada has become one of the wealthiest countries in the world by using the land and resources. Canadian mining, logging, oil and fishing companies are the most powerful in the world due to land and resources. Some of the poorest First Nations communities (such as Attawapiskat) have mines or other developments on their...
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...employ chemical weapons. He was suffering from mustard gas burns. After the war between Canada and Germany. Trenches: The trenches are holes (8 to 10 feet in many areas) dug by soldiers to protect themselves from the enemy in WWI. They were designed as three lines. The front line directly faced the enemy; the space in between the front lines of the defenders and the attackers is known as “No Man’s Land” were usually the dead bodies are during the war. Behind the front line is the “Second Line” which was used if the front line was captured by the enemy. Usually there is a third line that is 1km away from the front line towards safety. In the trenches, there was living quarters, kitchens, hospitals and dugouts of all sorts, which were essentially caves dug into the back side of the trench. The trenches were necessary when two armies face a stalemate, with neither side able to win and overtake the other. The Machine Gun: The machine gun was one of the most feared weapons used in WWI. They were mostly used in WWI to kill as much people as possible. Machine guns are an automatic gun that fires bullets in rapid succession for as long as the trigger is pressed. Their guns needed 4-6 soldiers to work them and they had to be on a flat surface. Each shot of the machine gun would load the next shot, and this action could be repeated very quickly. They were used by everyone in the war, including Canada, although the Germans used them to its best advantage. The Germans considered the...
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...country, support of the Catholic Church and French Canadian culture were passed onto him by his father. He was a bright student who excelled at the elite Jesuit preparatory school Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf and in law school at the University of Montreal. After graduating law school he practiced law and specialized in labor and civil liberty cases, issues he would later bring into focus for all of Canada. In 1961, Trudeau was a constitutional law professor at which point he began to consider turning to federal politics. In 1964 Trudeau decided to run for the Liberals and won a federal seat in 1965. He was appointed to the cabinet as Minister of Justice and within a year, he had reformed the divorce laws and liberalized the laws on abortion and homosexuality. He eventually became the Prime Minister of Canada and served as Prime Minister for 15 years. During his term as a cabinet minister and prime minister he accomplished much including the appointment of women as the Speaker of the Senate and House of Commons and Governor General. However his greatest accomplishment occurred towards the end of his political career. Throughout his private and political career Trudeau fought to ensure that the rights and freedoms of Canadians were protected and that Canada remained a strong and independent nation. His civil rights accomplishment were numerous but the major events he is known for included the passing of the Official Languages Act in 1969 and...
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...The Dominion of Canada was formed on July 1, 1867. Canada was created in a unique way, it was created from four British colonies, which are known today as Ontario and Quebec. Two other British colonies joined the Dominion of Canada, they are known today as New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. From this day forward other colonies have already joined the Dominion and today there are ten provinces and three territories that forms Canada. I will be looking into some external and internal factors that encouraged the creation of Confederation. The Fenian Raids played a part in the creation of Canada. The Fenian Raids were a secret society that wanted independence and it was made by the Irish. Ireland was under British rule at the time and they wanted their independence, so they decided to commence a series of attacks on the Canadian border that were under British rule, these raids lasted from 1866 to 1871. This connects with the forming of the Dominion of Canada because the Fenians were attacking in many different points of Canada, when the Fenians attacked where Canada was most vulnerable, their land would be taken over. The British North Americans had to be prepared to defend from America because of other incidents, such as the Trent Affairs. the British North Americans had to also try to...
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