...NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED BY: Rashik Gupta Apoorv Agarwal Nikhita Gulati Anurag Akshay Vyas Neolithic Revolution Evolution of Human Human evolution had been a very lengthy process and it took a huge lot of time to evolve from apelike ancestors to two legged human beings. Over approximately 4 million years ago, humans got the ability to walk on two legs (bipedalism). Along with this evolved other characteristics like large brain, ability to make and use tools, and the more advances i.e. cultural competency evolved around 100,000 years back. The various stages of Human Development along with the various changes across the time could be seen through the below mentioned stages of Human Evolution Prosimians Monkeys Prehistoric apes Modern Apes Ramapithecus Australopithecus Ramidus Australopithecus Afarensis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus robustus Australopithecus boisei Homo habilis:(homo = human; habilis =able) Homo erectus Homo sapiens Homo sapiens sapiens 65 Million years ago(MYA) 40 MYA 30-20 MYA 17-4 MYA 14-8 MYA 4.4 MYA 4-2.8 MYA 2-1 MYA 2-1.5 MYA 1.8 MYA 2-1.5 MYA 1.6 million to 200 000 years ago 400 000 years to 40 000 years ago 40 000 to present Introduction to Pre – Neolithic Age 1. Paleolithic Age Paleolithic period or Old Stone Age, the earliest period of human development and the longest phase of mankind's history. It began 2 million years ago and ended between 40,000...
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...The discovery of ancient cave paintings and handcrafted tools that were produced over long periods of times and spanned across vast areas, demonstrated that the ideas and skills of early peoples were purposefully passed down within their societies. These “socially transmitted patterns of action and expression” (Bulliet 11) constituted their culture. Each generation is taught by their elders, as their culture, including the fabrication of material items such as clothing, shelters, and tools is communicated along with moral values, languages, and religious beliefs. The Stone Age refers to the period about 2.6 million years ago when the first crafted stone tools appeared, to about four thousand years ago when metal tools surfaced. Although coined the Stone Age, tools were also made of less useful materials than stone including wood, bone and skin. The Stone Age is broken up into two phases. The Paleolithic phase or Old Stone Age is characterized by hunters and gatherers who built temporary shelters, or found natural places of refuge. Increased meat eating was brought about by making tools such as the hand ax and spear. Men did most of the hunting, while women’s roles included gathering plants and vegetables. The need of human babies for longer maturation resulted in the imperative need for parental care by their parents. Extensive knowledge of their environment was crucial for survival, they had to learn how to adapt and use resources to make clothing and other materials. Art...
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...Paleolithic and Neolithic Sculpture=Paleolithic people made small carvings out of bone, horn or stone at the end of their era. They used flint tools. Most of the sculptures of people were of women, except for rare occasions, but entirely portrayed exposed figures. Virtually all Paleolithic sculptures do not have faces. Also, the feminine forms were often presented with voluptuous breasts, big abdomens, and big hips. These figures were thought to praise women for being able to bear children. Furthermore, Bison sculptures were common during this art period. In contrast, Neolithic artists was unlike that of Paleolithic society because they established abilities in pottery making. They learned to perfect baked clay statues. A deity figure found at Catal Huyuk represents a woman sitting down flanked by two leopards among other small figure proves this. The Neolithic period arose about twenty-thousand years after the beginnings of the Paleolithic period. Though not as ancient, the sculptures of the Neolithic period are just as extraordinary. Neolithic sculptures generally portrayed both humans and animals. One variance among Paleolithic sculptures and the Neolithic sculptures was the scope. The sculptures of the Paleolithic period were small, most of them being under one foot in stature. However, the sculptures of the Neolithic period reached to over three feet tall. ...
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...|Aspects of Women's Spirituality in Tending to the Dying | |By Leslene della-Madre | |s Page | | | | | |For many of us, death is something we would rather not think about. Why is this? Why do we not want to understand the deepest mystery of | |life? Why are we so afraid to die? These are some of the questions that beckoned me on a journey to learn about the true nature of death, | |resulting in a recently published book, Midwifing Death: Returning to the Arms of the Ancient Mother, weaving together knowledge about how| |our pre-patriarchal ancestors viewed life and death with modem stories telling how the sacred passage of death and dying can be midwifed | |in grace, love and beauty, which are all aspects of the sacred feminine in women's spirituality--the oldest spirituality on the planet. | |What I have discovered, or rather, uncovered, from the forgotten realms of our ancestors...
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...gather fruits or any other edible plants. Farming started from the Neolithic Era which involved the domestication of animals and plants. Increasing population was the number one reason people started to farm. Because they couldn’t feed all the hungry mouths just by hunting animals. They had to have a large population at that time because ancient people lived under constant dangers caused by other tribes. The people who first cultivated cereal grains have observed them in the wild while they were hunting or gathering and noticed the seeds fall. After sometime, they return to the same place to find a newly grown plant. That’s when they got the idea of farming. 2 best known agricultural villages were Jericho located near Jordan River and Catal Huyuk in modern day Turkey. People in the Neolithic Era were the first people to domesticate animals. Wild dogs outside of tribe settlements scavenge for any leftover foods that the tribe’s people would throw over their wall. After repeating for a good...
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...The Cradle of Civilization Situated in a vast expanse of delta between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers, Mesopotamia was the wellspring from which modern societies emerged. The land was very important because it’s where writing was first discovered 5000 years ago at Uruk, and where the seventh wonder of the world, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, is situated. It is important culturally because it was the center of the Islamic Empire (Khilafat), and Arab civilization for hundreds of years. It’s where science and culture prospered, where Arabic language has its two distinguished schools, Kufa and Basra, and where one of the oldest universities in the world was built, Al Mustansiriyya University in Baghdad. It is also important religiously, as it has the oldest established church in the world, The Church of the East, founded by St Thomas, one of Christ's 12 disciples. In addition, it has numerous Islamic holy sites such as Karbala, Najaf, and Baghdad. The holy city of Najaf is the study center of theology for the world's 150 million Muslims who follow the Shia tradition. Its people learned how to tame the dry land and draw sustenance from it. Tanks tread there and now companies pump oil from beneath the ancient soil. According to what Dr. Oguagha taught in History 101 class he said that much of the area lies in present day Iraq were it not for the Mesopotamians, that country or any other possibly wouldn't exist, at least not in a way we would recognize. During my...
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...Diamond, Eurasian people dominate the world now because of geography. Europe and the Middle East had good soil, plenty of easily domesticated animals and plants, and a main axis running east-west, instead of north-south – meaning that crops, livestock and tools could spread easily, without confronting big changes in climate or day length. The world’s first farming societies emerged, leading to bigger settlements— meaning that people did not need to travel to find food. Instead, they began to live in settled communities, and grew crops and/or raised animals on nearby land. They built stronger, more permanent homes and surrounded their settlements with walls to protect themselves; one of the largest settlements in the Middle East was called Catal Huyuk which became wealthy (because of a glassy rock made from volcanos) from its farming and trading which meant the needs for markets, the need for protection and the concentration of political power. Meanwhile, humans living among farm animals developed immunity to the diseases they carried. By the time they encountered other societies, their military power, metal tools and, above all, their deadly germs gave them the decisive advantage. But Diamond is not really talking about axes; mostly he is making a rather subtle argument about the climatic advantages that (in his view) mid-latitude regions have over tropical regions. The world's largest continuous zone of "temperate" climates lies in a belt stretching across Eurasia from southern...
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...1)What does the study of humanities involve? What is the relevance of humanities in architecture? 1.The study of humanities involves academic disciplines that study human culture and history. The humanities include ancient and modern languages ,literature, philosophy, religion, and visual and performing arts such as music and theatre. We learn about distant cultures or past cultures. Through the exploration of humanities we learn how to think creatively and critically to reason and ask questions. These efforts preserve the great accomplishments of the past help us understand the world we live in and give us tools to imagine the future. 2.What are the broad divisions of human history? Write a brief on each. Prehistory (meaning "before history", or "before knowledge acquired by investigation", from the Latin word for "before," præ, and historia) is the span of time before recorded history or the invention of writing systems. Prehistory refers to the period of human existence before the availability of those written records with which recorded history begins. More broadly, it can refer to all the time preceding human existence and the invention. The term "prehistory" can refer to the vast span of time since the beginning of the Universe, but more often it refers to the period since life appeared on Earth, or even more specifically to the time since human-like beings appeared.[4][5] In dividing up human prehistory, prehistorians typically use the three-age system, whereas scholars...
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...Here are notes covering the several classes dealing with the culture, population & urbanization, and introduction to sociology. Not all these materials were covered in class and not all the materials covered in class are to be found in these notes. But you will find a generally close correspondence between class and readings in what follows. Be aware that these notes are not intended to replace reading the text. Also, these are “rough” notes. They were devised initially for my own use. They are not polished and stand open to correction. But I think you want them, so here they are. Dr V What is culture? A complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life of a given group or society. Material and non-material Characteristics of culture: Shared Learned Taken for granted Symbolic (meaningful) Defining idea: transmission by non-biological means Distinctions(?) between human and animal cultures (language & tools). Elements of culture: Language: symbol systems. Does language shape culture? Norms: cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation. Implicit vs. explicit; ideal vs. real. Folkways/mores/laws/taboos Social sanctions Ethnomethodology and the study of norms. Beliefs. Values: Value-orientations Institutions. Cultural diversity: Dominant culture. Most support from major institutions. Function of power. Subcultures. Often develop as a result of exclusion from mainstream society and culture. Counter-cultures ...
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...“UNIVERSIDAD SAN FRANCISCO DE QUITO” HISTORIA DE LA ARQUITECTURA III PERIODO NEOLITICO BRIGITTE GUAJÁN ESTEFY ARIAS JAVIER CACHIGUANGO PERIODO NEOLITICO Introducción * Hace aproximadamente 10.000 años, comenzó la revolución neolítica. * La nueva-piedra (neo-lithos) o piedra pulimentada la obtenían frotando la roca. * Recordemos que la antigua-piedra (paleo-lithos) o piedra tallada la obtenían golpeando la roca. * El periodo neolítico aparece cuando los grupos humanos se establecen y dejan de ser nómadas. * Se da la invención de la “agricultura” y la “ganadería”. * De esta época son también las primeras cucharas, que no se usaban para comer sino para mezclar los alimentos en cocción. * Sedentarismo El pasaje del nomadismo al sedentarismo fue gradual. La época de las glaciaciones había concluido y la temperatura había aumentado, pero como consecuencia del intenso frío de la época anterior muchas especies de animales y vegetales se habían extinguido, y hubo que hallar nuevas formas de supervivencia. Agricultura y Ganadería Por el método de la observación, pudieron apreciar, que la circunstancial caída de una semilla en la tierra hacía brotar de ella una planta, a veces, por la costumbre de arrojar granos silvestres, como ofrendas a sus muertos. Así comenzaron a sembrar, siendo las primeras zonas, Asia y África, y los primeros cultivos, los cereales, sobre todo, el trigo, la cebada y el mijo. El centeno y la avena, fueron considerados...
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...Foundations: c. 8000 B.C.E.–600 C.E. Major Developments 1. Locating world history in the environment and time 1. Environment 1. Geography and climate: Interaction of geography and climate with the development of human society a. Five Themes of Geography – consider these 1. Relative location – location compared to others 2. Physical characteristics – climate, vegetation and human characteristics 3. Human/environment interaction – how do humans interact/alter environ a. Leads to change 4. Movement – peoples, goods, ideas among/between groups 5. Regions – cultural/physical characteristics in common with surrounding areas b. E. Africa first people – 750,000 years ago started to move 1. moving in search of food c. Role of Climate – End of Ice Age 12000 BCE – large areas of N. America, Europe, Asia became habitable – big game hunters already migrated 1. Geographical changes - 3000 BCE Green Sahara began to dry up, seeds to forests – N. America 2. Effect on humans – nomadic hunters didn’t move so much a. Settle near abundant plant life – beginning of civilization b. Sedentary life w/ dependable food supply 3. milder conditions, warmer temperatures, higher ocean...
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...95 PANIMULA AT MGA GABAY NA TANONG: ng Kabihasnan ay nakatutulong sa pagkakakilanlan ng isang nasyon. Marahil ay maraming tanong sa ating kaisipan tungkol dito at sa mga pangyayaring naganap nang sumibol ang kabihasnan sa Asya.Paano nga ba nabuo ang sinaunang kabihasnan sa Asya? Naniniwala ka ba na ang pilosopiya, relihiyon at kaisipang Asyano ay may kinalaman sa pag-usbong at pagunlad ng kabihasnang Asyano? Sa modyul na ito, ikaw ay inaaasahan na kritikal na makapagsusuri sa mga pilosopiya, relihiyon at kaisipang Asyano na nagbibigay daan sa paghubog ng sinaunang kabihasnan at sa pagbuo ng pagkakakilanlang Asyano.Gayundin ay mapapahalagahan mo at mauunawaan ang mga ambag ng kabihasnan sa kasaysayan Asyano at ang pagbabago at pag-unlad nito sa kasalukuyang panahon.Dapat mong maunawaan sa modyul na ito ang mga sagot sa mga sumusunod na katanungan: Paano nahubog ang kasalukuyang sibilisasyon ng mga bansa sa Asya? Paano nagsimula ang mga sinaunang kabihasnan sa Asya? Paano nakatulong ang kabihasnan sa pagbabago, pag-unlad at pagpapatuloy ng kabihasnan tungo sa pagkakakilanlang Asyano? Mga Araling Sakop ng Modyul Aralin 1 - Mga Sinaunang Kabihasnan sa Asya Aralin 2 - Sinaunang Pamumuhay sa Asya 96 Sa araling ito, inaasahang matututunan mo ang mga sumusunod: Aralin 1 Mga Sinaunang Kabihasnan sa Asya 1. Konsepto at Kahulugan ng Kabihasnan 2. Mga Sinaunang Kabihasnan sa Asya Kabihasnang Sumer Kabihasnang Indus Kabihasnang Shang 3. Mga Ambag ng Kabihasnan sa Asya...
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