...Malaria From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Malaria Malaria.jpg A Plasmodium from the saliva of a female mosquito moving across a mosquito cell Classification and external resources Specialty Infectious disease ICD-10 B50-B54 ICD-9-CM 084 OMIM 248310 DiseasesDB 7728 MedlinePlus 000621 eMedicine med/1385 emerg/305 ped/1357 Patient UK Malaria MeSH C03.752.250.552 Orphanet 673 Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the genus Plasmodium.[1] Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, fatigue, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma or death.[2] The disease is transmitted by the biting of mosquitos, and the symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten. If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months later.[1] In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria.[2] The disease is most commonly transmitted by an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito's saliva into a person's blood.[1] The parasites travel to the liver where they mature and reproduce. Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be spread...
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...Issue Report: Malaria The abstract: This report will be exploring the cause of malaria, the symptoms that occur in infected people and the many treatments being tested and used to treat the disease of malaria. Malaria is a disease caused by an infection of the red blood cells with a tiny organism called protozoa. There are four different types of species of the malaria protozoa (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae) and each has a slightly different effect on the body. These organisms are carried from person to person by the main mosquito called Anopheles. When it bites an infected person, the mosquito sucks up blood containing the parasite, which may then be passed on to someone else when a mosquito bites them. ‘It is estimated that 300 to 500 million malaria infections occur annually and 90% of these are in the sub-Saharan Africa’. [8] The problem: Malaria is a biological problem because it affects the body, this could be through having various symptoms such as shivering and vomiting or it could result in problems with people’s red blood cells and cause them to be fragile and not functioning properly. The problem of contracting malaria is finding a cure for it or finding the right treatment to treat the infected person. At the moment biologists are trying to find a cure that will effectively work within the body and invent a new vaccine that helps boosts people’s immune systems so that they respond effectively to the treatment...
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...Introduction: The word malaria comes from 18th century Italian “male” meaning "bad" and “aria” meaning "air". The term was first coined by Dr. Francisco Torti, Italy, when people thought the disease was caused by foul air in marshy areas. It was not until 1880 that scientists discovered that malaria was a parasitic disease which is transmitted by the “Anopheles” mosquito. Malaria is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of our time. There are more than 225 million cases of malaria each year, taking the lives of 781,000 people a year (World Malaria Report, 2010). Major proportion of death occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa and victims are under the age of 5. Children and pregnant women are among the most vulnerable. Many Sub-tropical countries of Latin America, Caribbean, Africa, Oceania and Asia are at risk. It is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide and almost 40% world’s population is at risk. Causes: Malaria parasites are members of the genus Plasmodium. P.falciparum, P.malariae, P.ovale, P.vivax and P.knowlesi are responsible for malaria in humans. P.falciparum is the most common type of infection and is responsible for 80% of all malaria cases and 90% deaths from malaria. “Malaria parasites contain apicoplasts an organelle usually found in plants, complete with their own functioning genomes. These apicoplast are thought to have originated through the endosymbiosys of algae and play a crucial role in various aspects of parasite metabolism e.g. fatty acid...
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...FOR LOCAL OR INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL DISEASE MALARIA Editor's Choice Main Category: Tropical Diseases Also Included In: Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses Article Date: 20 May 2009 - 2:00 PDT The word malaria comes from 18th century Italian mala meaning "bad" and ariameaning "air". Most likely, the term was first used by Dr. Francisco Torti, Italy, when people thought the disease was caused by foul air in marshy areas. It was not until 1880 that scientists discovered that malaria was a parasitic disease which is transmitted by the anopheles mosquito. The mosquito infects the host with a one-cell parasite called plasmodium. Not long after they found out that Malaria is transmitted from human-to-human through the bite of the female mosquito, which needs blood for her eggs. According to Medilexicon's medical dictionary, Malaria is "A disease caused by the presence of the sporozoan Plasmodium in human or other vertebrate erythrocytes, usually transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles that previously sucked blood from a person with malaria…" (Click here to see the complete definition in the dictionary). Malaria is also known as Jungle fever, Marsh fever, Paludal fever Approximately 40% of the total global population is at risk of Malaria infection. During the 20th century the disease was effectively eliminated in the majority of non-tropical countries. Today Malaria causes over 350 million human acute illnesses, as well...
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...MALARIA; THE DEADLY DISEASE Malaria is a threat to more than 40% of the world’s population and out of the more than 300 million acute cases each year between 1.1 and 2.7 million people die each year (RBM, 2002; WHO, 2000). The report by Planet – science.com, 2013 indicates that ‘Malaria is a major cause of death. Every year there are over 200 million cases of malaria worldwide. In 2010, around 655,000 people died from malaria. Over 90% of malaria cases occur in Africa. Poverty and lack of access to simple preventative measures lead to an increased occurrence of the disease. In Northern Province of Zambia, Malaria has continued to be a threat and more than 50% of morbidity and mortality that occur are as a result of Malaria.(Northern Province Statistical Bulletin, 2011). Morbidity is the number of cases, whilst mortality is the number of deaths due to the disease. Malaria; the deadly illness caused by a bite of the mosquitoes and similar insects, can be cured and prevented through the use of anti-malarial drugs and spraying of chemicals(indoor residual spraying). I therefore, feel that the spraying of chemicals in homes and breeding places can positively reduce the number of mosquitoes and contribute to reduction in malaria cases. By so doing the cost of seeking treatment will drastically be cheap and reduced as long as human behavior, the existence of socio-cultural and traditional factors such as economic, spiritual, technological and political and all effects that...
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...2011, p2). Plasmodium parasite is the disease that causes Malaria which is primarily transmitted and caused by bites from female anopheles mosquito. It is one of the top three killer diseases in Africa “The parasites are spread to people through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes, called "malaria vectors", which bite mainly between dusk and dawn” (WHO.int). Malaria No More is an NGO that demonstrated it’s committed to fight Malaria disease in Africa and providing basic human needs to tackle the infestation of the disease that spread in most Africa’s countries. MNM (Malaria No More) is also working relentlessly to provide vaccination to Africans suffering from the disease on one hand, and furnishing Africans with Mosquito sleeping nets on the other hand as a preventive approach to enable them sleep without getting exposed to mosquito bites at night. MNM efforts is limited to their funding constrains; private donations are the primary sources of funding that MNM relies on. Raising more awareness is one way the organization depends on in their efforts to educate the public about the severity of the disease, getting them engaged is an objective that they strive to reach by committing to the cause in the form of donations and spreading the word. MNM work MNM is working in many fronts in Africa, reaching many Africans in many countries such as Senegal, Cameroon and Zambia, in their pursuance of eradicating Malaria in Africa “There are more than 100...
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...Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite. It is unique of the class of Plasmodium that is the foundation and cause malaria in individuals. There are other Plasmodium species that can cause malaria in humans. Nevertheless P. falciparum is the most common, virulent, and deadly. P. falciparum communicable by the female Anopheles mosquito. P. falciparum life cycle is comprised of two hosts. A P. falciparum carrier female Anopheles mosquito injects sporozoites into the human, infecting their liver cells. Once there infection and damage to red blood cells is critical to the parasites survival. Because red blood cells transport oxygen all over the body, their destruction by P. falciparum causes basic functional devastation to the host. Plasmodium falciparum increase the speed glucose synthesis in red blood cells causing a large yield of energy. P. falciparum use a hefty portion of this energy to destroy hemoglobin proteins in the cells and to inhibit damaging chemical reactions related to the breakdown. During the destruction of the red blood cells P. falciparum treat the amino acids as waste and are usually discarded from the cell, instead of being used to make their own protein from the hemoglobin breakdown. The sporozoites developed into schizonts, which lyse and discharge merozoites into the blood streem. This is termed exo-erythrocytic schizogony. Once that happens, the parasites go through asexual duplication in the erythrocytes, called erythrocytic schizogony. The merozoites...
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...Intro Malaria has been affecting many countries such as Africa by claiming many lives from adults to young kids. Transmission is high is most of the places such as Africa, South America, and South Asia. (Graph 1) There are five types of malaria that are Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium knowlesi. Alphonse Laveran was the first to discover parasites in the blood of a patient that was suffering from malaria in 1880. On August 20th, 1897, Ronald Ross, a British office in the Indian Medical Service, was the first to demonstrate that malaria parasites could be transmitted from infected patients to mosquitoes. This paper will discuss history, causes, prevention, and treatment of malaria. Pathophysiology Malaria causes disease through a number of pathways, which depends on the species. Malaria is caused by a single-celled parasite of the genus Plasmodium. There are five types which infect human beings Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium knowlesi. All these species are lead into the human blood stream through the bite of an infected mosquito, the life stage of malaria at this point is called a sporozoite and they pass first to the liver, where they undergo an initial stage of replication called exo-erythrocytic replication, before passing back into the blood and invading red blood cells called erythrocytes, therefore this is the erythrocytic part of the cycle...
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...Malaria According to the ONE CAMPAIGN approximately 219 people live in the world with malaria and 90% of those who died from malaria are from sub-Saharan Africa. There are many important risk factors that are highly associated with malaria. Those who are poor in these undeveloped countries live in places where mosquito density tends to be high and because they are unable to afford instecide treated nets over their beds when they are asleep or spray that they could potentially spray around their rooms, they are more exposed being bitten by the mosquitoes. They also live near stagnant water where mosquitoes actually live and hang around and because they cannot remove the water they are surrounded with mosquitoes so they are more likely to be bitten; higher risk of infection. Moreover the poor do not have the healthcare access they would need to support their prevention of being infected with malaria. Another important risk factor that is closely associated with malaria is being pregnant; this is because women who are pregnant lose the majority of their immunity therefore they are susceptible to malaria. However being very young, especially under the age of 5 is a more important factor because children under the age of 5 have no immunity so they are very susceptible to becoming infected with the disease; their body is unable to fight against the pathogens that enter their body when they have been bitten by a mosquito. The most important factor associated with malaria is the increased...
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...this, had there been a record of his symptoms, historians would be capable of comparing and contrasting the symptoms and possibly stumble upon common cause of death, whether it was poisoning or natural cause. Typhoid fever is another speculation pertaining to the Macedonian kings’ death. Oldach is a strong believer regarding that Salmonella typhi enteritis, or typhoid fever, complicated...
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...the forehead. Ophthalmic herpes zoster often causes serious eye complications, including keratitis, conjunctivitis, iritis, scleritis and retinal necrosis. Herpes zoster may also affect other cranial nerves. Ophthalmoplegia due to oculomotor nerves involvement and facial palsy accompanied by a vesicular rash in the external auditory canal (Ramsay Hunt syndrome) occur in some patients. Chronic radiculopathy without a skin rash has also been...
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...Malaria is a serious disease in more than 90 countries, which account for about 40% of the world’s population, with those affected mostly living in the poorest countries (Maartens, Sharp, Curtis, Mthembu, & Hatting, 2007). This puts almost 2.5 billion people at risk, with more than 500 million becoming seriously ill with malaria every year and more than 1 million people dying from the disease (Rowe, et al., 2007). Four-fifths of these deaths occur in Africa (Kiszewski, et al., 2007). Malaria fever episodes in children are also rampant, with children in Africa experiencing on average between 1.6 and 5.4 episodes of malaria fever every year (WHO, 2009). Malaria is the cause of 1 in 5 childhood deaths in Africa (WHO, 2009). Malaria also has a severe detrimental effect on economic growth, with countries with intense transmission losing an average of 1.3% of annual economic growth due to the effects of malaria, compounding an already serious problem with economic growth since malaria primarily affects those living in the poorest countries (WHO, 2009). And because many of the poorest countries rely heavily on tourism for income, the perception of a locale as endemic with malaria can severely hurt tourism rates (Maartens, et al., 2007). It is for these reasons and more that malaria control is an important issue in environmental health for the United States to combat, for moral, economic, and national security reasons. Malaria control is also important for United States diplomats...
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...| | |PLT 300 Term Paper | |Infectious Diseases | | | | | African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness as many call it is a parasitic disease that can be contracted by either human or animals. The disease is transmitted by the tsetse fly which can be found all over Africa but the ones contaminated with the disease are found in region of sub-Saharan Africa. The disease has been said to have been in Africa since way back in the 14th century and one of the first epidemics that was recorded happened in 1901 in which a "devastating epidemic had erupted in Uganda, killing more than 250,000 people, about two-thirds of the population in the affected lake-shore areas" (CDC). According to the World Health Organization the disease covers 36 countries and 60 million people. The majority of the affected population...
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...chemicals or radiation resulting in insertion, deletion or replacing DNA base. Not all mutations will affect the phenotype of the organism and cause disease. Some mutations have no noticeable effect because it occurs in a part of the protein that is not important to its function. Some mutations have been proven to have a positive effect on the human body, this leads to a new version of protein that can help an individual adapt better to the change in environment. To answer the question : Do mutations always cause diseases in human and does haemoglobin mutation have beneficial traits? Sickle cell disease will be used as a case study to answer the question. . A summary of this refinement and the specific research question is Does haemoglobin mutation confer greater beneficial traits to an organism. Background...
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...The impact of HIV&AIDS, TB, and malaria in Africa Jack Saint Mary University Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), tuberculosis (TB) and malaria, which are extremely serious diseases, kill millions of people every year. Most of the deaths are found in developing countries, especially in Africa. Vietor K. Barbiero (2006) reports that during 2005 alone, approximately 2.8 million people died from HIV/AIDS in Africa, half a million Africans is killed by TB, and close to 900,000 Africans are killed by malaria every year (p.6-7). Three of the most serious contagious diseases (HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria) have significant impact on healthcare, economy, and education in Africa. HIV leads to AIDS. According to AVERing HIV&AIDS (2010), HIV is a kind of virus that damages immune system cells step by step. As a result, the body becomes weaker and weaker and becomes more susceptible to contagions. AIDS will evolve when HIV destroys the immune system enough (Para.3). AVERing HIV&AIDS also reports that AIDS is a “medical condition”. A person is believed to have AIDS when his or her immune system becomes too feeble to repel contagions (para.1). HIV/AIDS in Africa HIV/AIDS is one of the most serious diseases. It alone kills a huge amount of people every year in Africa. For example, Barbiero (2006) reports that although Africa has only 15 percent of the world’s population, 60 out of 100 infected people...
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