...that does get returned to the blood. Pressure in the tissues surrounding the vessels in the limb leads to reduced blood flow and opportunistic bacterial infections of the epidermis increase.. The infections leave grey or tan rough patches of scar tissue covering the appendage that now resembles an elephant’s limb - hence the name of the disease. Your essay prompt: Where did all the fluid come from in the first place?? Explain the forces within and around a capillary that are responsible for the edema characterizing elephantiasis. You should start by explaining the role of the lymphatic system as it pertains to the osmotic balance of the blood, then define net filtration pressure and how it can be interpreted, and describe the different relationships between filtration and reabsorption along a capillary. A complete answer will discuss the movement of fluid across the capillary wall at different points along the entire length of a capillary as well the overall net effect. Be sure to explicitly state how the lymph system and cardiovascular system interact to produce the symptoms of this disease. H ere are a couple immune essays I have used in the past that are good examples of a possible...
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...Description: Addresses contemporary public health issues and development of holistically healthy living. Provides an overview of epidemiology, chronic and infectious diseases, environmental health, injury prevention, chemical dependency, nutrition, health policies and promotion, global health, body composition, fitness, psychological wellness, fertility, sexuality, emergency preparedness, disaster response, conflict resolution, and end of the life cycle. Text: Insel, P. & Roth, W. (2011). Core concepts in health. 13th ed. brief. New York, NY: McGraw- Hill. ISBN: 978-0-07-8028533 MHID: 0-07-802853-1 Student Learning Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to: 1. Identify present health condition that may develop into disease and modify them as necessary. 2. Identify causes and health consequences of stress and implement stress management techniques. 3. Evaluate components of a good relationship including communication, responsibility, commitment, and sexuality. 4. Design an exercise program to improve cardiovascular health. 5. Analyze daily diet for balance of essential nutrients, design and implement an appropriate dietary regimen to meet weight and activity...
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...person struggle; exams, marriage, separation, moving, economic difficulties, loss and death. According to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), the death of a spouse ranked 1st place as the highest stressor, with a score of 100 (Homes & Rahe, 1967). Serious illness diagnosis placed as the 6th major stressor, scoring at 53, just below the death of a close family member which had a score of 63 (Homes & Rahe, 1967). However, recent research found that personal injury or illness was the most stressful event in a more contemporary lifestyle, placing 3rd in SRRS (Scully et al., 2000 P875). Serious illnesses influence the patients and their families’ lives, and the majority of people are known to change most of their lifestyle due to it. This essay will focus on the emotions stress, anger, and anxiety and how emotions are linked to the physical, cognitive and behavioural patterns of a patient within a week of being diagnosed with cancer. When a patient sees the stern look of the doctor while visiting them with symptoms of discomfort, and they hear that they have been diagnosed with cancer, which can lead to unexpected death, what feelings would they have? According to the research of Arber & Spencer (2013), an interview with patients showed those who were diagnosed with malignant pleural mesothelioma felt great anxiety, uncertainty, hopelessness, distress, confusion, anger, despair and worry about their future. While stress can be considered both positive and negative, patients described...
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...the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response. Discovered by Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a form of learning. Pavlov revealed this trait when experimenting with dog's amounts of saliva in response to meat. He started noticing that after many repetitions, the dogs were salivating before the meat was even introduced. Pavlov concluded that some other stimulus that was repetitively associated with the meat was triggering the salivation. This simple concept describes how many actions are carried out in society today. Many times classical conditioning is not something that is purposefully done, but rather an incidental outcome. Conditioning may take a variable amount of time to occur. For example, humans are not born associating red with stop. As we grow, and ride in cars, we begin to consciously or subconsciously figure out that when a stoplight is red-you stop. Stop signs are red, stoplights are red, and brake lights are red. All of these things symbolize stopping. Yes, when you turn sixteen and you get your license you are told that red means stop, but by this point in your life, this is common knowledge. So how does associating red with stopping an example of classical conditioning? Within classical conditioning there are many specific components that are needed. First is an unconditioned stimulus, in this case maybe stopping cars. Next is the unconditioned response. If you see stopped...
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...The aim of the essay is to analyse the care of a septic patient. While discussing the relevant physiological changes and the rationale for the treatment the patient received, concentrating on fluid intervention. I recognise there are other elements to the Surviving Sepsis Bundles, however due to word limitation; the focus will be on fluid intervention. The essay will be written as a Case Study format. To maintain patient confidentiality any identifying features have been removed in keeping with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (NMC, 2008) the patient will be referred to as Mr X. Mr X was an 80-year-old male admitted to ITU, from the Medical Assessment Unit, with increasing respiratory failure. His initial clinical observations were: Systolic Blood Pressure: 100mmHg MAP: 58mmHg Heart Rate: 120 beats per minute Lactate: 3.2mmol/l Temperature: 38.6* These clinical observations indicated that the patient was experiencing a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) as the patient had a pyrexia above 38*C and a heart rate above 90 beats per minute. The results of the blood cultures and chest radiograph indicated pneumonia. The patient’s condition was now treated as sepsis. Sepsis is characterized by SIRS, which is complicated by a severe infection (Neveire, Parsons and Wilson 2008). The pathophysiology of systemic inflammatory response, experienced by Mr X is portrayed in Table 1: Table 1 Morton et al 2005 Mediator | Source...
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...THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXERCISE AND HEART RATE AS WELL AS EXERCISE AND BLOOD PRESSURE PHYSIOLOGY ESSAY/ ERGONOMICS LABROTARY WRITE-UP Submitted in partial fulfilment of requirements for the Course Human Kinetics and Ergonomics 102. Department of Human Kinetics and Ergonomics INTRODUCTION When the metabolic motion of skeletal muscles increases, the flexibility of the heart can be detected throughout the exercise (Okutucu et al., 2010). The heart and blood vessels make up the cardiovascular system, which respond to exercise with an increase in heart rate and strength of reduction with each heartbeat, causing a higher cardiac output (amount of blood pumped through the heart per minute) and blood pressure (Okutucu et al., 2010). This report presents an assessment of “exercising” blood pressure and heart rate. The aim of this assessment was to obtain an understanding of how heart rate and blood pressure respond to submaximal exercise of the same intensity. The hypothesis tested was what impact exercise had on blood pressure and heart rate. The purpose of assessment of “exercising” heart rate was to measure heart rate while exercising at a submaximal intensity as well as to measure recovery heart rate following submaximal exercise. The purpose of assessment of “exercising” blood pressure was to measure blood pressure while exercising at a submaximal intensity and to measure recovery blood pressure following submaximal exercise. This report presents the procedures...
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...Birth Control, Pregnancy, Most common Types of Cancers and Cardio metabolic. SCI/163 ELEMENTS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS Instructor: Deborah Stevens September 21, 2010 Team A Essay 1. Based on the Methods of Fertility Management section of Ch. six of the text. What are the guidelines recommended to evaluate the risk of contraceptive? Why is it important to be aware of any medical conditions before selecting a contraceptive? There are different types of contraceptives methods with different levels of effectiveness in preventing pregnancy and sexual transmitted infections and issues to think about as cost, and health risk associated with a particular method. The term contraception refers to methods of preventing conception. These methods offer varying degrees of control over when and whether pregnancies occur. Society has searched for simple, infallible, and risk-free way to prevent pregnancy since people first associated sexual activities with pregnancy. But doctors or scientist has not found one yet. To evaluate the effectiveness of particular contraceptive method, we must be familiar with two concepts: perfect failure rate and typical use failure rate. Perfect failure rate refers to the number of pregnancies that are likely to occur in the first year of use(per 100 uses of the method during sexual intercourse) The typical use information is much more practical in helping people make informed decisions about contraceptive methods. Some contraceptive methods can...
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...This essay analyzes Hauora issues of Maori people in New Zealand, providing the most fundamental and crucial elements and moments of its continuous effects from the colonial era until now. In this essay I mainly discuss about the issues of the Maori health before colonization, during colonization, and after colonization. I had used the different methods of research to analyze the data for the issues of Maori health. The research methods used are complete online research method text, course resources and reading and analyzing data from different books as literary review. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to locate relevant information on Maori health. The review formed the body of work on which this essay was based. The literature search was limited to work published between 1900 and 2010 in six subject areas: Maori health in early 1900 till present day, Maori concepts and models, Maori health models, Maori and disability, Treaty of Waitangi and Maori health. The databases searched included all of the New Zealand university library catalogues, the City Library and Google Scholar. Sources that appeared to be relevant were entered into the Reference. In 1769 James Cook concluded that Maori were healthy race .Prior to settlement by Europeans, Maori had been protected from many illnesses because of New Zealand’s Isolation from the large population centers of the world. Now a day’s Maori are recognized as being over represented statistically in poor health issues...
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...FINAL ESSAY Your name Course Name Date 1. Describe the major hormonal changes that occur during adolescence. Describe girls’ reactions to menarche and boys’ reactions to spermarche during puberty. What factors influence the way adolescents respond? Describe the impact of puberty on parent–child interaction and the adaptive value of this change in adolescents’ relationships with their parents. Hormonal change is at its peak during adolescence and is a period of rapid psychological and physiological transformation. During puberty boys and girls sweat and their oil glands become more active. This will result in body odour and acne. They also get underarm and pubic hair in the body. The brain releases Gonadotropin – releasing hormone (GnRH) for stimulating pituitary gland. Pituitary gland is also known as the Master gland releases luteinizing hormones and follicle stimulating hormone. In boys, interstitial cell stimulating hormone and it stimulates interstitial cells to produce to from hormones in male organ of testicles. Both male and females have estrogens and androgen in their body in low level and after puberty, males begin to have more androgen including testosterone. In female they get more oestrogen as puberty crosses. Menarche is the first menstrual bleeding in a girl and her reaction to this event can be both emotional and physical. It is a sign of growing up and happens between the age of 9 and 15 years. The girls usually show stress, irritability and...
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...1 Occupational Health and Safety Issues of Police Officers in Canada, the United States and Europe: A Review Essay © Jennifer R. L. Parsons June, 2004 2 Introduction Police officers play a pivotal role in North American and European societies. They are involved in many aspects of North American and European life. Officers’ involvement ranges from general, daily, proactive patrol activities to specific criminal activities such as narcotic investigations. Because there is such a wide range of activities involved in police work, there are many health and safety issues surrounding policing as an occupation. Police officers may be exposed to different health and safety risks in their occupation. For example, police officers are at risk of assault and homicide; the dynamics of policing as an occupation creates opportunities for them to experience many psychosocial hazards such as stress, suicide, sexual harassment, and discrimination. It is important that research be completed on the health and safety issues of police officers in order to identify hazards and identify ways to reduce risk. The failure to identify and solve health and safety concerns of officers has potentially serious consequences for the health and well being of officers and their families. These consequences can include depression, divorce, suicide, and disease. Not addressing the health and safety issues associated with policing may also impact the general public. For example, if an officer is...
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...Department Chairman ABSTRACT: In nutrition, there are many factors that influence an individual’s health and body weight, such as heredity, food selection, eating behaviors, and physical activity. Scale weight is not always a good indicator of body fat, lean mass, body water or overall health (1). This laboratory experience will give students the opportunity to conduct physical assessments by evaluating body weight and body composition. To determine body weight and body composition, techniques such as bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, wrist circumference for determining frame size, and a scale will be utilized. Students will also evaluate their own risk for cardiovascular disease and assess cardiovascular health in volunteers by measuring heart rate, filling out a heart disease risk score form, and estimating oxygen consumption and energy expenditure through a technique known as the Queens College Three-Minute Step Test. BACKGROUND: Your body is made up of the six essential nutrients: water, fat, protein, carbohydrates and various vitamins and minerals. Many factors can influence an individual’s health and body weight: heredity, eating behaviors, food selection, and amount of daily exercise. As mentioned previously, weight is not a good indicator of bodily health and balance. For any individual of a given height, there is no single best weight, but a range of healthy weights best determined by one’s body composition...
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...This essay will follow the steps as described within the Clinical Reasoning Cycle; introducing Mrs Alice Palmer a 54-year-old who has recently suffered an ischaemic stroke and is now undergoing further care and rehabilitation in the acute stroke unit. Firstly, the implications of stroke and the risk factors will be briefly observed, secondly, how her demographic is affected by the issue at hand will be discussed. Thirdly, handover information will be analysed and further required information will be identified in regards to the collected cues. Health assessments and histories needed to be undertaken will then be determined as well as how they will be performed, and reasons why. An ischaemic stroke is characterised by accelerated brain cell...
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...developing countries. Over the next hour alone, 1 500 people will die from an infectious disease - over half of them children under five (WHO, 1999). The main causes of these deaths from infectious diseases occur in developing countries - the countries with the least money to spend on health care. Instead of this, in wealthy countries people are suffering from non-communicable diseases, just because of their illness related behaviour.Non communicable diseases are the top cause of death worldwide, killing more than 36 million people in 2008. Cardiovascular diseases were responsible for 48% of these deaths, cancers 21%, chronic respiratory diseases 12%, and diabetes 3% (WHO, 2011). This health inequality effects not just how people live, but often dictates how and at what age they die. In this essay I would like to reflect upon the main causes, preventions about all diseases whether it is infectious or lifestyle related diseases, and my response to the global health inequalities that is existing. According to Willi (2004) the sociological imagination consist of four interrelated parts:1) Historical factors, 2) Cultural factors, 3) Structural factors, and 4) Critical factors. I would like to explain historical factors in relation of my topic. I am born and grew up in Asian region, there People are likely to try native remedies because they cannot afford to go to regular doctors. Lack of education is another teething trouble; there is a lower level of awareness because of the lack...
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...most people will have experienced personally, whether aware of it at the time or not. An example of this might be driving a car along a regular route and arriving at the destination with no memory of the journey, having performed the activity safely and reliably while in another sense being quite detached from the experience. This altered level of consciousness is the starting point for the hypnotic process through an induction which focuses on relaxation, inner experiences, feelings and imagery (Heap & Naish, 2012: 7). It is generally accepted that hypnosis is a different experience to that of being awake or being asleep but debate remains over its true nature within academic and scientific circles (Karle & Boys, 2010:14). This essay will discuss the nature of hypnosis, focusing on the psychological and physical aspects while touching on the role of relaxation. Hypnosis is a complex psychological phenomenon and one which is difficult to find an agreed definition for. Indeed the American Psychological Association definition of hypnosis in 2003 is almost 300 words long but centres around hypnosis being a procedure of suggestions where one person (the subject) is guided by the other (the hypnotist) to respond to suggestions around subjective experience, changes in perception, sensations, thoughts or behaviours (Green et al, 2005). Hypnosis has also been helpfully and simply described as “focusing the attention in the suggested direction” (Mende, 2009) where the direction...
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...To what extent does biological psychology contribute to our understanding of human emotion? This essay will briefly consider some definitions and early theories of emotion. It will evaluate evidence from studies which suggests that biological psychology makes a major contribution to our understanding of human emotion. It will, however, acknowledge that there are limitations to the biological aspect of emotion, and that interaction with other areas of psychology including evolutionary, developmental, cognitive and social must also be considered. Finally, it will include ways in which this knowledge can be applied. Watson (1924, cited in Plutchik 1994, p 3) suggests ‘An emotion is a hereditary pattern-reaction involving profound changes of the bodily mechanisms….’ McLean (1963, cited in Plutchik 1994, p3) suggests ‘Emotional feelings guide our behaviour with respect to the two basic life principles of self-preservation and the preservation of the species.’ Arguably, these definitions allude to evolutionary nature and innateness of emotion, but the former refers also to physiological changes. Plutchik (1994) highlights some confusion over what qualifies as an emotion, and suggests that emotions are goal orientated: - emotion fear – goal escape. Lewis, Sullivan, Stanger and Weiss (1989, cited in Slater & Muir, 1999) distinguish between the primary emotions of joy, fear, anger, sadness, disgust and surprise, found in babies, and the secondary emotions of embarrassment...
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