...Assess the effects on the poverty cycle in Botswana (8marks) The poverty cycle is where living in poverty makes it difficult for you to get away poverty in the long–run. As a result of Botswana being an LEDC, the country does not have access to a Welfare state which people can obtain benefits which assure that they obtain a minimum standard of living- for example: access to free medical care, health education, and unemployment benefits e.t.c. The causes of Botswana being faced with the poverty cycle is because of the low salary rate. This factor has a “domino” effect, which leads onto low productivity levels. In addition, poor infrastructure effects the low levels of productivity as goods cannot be transported with ease – which could be the reason why Botswana has very low GDP. There are many more causes such as the lack of skills as well as technology there is and disease such as malaria for example. However, the government of Botswana could help the low levels of productivity. They could do this by putting in place an on going education system which will allow families who send their children off to work at a young age, to bring back a decent wage which they can live on comfortably. By putting in place this on going education system, it will solve many causes for example, the lack of skills. The education system could teach classes which will give children the basic skills to work, consequently meaning that by people being taught the basic skills they need to work,...
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...This part focuses on the research designs, methods, sampling and data collection procedures for the study. 3.1 STUDY SITE This study will be conducted in Mahalapye in the Central District of Botswana. 3.2 STUDY DESIGNS The study utilised the descriptive research design. According to Barbie (2010) descriptive design focuses on describing situations. The descriptive designs in a social research are geared to answer the “what, where, when and how” questions normally asked in research. Furthermore, Bickman and Rog (1998) also suggest that descriptive studies can answer questions such as “what is” or “what was.” This research design was therefore chosen as most of the questions in this study are the “what” questions. For instance the study will...
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...South Africa © 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone 202-473-1000 Internet www.worldbank.org All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 08 07 06 05 A copublication of The World Bank and the International Finance Corporation. This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone 978-750-8400; fax 978-750-4470; Internet www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher,The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax 202-522-2422; e-mail pubrights@worldbank.org. Additional copies of Doing Business...
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...Economic Commission for Africa The Millennium Development Goals in Africa: Progress and Challenges Economic Commission for Africa The Millennium Development Goals in Africa: Progress and Challenges August 2005 © 2005. Economic Commission for Africa Material from this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted. Acknowledgment is requested, together with a copy of the publication. The views expressed are those of the original authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations. Project coordinator: Adrian Gauci Editorial coordination: Cristina Müller Team: Abebe Shimeles, Workie Mitiku, Vanessa Steinmayer, Reto Thoenen This report was produced with guidance and input from Augustin Fosu, Director of the Economic and Social Policy Division of the ECA. It benefited greatly from the revisions of Bartholomew Armah and Kwabia Boateng. Special thanks to Lorna Davidson for the final editing, to Akwe Amosu for her valuable input, and to Seifu Dagnachew and Teshome Yohannes for creative and efficient lay-out and production. The report was designed by the ECA Communication Team and printed by the Documents Reproduction and Distribution Unit, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Photo credits (left to right): Front cover- R. Zurba/USAID, J. Dunlop/USAID, R. Zurba/USAID, M. Crozet/ILO. Back cover- J. Maillard/ILO, T. Brunette/USAID, I. Getachew/UNICEF. Table of Contents Acronyms .....................................................................
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...Abstract This paper discusses Gross Domestic Product and related concepts as a measure of social progress and welfare. Although GDP remains the most widely used measure of social progress, the recent global financial crisis and continued depletion of natural resources and environmental adverse impact has brought into question the use of GDP as the main indicator of social welfare. Four alternatives to GDP are assessed and evaluated as the standard for national accounts for Botswana and China. Alternatives fall into the following broad categories, corrected GDP and extended national accounts,composite indexes and subjective approaches. Key Words: composite indicators; economic growth; GDP, sustainable indixes. Botswana, China Table of Contents Introduction A region's gross domestic product, or GDP, is one of the ways for measuring the size of its economy. The GDP of a country is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time (usually a calendar year). It is also considered the sum of value added at every stage of production (the intermediate stages) of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. Until the 1992 the term GNP or gross national product was used in the United States. The two terms GDP and GNP are almost identical - and yet entirely different; GDP (or GDI - Gross Domestic Income) being concerned with the region in which income is generated...
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...In Zimbabwe we have our own cultural beliefs that have a negative impact on health, and there are possible ways we as a nation can do to prevent such to happen as far as our health side is concerned. We have many different cultures we believe in, hence we have our own traditions we do practice. The other two types of causation are social and natural. The social cause refers to human causality, which includes relations between living human beings. Quarrels and conflicts with other people may cause people to become sick. Natural or physical causation refers to the effects of insects, germs, natural substances, forces, or conditions, such as certain weather conditions. These are the illnesses that “just happen” or are part of the order of things, such as the death of a very old person or an affliction with readily recognizable symptoms and signs. In most cases nothing can really be done to remedy the natural causes. In order for this not to happen people must try by all means to avoid quarrels within families, because chronic stress might affect an individual hence one may die not knowing what have caused the illness. The traditional Shona healing practices are based upon various Shona cultural-religious beliefs. As Gunda notes, “Religious beliefs and values play a significant role in the health delivery systems of Zimbabwe. Health and healing practices are interrelated with traditional cultural beliefs. The traditional Shona believe that all around human nature lay broader...
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...HRM Application Paper Coy, Peter. “How Much Am I Worth? - The Case for a $10.10 Minimum Wage.” Bloomberg Businessweek. Feb 2014: 10-13. Print. The Cost-Of-Living in Hawaii and New York are among the highest. Yet, in both states the minimum wage is set at $7.25. In his January 2014 State of the Union address, President Obama requested to raise a new federal minimum wage of $10.10 an hour. This movement has progressed within the past couple of weeks since its publication in February 2014. In the following pages, I will attempt to update and fill in the gaps where the article has left off. How would you like a 40% increase in your payroll? I bet that sounds like a great idea! How about if you and your fellow coworker’s all received a 40% raise? Even better right? Now, what if that 40% increase went through with the entire nation? Although raising the minimum wage would not increase everyone’s wage, this is where the controversy starts. Set in 1938, the Fair Labor Standards Act, or FLSA, is the fundamental compensation law in the United States. It is the federal law that establishes a minimum wage and limits the number of hours that may be worked in a standard week. It defines two categories of employees, the exempt employees and the non-exempt employees. The exempt employees are not allowed over-time pay, and non-exempt employees who are allowed overtime. The non-exempt employees are highly effected through this issue of raising minimum wage. Non-exempt employees are given the...
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...RESEAR CH AR TICLE Psychosocial Distress and Alcohol Use as Factors in Adolescent Sexual Behavior Among Sub-Saharan African Adolescents RANDY M. PAGE, PhDa COUGAR P. HALL, PhDb ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: This study examines the relationship between sexual behavior, alcohol use, and indicators of psychosocial distress (mental health) of adolescents in 6 sub-Saharan African countries using the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS). METHODS: The sample consisted of 22,949 adolescents from Botswana, Kenya, Namibia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe who participated in 2003 or 2004 GSHS surveys. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine whether sexual behaviors increased with levels of psychosocial distress and alcohol use. RESULTS: Sexual behaviors (having sex or having sex with 2 or more people) were associated with both psychosocial distress and alcohol use. Odds ratios showed that both boys and girls reporting psychosocial distress and alcohol use were at higher risk for having sex. Results also indicated that the likelihood of sexual behaviors increased when there was an increase in the number of psychosocial indicators and frequency of alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION: The results of this study are consistent with those conducted in the United States suggesting that sexual behavior, psychosocial distress, and substance use are interconnected. These findings highlight the need for school health education and health services in sub-Saharan Africa...
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...Korea, North Demographics Profile 2013 Home > Factbook > Countries > Korea, North Population | 24,589,122 (July 2012 est.) | Age structure | 0-14 years: 22% (male 2,742,874/female 2,672,199) 15-24 years: 16.5% (male 2,060,206/female 1,998,436) 25-54 years: 44% (male 5,402,999/female 5,416,701) 55-64 years: 8.2% (male 942,529/female 1,064,570) 65 years and over: 9.3% (male 768,703/female 1,519,905) (2012 est.) | Median age | total: 33 years male: 31.4 years female: 34.7 years (2012 est.) | Population growth rate | 0.535% (2012 est.) | Birth rate | 14.51 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) | Death rate | 9.12 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) | Net migration rate | -0.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) | Urbanization | urban population: 60% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 0.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.) | Sex ratio | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.51 male(s)/female total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2011 est.) | Infant mortality rate | total: 26.21 deaths/1,000 live births male: 29.05 deaths/1,000 live births female: 23.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.) | Life expectancy at birth | total population: 69.2 years male: 65.34 years female: 73.24 years (2012 est.) | Total fertility rate | 2.01 children born/woman (2012 est.) | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate | NA | HIV/AIDS -...
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...Resources abound in africa but how to manage them well to take advantage of absolute and comparatives cost ADVANTAGES is the problem. Introduction Africa is endowed with a rich diversity of environmental resources. Some of these are geographical, terrestrial, aquatic and country-specific resources while others transcend national boundaries of two or more countries within the region or continent. Since World War II, Africans have embarked on the massive utilisation of their environmental resources for improving their quality of life and that of their global business partners (Frobel et al. 1988; French 2000). In spite of the abundance of these resources, local communities, predominantly smallholder farmers and pastoralists, whose production systems are based on Traditional Environmental Knowledge Systems (TEKS), are now unable to meet their basic needs, sustain environmental productivity and even have an equitable share of the global wealth (ADALCO 1990). The predominance of international trade over local needs fostered, among other things, specialisation in spatial production and exchange of goods and services on a global scale, what evolved today as theories of Absolute and Comparative Advantage. Consequently, it is evident that in some geographical areas, natural resources are still sustainably utilised, while in others there is evidence of environmental degradation or inefficient utiliatization (Stebbing 1935; Timberlake 1985; Blaikie 1989; Juma and Ford 1992; Rugumamu...
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...The paper shall look at how Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA) evolved since 2000. It will also look at the strategic nightmares encountered, which led to making certain decisions and initiatives. It will analyse some of the strategies adopted and how they fit in line with the operating environment. The paper will look at background of ZESA, the general operating environment, the strategic choice taken and proffer possible advice which is not a panacea but offers pointers on how to lead change in a turbulent environment. In 1991, the Government of Zimbabwe adopted a public enterprise reform strategy as part of a World Bank driven Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP). For the electricity sector, the Government adopted a two-pronged programme of reform a performance improvement programme (PIP) for the national utility, the Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA), and a legal and regulatory reform programme for the electricity sector in general. Ten years later, significant success has been achieved in improving the utility’s performance in technical operations and customer service. However, there has been very little progress on the legal and regulatory front. This has adversely affected the utility’s financial performance, as well as frustrating the Government’s efforts in attracting private sector investment. The Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA) provides the bulk of electricity generated, transmitted, distributed and supplied in Zimbabwe...
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...Agricultural Education and the Issue Over Social Inequality What is hunger? Many would probably say it is that mildly uncomfortable feeling that you get after not eating for a few hours. The majority of people use the phrase “I’m starving!” when they get this feeling. But what about the 805 million people in which “starving” means not knowing where their next meal is coming from. Agriculturalists and world food leaders now face a huge challenge: in feeding the 9 billion people who are projected to be on Earth by 2050 (Nat’l Geographic). Of the 196 sovereign countries in the world, 147 are considered underdeveloped and lack food security, Zimbabwe being one of them. Zimbabwe is located in the southern portion of Africa, surrounded by Botswana, South Africa, Zambia, and Mozambique, making it a land-locked state. Zimbabwe has a total land area of 390,757 square miles and is home to 13,771,721 people (CIA World Factbook). The land is composed of mostly high plateaus with mountains in the east. With a tropical climate, the country has rainy seasons between November and March but is currently suffering from an extensive drought due to unreliable rainfall. The frequent droughts that occur throughout the year make it especially hard for farmers, ranchers, and families who depend on sustainable agriculture as their main source of income. Despite the fact that Zimbabwe has the second highest growth rate in the world at 4.36 percent, the average Zimbabwean family only has 4.8 family...
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...Engl-101-93 30 March 2008 An Epidemic in South Africa He’s sitting down on a log with his hands on his face; feeling empty and full of pain. He’s in a small village in South Africa and all he can hear around him is weeping and crying; he and his sister will most likely not attend school anymore. The lifeless corpse being buried is his aunt; he and his younger sister had lived with her, unfortunately she died from HIV. His Mother also died of HIV two weeks before his aunt had passed, and his father abandoned him and his sister. He and his sister are now left with no relatives; fortunately, they will be living with a friend and his mother. This tragic story is just an example of the pain and despair some children have to go through in Africa. This chaos occurs throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Millions of children in Africa everyday are being born with HIV and as a result, many children lose their parents or relatives. Each child knows that their life is limited and eventually they will die sooner or later. Although the HIV epidemic is spreading, some programs like UNAIDS were established to assist the worldwide fight against Aids. Many people have to take medication and live with this burden for the rest of their life. The spread of Aids in Africa has become an epidemic due to its progression and continuous spread despite the help, HIV has affected South Africa society and economy severely, and the epidemic continues to spread in South Africa due to the Governments lack of attention...
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...similar regions and in certain economic ways. All countries in the EU have the same currency which creates certain benefits but has also created economic disaster for many countries involved. The goal of regionalization is to benefit all countries involved and become stronger globally as a whole. These two forces have had tremendous impact on the small African nation of Lesotho. Foreign influences have shaped Lesotho throughout history and currently determine their economic factors today. Most recently trade agreements have made Lesotho dependent on Chinese manufacturers’ (major imports) and major US clothing companies like Levi and the GAP(major exports). These agreements shape Lesotho’s whole economy including wages, employment/unemployment, and the health of citizens. Possible Industries Textile manufacturing provides most of the jobs for Lesotho citizens. Some other possible industries that could offer employment...
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...IGCSE Economics Sample Assessment Materials (SAMs) Edexcel IGCSE in Economics (4EC0) First examination 2011 Edexcel, a Pearson company, is the UK’s largest awarding body, offering academic and vocational qualifications and testing to more than 25,000 schools, colleges, employers and other places of learning in the UK and in over 100 countries worldwide. Qualifications include GCSE, AS and A Level, NVQ and our BTEC suite of vocational qualifications from entry level to BTEC Higher National Diplomas, recognised by employers and higher education institutions worldwide. We deliver 9.4 million exam scripts each year, with more than 90% of exam papers marked onscreen annually. As part of Pearson, Edexcel continues to invest in cuttingedge technology that has revolutionised the examinations and assessment system. This includes the ability to provide detailed performance data to teachers and students which help to raise attainment. We will inform centres of any changes to this issue. The latest issue can be found on the Edexcel website: www.edexcel.org.uk. Acknowledgements This document has been produced by Edexcel on the basis of consultation with teachers, examiners, consultants and other interested parties. Edexcel acknowledges its indebtedness to all those who contributed their time and expertise to its development. Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. Edexcel will, if notified, be happy...
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