...CANCER CONTROL PROJECT ABSTRACT A. PROJECT TITLE: Self-sampling for HPV infection among low-income Hispanic women. B. SPECIFIC AIMS: Although cervical cancer is preventable through regular screening 1 with Pap smear and liquid-based cytology,2 only 72% of women in the Texas-Mexico border and 82% of women in the US undergo such regular screening.3 Hispanic women in this region have one of the highest cervical cancer mortality rates in the nation.4 Previous studies have identified barriers to screening in this minority population such as lack of access to healthcare, fear of pain during the gynecological exam and embarrassment.5 Persistent infection with oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types is necessary for developing cervical cancer.6 Thus, HPV testing of women 30 – 65 years of age has been added to the cervical cancer screening guidelines in addition to Pap/cytology (co-testing).2 Self-sampling is a novel approach to detect HPV infection, it allows women to collect their own cervical specimen with a brush in the clinic or in their own homes.7 It has high sensitivity (74%) and specificity (88%) compared to physician collected samples.8-13 Women that deem it acceptable cite reasons such as privacy, costs, and lack of need for an office visit.13-21 However, Pap/cytology has been preferred over self-sampling among some groups because of low confidence in self-sampling accuracy and uncertainty over performing it correctly.13,17,20,22,23 Self-sampling has been least likely...
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...Health Promotion in Oral Cancer Health promotion may be defined as the process by which patients are given the power to gain control over their health thereby improving it. It also includes providing skills to patients to enable them to develop healthy habits and also improving their social and physical environments to support these habits (Sharma & Romas, 2012). Health promotion does not only focus on the disease but empowers the patient to improve his or her overall health. Therefore, health care in oral cancer is involved in creating a conducive environment for patients to improve their health. Oral cancer is a type of cancer that affects the inner parts of the mouth including the throat. It is mainly caused by smoking cigarettes and chewing smokeless tobacco. It mostly appears as painless sores and growth within the mouth including the lips, tongue, gums and inner cheek. It may be confused for ulcers or cold sores (Sharma & Romas, 2012). Oral cancer has a very high mortality rate i.e. patients affected only live for up to 5 years after infection. This may be due to the fact that cancer cells in the mouth are usually not detected until they are developed. Survival and treatment of oral cancer depends on early detection. If it is diagnosed in the early stages, an oral cancer patient is more likely to survive than persons affected by other cancers (Sharma & Romas, 2012). Health education with health promotion and the situation in Saudi Arabia Health education is any learning...
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...2015 Approach to Care The diagnosis, treatment, and side effects associated with cancer can be complex and understanding how cancers are diagnosed, the treatment choices, and the potential psychological, physical effects of cancer are essential to understand when one is faced with a cancer diagnosis. This paper will describe how cancer is diagnosed, the staging procedure, complications associated with the disease, the side effects associated with treatment, and methods to lessen the physical and psychological effects of cancer. The diagnosis of cancer is determined from the patient’s history, symptoms, and physical exam obtained by a healthcare provider (Davis, C. P. 2014). There are many symptoms which may alert a patient or healthcare provider that further evaluation for cancer is required. Examples of suspect symptoms might include: Changes in a mole, sores that do not heal, changes in the breast and nipple, thickening or lump beneath or on the skin, changes in bowel routines, atypical bleeding noted in the urine, stool, or vaginal (National Cancer Institute, n.d.). After performing the physical exam, a healthcare provider may determine medical tests are required to confirm a cancer diagnosis. Medical tests used to confirm diagnosis can vary. One of the first tests to be conducted will be an evaluation of the patients’ blood. Several blood tests are commonly used to detect cancer; these tests include: Tests that evaluate the level of electrolytes, proteins, fats, metabolites...
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...one of the health risk assessments located on the LRC website. After completing the assessment, write a 500- to 750-word summary that includes the following: Cancer: Cancer is not just one disease. It is a group of diseases that are only in common by the uncontrolled growth of cells. This is known as a tumor. The cells of a benign tumor do not spread beyond their initial location. Cancer is diagnosed when a tumor is found to be malignant and thus has the potential to spread. As we know cancer is a major cause of death and disability in the US. Over 20% of all deaths are caused by some sort of cancer. Although in younger ages the percentage can be higher. Risk Factors: There are some risk factors for cancer that you cannot avoid. Like genetics or family history, environmental exposers or behaviors that occurred in the past. There are some that you can control such as, you can control your current and future behavior, including diet and exercise, and you’re current and future environmental exposures, such as tobacco smoke or other chemicals. You have to remember that having one of a few of these risk factors does not mean that you are going to get cancer and avoiding these risk factors does not ensure that you are healthy. But avoiding these factors does certainly affect your odds. The best defense against cancer to avoid getting it in the first place. This is why risk factors are so important. By you identifying which...
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...How cancer starts How cancer starts Doctors and scientists now know that each cancer starts with changes in one cell or a small group of cells. Usually, many years before you can feel a lump, or a doctor can see it on a scan, the cells have started to reproduce uncontrollably. You can see from the differences between normal cells and cancer cells that the cancer cell seems to lose a number of vital control systems. This happens because some of the genes in the cell have been damaged or lost. Scientists call this 'mutation'. Genes and mutation Genes are coded messages inside a cell that tell it how to behave. The genes are codes that tell the cell how to make many different proteins. One gene 'codes' for one protein. Proteins are the building blocks that make up a cell. Some proteins act as 'on and off switches' that help to control how a cell behaves. For example, a hormone signal acts on a protein in or on the cell. The protein then sends a signal down a chain of switches. The final signal tells the cell to reproduce by dividing into two. Mutation means that a gene has been damaged or lost. A mutation may mean that too much protein is made. Or that a protein is not made at all. For example, a signalling protein may be permanently switched on. Other proteins, whose job is to control and limit cell division, may be permanently switched off. Something that damages a cell and makes it more likely to be cancerous is called a 'carcinogen'. For example, there are carcinogens...
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...Chronic illness poses a huge burden to people and greatly impacts their lives. Cancer being one of them is a group of diseases where cells divide and grow uncontrollably. The good news is that there are a number of lifestyle changes and therapy that can greatly reduce or even prevent cancer. Skin cancer is most definitely one that we may not notice right away. There are risk factors that we can control and other areas of the illness that we can’t. Cancer is a broad group of many different types. Cancer starts out with abnormal cells that are grouped together. A group of these cells is called a tumor. A tumor is then tested to see if it has the danger of spreading. If it does have the capability of spreading, then it is considered cancerous. It put the cancer cells and the cell growth ratio out of order where the cancer cells are taking over and get out of control. More specifically, Melanoma is when the cancer cells have taken over the skin. Often times we don't even notice it because it may appear to be a beauty mark or skin tag when in reality we have something more dangerous going on. The risk factors for melanoma are just like any other type of cancer. Some aspects of the disease are controllable while others are not. The Controllable factors are also known as manageable factors. The factors we cannot control are the color of our skin, the color of our hair, our genetics. The things we can control are sun exposure, the use of tanning beds, and lastly how frequently we get...
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...over one hundred different types of cancer, and they all begin with the development and proliferation of abnormal cells. If untreated, cancer can cause illness, debilitation and death. In normal cell function, cells replicate and produce new cells as old cells are dying. Under normal circumstances out of control cellular reproduction does not occur. Cancer cells also grow in to other tissues invading their cellular structure. If the structural DNA of a cell is damaged, the cell then tries to repair itself and if unable the cell dies. Cancer cells do not die. They continue to replicate the cells with damaged DNA and spread the disease. Cancer cells are able to invade blood and body tissues and travel to different areas in the body where the damaged cells can invade and crowd out healthy tissue (What is Cancer, 2015). This paper will discuss the diagnosis, staging & complications of cancer, treatment options and side effects as well as methods to lessen physical and psychological effects. Diagnosis and Staging Early diagnosis of cancer is the key to early medical intervention and reduction in mortality. Diagnosing cancer can begin as simply as the discussion you have with your physician during a regular checkup. Pertinent medical history as well as family history of disease is important to identify risk factors. Laboratory data analyzing urine, blood and other bodily fluid specimens for high or low values helps in diagnosis of certain cancers. Diagnostic imaging studies looking...
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...know how to prevent cancer completely. Unfortunately, no matter what we each do, no one can completely eliminate their risk for cancer of one type or another. Cancer is a fact of life. However, although zero risk is not a reality, there are many things that most of us can do to minimize our risk for developing many types of cancer. All it takes is thinking about it and deciding to take control of your fate, making important changes which can positively impact your health and your risk for diseases. Some of the choices we make can help reduce our risk of getting cancer in the first place, while others help to ensure that, if we do get cancer, that the cancer...
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...A Collection of Related Diseases Cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases. In all types of cancer, some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues. Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. When cancer develops, however, this orderly process breaks down. As cells become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed. These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form growths called tumors. Many cancers form solid tumors, which are masses of tissue. Cancers of the blood, such as leukemias, generally do not form solid tumors. Cancerous tumors are malignant, which means they can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. In addition, as these tumors grow, some cancer cells can break off and travel to distant places in the body through the blood or the lymph system and form new tumors far from the original tumor. Unlike malignant tumors, benign tumors do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however. When removed, they usually don’t grow back, whereas malignant tumors sometimes do. Unlike most benign tumors elsewhere in the body, benign brain tumors can be life threatening...
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...Cancer is a disease in which cells grow out of control and invade, erode, and destroy normal tissue. It has sadly affected many people. Damaged genes are the cause of this. Since mitosis - a process for cell division - and the cell cycle are controlled by genes, having damaged genes can cause the cell to go wrong. If it starts in just a single cell, it can replicate itself to make new cells that duplicate. In the cell cycle, cells can be in the G1 or G0 stage. Often cells leave G1 and enter G0 where they carry out their functions then die out or re-enter the cell cycle if needed. It is usually a balance. Contrary, some cells can not enter G0 and are destined to repeat the cell cycle indefinitely. These are cancer cells. As the very early damaged...
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...of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center organizational structure has allowed them to become one of the prominent organizations for treating cancer, research, and schooling. Since the early 90’s, they successfully restructured from being a physically organized cancer center in regards to clinical fields into a hospital that was structured into disease centered combined practice components termed multidisciplinary centers of care. These components were reinforced by an organizational structure plan in which doctors conveyed information both to management of educational units and disease centered care centers. As their ability to research and at the same time educate future health care personnel keeps them in forefront. Though these multidisciplinary centers of care do not operate simultaneously as one team focus on an individual patient they communicate focusing on particular cancer treatment and research with the same mission and goal. Keywords: cancer, research, students The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Organization& Stakeholder Relationship Knowledge and Comprehension The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center being one of the United States most valued centers dedicated entirely to the care of patients with cancer, education and research. Located in Houston, Texas Medical Center, established in 1941 MD Anderson was a part of “The University of Texas System”. Further research shows The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center is known to many...
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...Prevention of Breast Cancer Abstract Background Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in American women according to the National Cancer Institute. Breast cancer research has found no cure and treatments vary in effectiveness. Objectives This paper will review some of the various conventional and natural prevention methods of breast cancer and evaluate the effectiveness and risks of each. Methods/Design Published studies on early detection , non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, physical activity and diet were reviewed. Opposing studies and risks of each were also sought and reviewed. Major Findings All methods were found to have a positive effect on reducing the risk of breast cancer except for early detection. All methods were also found to have a negative effect on breast cancer risk or have risks of other health problems except for physical activity and thermography. Conclusion Studies show that early detection does not prevent breast cancer and moderate physical activity can reduce the risk of breast cancer. All other methods have conflicting studies . Early Detection: Early detection is the most recommend method for the prevention of breast cancer, however it does not prevent breast cancer but studies show it can reduce the death rate of breast cancer. Mammography the most used and accurate form of non-evasive early detection will be examined in this paper as well as thermography, a new alternative to mammogram screenings. ...
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...Colon Cancer Essay Kimberlee Mendoza COM/172 Spring 2012 University of Phoenix BSCJA/HS-004 By edgar casillas Chelito16_@hotmail.com (619) 358-3815 May 20th, 2012 Colon cancer is known to be one of the most common cancers in the western world. In the United States, colon cancer is the second cause of death from cancer only surpass by lung cancer. More women die of colon cancer than breast cancer. Although not many do pay attention to the risk factors and symptoms. One reason may be due to the false assumptions that the only way to get rid of colon cancer is to become a vegetarian. It is important to notify people about the symptoms, risk factors, and how hazardous colon cancer can be, but it is even more important to educate the people on how to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells are separated without any control and are able to enter other tissues. There are over 100 different types of cancers and they are mostly named in the organ or type of cell where they initiate. For instance, cancer that starts in the colon is called "colon cancer". If the cancer is not treated or detected, it could lead to serious illness and even death. There are trillions of body cells in the human body. During the early stages of an individual’s life, the cells split rapidly, which lets an individual develop. Once a person is an adult, the cells only separate to patch-up injuries. When the cells start to separate without control, in a...
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...Assessment The health risk profile chosen for this assignment was breast cancer. What I’ve come to learn are its risk factors that are compared to the average woman developing breast cancer. breast cancer is cancer that forms in cells of the breast. The breast consists of lobules (glands that make breast milk), ducts (small tubes that carry milk from the lobules to the nipple), fatty and connective tissue, blood vessels and lymph vessels. Breast cancer may also occur in surrounding lymph nodes, especially those of the underarm. A risk factor anything that affects our chances of getting a particular disease. We can control some of them, but not all of them. . Those we can't control include genetics or family history, and environmental exposures or behaviors that occurred in the past. Those we can control include our current and future behaviors, including diet and exercise, and our current and future environmental exposures, such as to tobacco smoke, alcohol, or other chemicals. We must keep in mind that risk factors are not absolute, that having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean we will definitely get cancer. It is important to have our routine screenings test, or early detection. These tests are designed to find Breast cancer when it is most likely to be treated. These screening tests are used to look for signs of cancer in people who have no symptoms. The best way to defense against Breast cancer is to avoid getting it in the first place, that is why risk factors are...
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...body weight places greater strain on heart and increases hypertension and cholesterol levels.2. Behavioural: physical activity, tobacco smoking poor nutrition-diets high in saturated fat such as cholesterol can contribute to overweight and obesity. Low intake of fruit and vegetables can contribute to increased snacking on high fat and high sugar foods, increasing obesity, which heightens risk of CVD.Physical enviro: air quality (tobacco smoke) Access to recreational facilities-if lacking access, they might not exercise as much as otherwise might. Heightens risk of CVD and obesity.Social envrio- SES, Early life experiences. | Swap it, don’t stop it WHO- Diabetes Australia QueenslandWHAT- * The program works with Heart Foundation, Cancer Council Queensland and Nutrition Australia in QLD. * The program includes an online 12-week planner, iPhone app and a range of fact sheets and resources to support the community to Shape Up. * The program uses a...
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