...Non Modifiable Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease By: Fawn R. Stephen-Odle June 2012 Cardiovascular disease is caused by disorders of the heart and blood vessels, and includes coronary heart disease (heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (stroke), raised blood pressure (hypertension), peripheral artery disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, and heart failure. The major causes of cardiovascular disease are tobacco use, physical inactivity, an unhealthy diet and harmful use of alcohol. Unfortunately, there are four non-modifiable risk factors that contribute to CVD (cardiovascular disease). Race and Ethnicity: Race and ethnicity have quite a bit to do with risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Studies show that African Americans have a higher risk for Cardiovascular Disease because of higher blood pressure levels, overweight and obesity, compared to Caucasians. Higher blood pressure levels are among the highest in African Americans in the world. Mexican Americans and Native Americans are also at higher risk for heart disease because of higher rates of obesity, diabetes, and smoking. Studies also show that about 77% of African American women, 72% of Mexican American women, and 61% of Native American women are overweight or obese, compared to 57% of Caucasian women. Taking precautions such as eating a proper diet, exercise, lessen use of alcohol, and quitting smoking can reduce a person’s chances of contracting Cardiovascular Disease. All...
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...An epidemiological shift is occurring across the world in which the burden of disease is transitioning from a high burden of infectious disease to a high burden of chronic disease and illness (1). This transition to a high non communicable disease burden is at its most advanced stage in westernized high income countries, yet as middle and low income countries become more modernized they too follow in this similar epidemic transition path (1). As they follow the epidemiological pathway paved by high income countries, low and middle income countries are especially vulnerable to the negative impacts of this transition both on a population and healthcare system level (2) with low and middle income countries housing 80% of all fatalities due to...
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...disease are currently diagnosed. Awareness of the pathology of the disease and understanding risk factors and early signs of Alzheimer’s is vital to prevention as well as providing a patient with an early successful treatment. There are multiple risk factors which contribute to Alzheimer’s disease, age being the greatest. Alzheimer’s disease is increasing in occurrence with 1 percent in adults’ age 60 years to nearly 45 percent in those age 85 years and older (Wierenga & Bondi, 2011, p. 37). There are genetic risk factors that also play a role with developing Alzheimer’s. Early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to the presence of genetic mutations on chromosomes 21, 14 and chromosomes 1. Mutations found on chromosome 19 are a well-known genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer’s disease and may be the cause for 50 percent of the risk for developing it. Additional risk factors include cerebrovascular disease such as stroke, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, systolic hypertension, elevated pulse pressure, elevated cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and diabetes which have all increasingly been involved in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. These risk factors have also been known to lead to a quicker decline after diagnosis has been made. Out of all these risk factors, hypertension has been found to be most associated with the development of the disease. Other risk...
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...Stroke is a disease with disturbance or damage in brain function that may cause temporary or permanent function loss of the part of the body or even death. This disease is one of the major leading causes of death almost in all over the world, including Indonesia. According to Riskesdas' survey result, stroke causes 15,4% death in all ages in Indonesia. This rate is the highest among all death rates caused by other non-transmitted diseases. (Departemen Kesehatan RI, 2011) As a heterogeneous disease, stroke has some types and each of them has its own warning signs, symptoms, risk factors, and causes. The one that will be discussed in this article is ischemic stroke, which occurs as the result of blockage in cerebral artery. This blockage leads...
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...Pathopharmacological Foundations for Advanced Nursing Practice Competency Assessment WUT Task 1 Pamela L. Taylor RN-C(OB), BSN Western Governors University June 2016 A. Disease Process For the purpose of discussion of pathopharmacological features of a specific disease process, this paper will provide information related to heart disease in the form of coronary artery disease (CAD). A1. Pathophysiology Analysis Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of mortality worldwide and becoming a steadily more investigated problem due to its prevalence. Much research is going into genetic, inflammatory mechanisms and neuro-hormonal factors related to CVD as scientific knowledge evolves regarding complexity of this broad pathophysiology. Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of the subsection of CVD called CAD. This is a form of arteriosclerosis where there is progressive thickening and hardening of the vessel walls of the two major coronary arteries and their branches. The thickening is an accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages inside the wall of the artery leading to the formation of lesions and plaque buildup (McCance, K. & Huether, S., 2014). When the plaque develops on the coronary artery walls the pumping ability of the heart becomes impaired as oxygen and nutrients needed for heart function may be partially or completely impeded. Complete occlusion of a coronary artery or one of its branches leads to a myocardial...
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...absorption of iron causing advanced collection of iron in tissues, mainly in the liver, pancreas, heart, endocrine organs, and skin which may lead to end-stage organ damage during or after middle age. Hemochromatosis is common mostly among causcasians. Identification of risk factor Environmental and lifestyle changes that may affect it are Oral iron supplement, eating a lot of meat, Exogenous estrogen, vitamin C, Genetic or Acquired Disorders, Hepatitis B or C infection also Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Having two duplicates of a mutated HFE gene.. If your parent or sibling have hemochromatosis, you're at risk of developing it. Or if you have family that have problem with alcohol, heart attacks, diabetes, liver disease, and arthritis your risk of hemochromatosis is greater. Ethnicity. Northern European people are more likely to get hereditary hemochromatosis. Gender: Men are more prone to have hemochromatosis than women and when they do have it they developed the symptoms earlier than. Because women lose blood every month through their period or when they give birth. After menopause or a hysterectomy, the risk for women increases. Alcohol use increase the chance of someone getting hemochromatosis and also...
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...Uncontrollable risk factors for stroke The etiology of stroke is multifactorial as the interaction of many risk factors seems to be accountable for the development of this clinical syndrome. The risk factors are classified according to their potential for modification into modifiable and non modifiable risk factors. Some risk factors for stroke we simply can not do anything about. According to the vast majority of literature non modifiable risk factors include; advanced age, previous stroke, heredity, race, and gender. 1. Advanced age: It is widely accepted that stroke increases dramatically with age and it is more likely to affect the elderly. The risk of suffering a stroke roughly doubles for each decade of life after age 55. The majority of strokes occur at 7th decade of life and it rarely occurs at the ages below of 35 years old. 2. Previous stroke: People who have previously suffered a stroke or a “mini stroke” (Transient ischemic attack or TIA) are at higher risk. Survivors of stroke or TIA are at risk of new vascular events. Statistics show that a previous stroke or TIA increases the risk of a future stroke in the next 5 years by 25 to 40 percent. 3. Heredity: Risk is greater if a parent, grandparent or sibling has had a stroke. Family history of both parents may be related to increased stroke risk. Genetic predisposition has been documented in humans and studies have shown that monozygotic twins have a 5- fold increase...
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...Chapter 18- Diet & Health Read & Respond Questions (60 points total, #1- 7= 5 points each, #8 = 25pts) Name: 1) Differentiate between cancer initiators, promoters and anti-promoters. • Cancer Initiators; factors that cause mutations that give rise to cancer, such as radiation and carcinogens. • Cancer promoters; factors that favor the development of cancers once they have begun. • Cancers anti-promoters; factors that oppose to the development of cancers. 2) Which nutrients or foods fit into each of these categories? Cancer Initiators- red and processed meat Cancer Promoters- animal fat Cancer Antipromoters- omega-3 fatty acid from fish • 3) What are the differences between modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors? Modifier risk factors can be changed or avoid however non-modifier risk fact cannot be changed they will eventually come (naturally) 4) Describe examples of each for the conditions listed below: |Health Condition |List 2 |List 2 | | |Modifiable Risk Factors |Non-Modifiable Risk Factors | |Cardiovascular Disease | | | |Hypertension...
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........................................4 Pathophysiology...............................................................................................................................5 Clinical manifestations...................................................................................................................6 Short of breath and ‘light headed’...................................................................................................6 Nauseous and uncomfortable feeling...............................................................................................6 Crushing substernal chest pain .......................................................................................................6 Modifiable and Non-modifiable risk factors.................................................................7 Laboratory tests results and ECG findings................................................................................7 ECG (Electrocardiogram)................................................................................................................7 Troponin...........................................................................................................................................8 Cholesterol.......................................................................................................................................8 High density lipoprotein...
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...name Genetics and Genomics school Colorectal Cancer Colorectal cancer is a genetic disorder. Colorectal cancer may cause one or more of the symptoms below: • A change in bowel habits, such as diarrhea, constipation, or narrowing of the stool, that lasts for more than a few days • A feeling that you need to have a bowel movement that is not relieved by doing so • Rectal bleeding, dark stools, or blood in the stool (often, though, the stool will look normal) • Cramping or abdominal (belly) pain • Weakness and fatigue • Unintended weight loss Most of these symptoms are more often caused by conditions other than colorectal cancer, such as infection, hemorrhoids, or inflammatory bowel disease. Still, if you have any of these problems, it's important to see your doctor right away so the cause can be found and treated, if needed. (“FITWAY,” 2013) Colorectal cancer would be diagnosed after having a colonoscopy that would hopefully reveal the cause of the bleeding, change in bowels, etc. If there is colon polyps the surgeons will remove the polyps during the procedure. If the polyps and/or mass are too big to remove during the colonoscopy the surgeons will schedule patient for an abdominal procedure to remove it. Men and women both can equally be affected by colorectal cancer as they increase in age. This type of cancer occurs more often in people age 50 and over but is...
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...cause of Osteoporosis. Most commonly, wrist, hip, and spine factures happen as a result of this disease, but it can also cause hospitalization, surgery, life-long disability, or even death. Osteoporosis affects 1 out of every 2 women over the age of 50, and is 4 time more likely to affect a woman than it is a man ("Www.Powerflexweb.com", 2013). There are many factors that play into whether this disease will impact a person’s life, some are modifiable, some are not. Family history, estrogen deficiency, ethnicity, and body frame are all non-modifiable, or unchangeable, risk factors. A risk factor is any detail, in a person’s life, that will affect the chances of them getting a certain disease. Even though there are some factors that a person can’t do anything about, such as genetic makeup, there are a few risk factors that we do have control over, and they are called modifiable risks. Some of the modifiable risks that can cause Osteoporosis are low life time calcium intake, use of certain medications, inactivity, smoking, and drinking excessively ("Www.Powerflexweb.com", 2013). Even if a person has high risk factors for...
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...Clinical Assignment: Cardiovascular Risk Factors Introduction The American Heart Association has identified several risk factors that greater your chance of developing coronary heart disease and heart attack. Major risk factors are those that research has shown significantly increase the risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. Risk factors are divided up into modifiable and non-modifiable as outlined below. Patient Profile My patient on 03/31/2011 was M.M., who is a 55 year old Caucasian male who presented to UMC on 03/26/2011 with a chief complaint of shortness of breath, light headed, and pain in the left ankle. I choose M.M. as he had an admitting diagnosis of COPD exacerbation, syncope, and a medical history for being hospitalized with congestive heart failure (CHF), obstructive sleep apnea and COPD, and is currently a smoker. Risk Factors Age: According to the American Heart Association (AHA), over 82% of people who die of coronary heart disease are 65 or older. Age is the most important risk factor for developing CAD in women. When compared with men, women are, on average, 10 years older when they have CAD. (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010). At older ages, women who have heart attacks are more likely than men are to die from them within a few weeks. M.M. is 55 years old, so this risk factor does not directly apply to him right now. Sex: According to the AHA, men have a greater risk of heart attack than women do, and...
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...consequences depend on the blockage, which may be caused by vasospasm, which is spasm of the artery stimulated by mediators released from platelets, or by atherosclerosis with acute clot formation. The blockage results a permanent loss of contraction of that portion of the heart muscle. Because the heart tissue distal to the obstruction dies and is replaced by non-contractile scar tissue, the heart muscle loses some of its strength and finally its contractile function stops. Thus, an acute myocardial...
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...Stroke is caused by a blockage or rupture of one of the blood vessels supplying the brain. When this occurs, the region of the brain depending on that artery for oxygen and nutrients cannot function. As a result, the movement, speech, or other body functions controlled by that part of the brain suddenly stop (Thompson, J., Manore, M., & Vaughan, L., 2014). There are both non modifiable risk factors for stroke and modifiable. Non modifiable risk factors cannot be changed and these include, age, male gender, and family history. Modifiable risk factors means that they are at least partly within your control. These include but are not limited to; obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, inflammation, cholesterol. A good start in the prevention of a future stroke is by increasing the intake of healthy foods and decreasing the intake of unhealthy foods that are high in sodium or cholesterol. It is always a good idea to increase the HDL, as this is the good cholesterol and actually helps pick up the cholesterol from dying cells, other lipoproteins, and arterial plaques. This cholesterol is then returned to the liver, where it can be recycled or eliminated from the body through bile (Thompson, J., Manore, M., & Vaughan, L., 2014). The opposite should be done with the LDLs. Decreasing foods that are high in trans-fat or saturated fat will help lower the LDLs. LDLs are rich in cholesterol, which they deliver to body cells. It is therefore important...
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...She has a dangerously high BMI and LDL, and high HDL. All of these results indicate that she is severely overweight for her age and height. This is an obvious modifiable risk factor but for a lot of patients weight loss can be a huge struggle, especially in cases like this one where the patient has a very demanding schedule and almost no time for any physical activity. Due to the fact that this patient already suffers from type 2 diabetes, a reduction in her daily calorie intake would lead to weight loss which could have a tremendous impact on her health as well as the length of her life. . It is critical that she find the times to get in some sort of activity, even if it is as small as taking the stairs instead of the elevator in between classes at school. It is also recommended that patients with type 2 diabetes perform resistance training a few times a week. This would include any type of exercise that would...
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