...SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE THABA TSHWANE THE CAUSES AND DYNAMICS OF CONFLICT IN CENTRAL AFRICA By Ms C. Auret November 2009 This research paper was written by a programme member attending the South African National Defence College in fulfilment of one of the requirements of the Executive National Security Programme 20/09. The paper is a scholastic document and this contains facts and opinions which the author alone considered appropriate and correct for subject. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of any agency, including the South African Government or Department of Defence. This paper may not be released, quoted or copied except with the express permission of the Department of Defence. INDEX |HEADING |PAGE | | | | | | | |Abstract……………………………………………………………………………… |3 | |Introduction………………………………………………………………………….. |3 | |Historical Review of Conflict in Central Africa ……………………………...
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...documentaries as CITIZENFOUR, An Inconvenient Truth and Food, Inc. and feature films including Lincoln and Spotlight. FOLLOW US Takepart Share Facebook Twitter Email App Google +1 Tumblr Your Reach Take Action A U.S. Special Forces service member and a soldier with the Uganda People's Defence Force search the area near Pambayamba, in the Central African Republic, for indicted war criminal Joseph Kony, leader of the Lord's Resistance Army, on March 30, 2016. (Photo: Andrew Craft) takepart #longform Hunting Joseph Kony U.S. Special Forces searching for a rebel leader indicted for war crimes discover a different mission could prove even more important. May 6, 2016 Kevin Maurer is a journalist and coauthor of No Easy Day: The Firsthand Account of the Mission That...
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...Policy and Analysis Division (DPAD) of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (UN/DESA). It is based on information obtained from the Statistics Division and the Population Division of UN/DESA, as well as from the five United Nations regional commissions, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and national and private sources. Estimates for the most recent years were made by DPAD in consultation with the regional commissions, UNCTAD, UNWTO and participants in Project LINK, an international collaborative research group for econometric modelling coordinated jointly by DPAD and the University of Toronto. Forecasts for 2014 and 2015 are primarily based on the World Economic Forecasting Model of DPAD, with support from Project LINK. Data presented in WESP may differ from those published by other organizations for a series of reasons, including differences in timing, sample composition and aggregation methods. Historical data may differ from those in previous editions of WESP because of updating and changes in the availability of data for individual countries. Country classifications For analytical purposes, WESP classifies all countries of the world into one of three broad categories: developed economies, economies in transition and developing economies...
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...American International Journal of Contemporary Research Vol. 4 No. 1; January 2014 Kenya’s Social Development Proposals and Challenges: Review of Kenya Vision 2030 First Medium-Term Plan, 2008-2012 Ezekiel Mbitha Mwenzwa Department of Social Sciences Karatina University P. O. Box 1951, Karatina, Kenya. Joseph Akuma Misati Department of Sociology Maasai Mara University P. O. Box 861 20500, Narok, Kenya. Abstract Kenya faces several development challenges including poverty, disease, unemployment, negative civic engagement among others. The development bottlenecks worsened following the introduction of the IMF/World Bank-propelled Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) of the late 1970s and early 1980s. While the SAPs had envisaged benefits, they largely became part of the problem rather than the solution to development in Kenya. Accompanying these were negative civic engagements, particularly, ethnic conflict and political maladministration especially after the re-introduction of multiparty politics in the early 1990s. These drawbacks notwithstanding, development planning went on culminating in the Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation (ERSWEC) 2003-2007 in 2002 and its successor, the Kenya Vision 2030 in 2007. While the former was implemented, the latter is on course with the First Five Year Medium-Term Plan running from 2008 to 2012 recently concluded. The blueprint is driven by three pillars, namely; The economic, social and...
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...Dumisani Yambira 1147585 8/12/2015 [Type the company name] user President Zuma`s letdown approach to deliver a sound foreign policy indicates a failure. Factors of negligence and corruption within top officials have put the South African foreign policy brand into shame on the International relations platform. The failure to observe the policies on the Government White paper associates the current Administration with incompetency. The vocal tone of discontentment by the social forces indicate the State`s inability to perform the policies outlined on the Government`s diplomacy of Ubuntu. South Africa`s role in the COP17 indicates the State`s incoherence on their foreign policy. President Zuma`s Administration did not live to the expectations of the International community and of the locals. The conference expected South Africa to take the lead on the promotion of green technology and encourage renewable sources like wind as outlined on the website of (South African Government White Paper on Foreign Policy 2011). To great disappointment, scholar (Watson n.d.) observed that little support is given to these sources. In 2011, the public campaign of “One million Climate Jobs” demanded for the State to use electricity from wind and solar power (Austin-Evelyn 2011). However the negligence highlight the Foreign Policy`s failure to lure in investors on the climate change program and promote community empowerment. This presents the Government’s failure to meet the demands of civil...
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...GNI per capita positively and significantly affect household consumption. Monetary and quasi monetary growth has a negative impact on household consumption. Policy makers therefore need to encourage Total reserve and GNI per capita. It is therefore strongly recommended that instrument of monetary policy should be used in the economy as means of influencing household consumption. Introduction Monetary policy Monetary policy is the process by which monetary authority of a country control the supply of money often targeting a rate of interest for the purpose of promoting economic growth and stability. The official goals usually include relative stable price and low unemployment. It is the process by which the government, central bank, or monetary authority of a country control; the supply of money, availability of money, cost of money or rate of interest to attain a set of objectives oriented towards the growth and stability of the economy. Problem statement...
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...other countries base establishing diplomatic recognition. Focusing on the Republic of China (Taiwan) suggests a more complicated view where economic self-interest on one side and national pride on the other may undermine traditional conceptions of recognition. Using the ROC-PRC diplomatic battle as a case study, this paper hopes to shed light on two questions: why, despite the PRC's rise as a global power, a country would continue to formally recognize the ROC and secondly what does the ROC receive in exchange for such high-cost endeavors to maintain recognition. In this case mutual ideological rationales have greatly diminished while I contend that economic factors have predominantly maintained this diplomatic battle. In addition, previous research often focuses on major world powers granting or withholding formal recognition to smaller states. In this situation, poor countries with typically little political influence are the major players, suggesting different rationales behind recognition. Methodologically, this paper blends qualitative and quantitative analysis to uncover factors affecting recogni- T IMOTHY S. RICH is a doctoral student in political science at the Indiana University. His previous rese arch analyzed Taiwan's democratization and cross-Strait relations. His dissertation analyzes electoral reform in East Asia . In 2009, Timothy received a National Science Foundation grant to conduct research in Taiwan regarding recent electoral reforms. The author can be reached...
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...equality, and justice with other ethnic groups. Government also, in the National Policy on Education (NPE), Stresses the importance of Language as a means of promoting social interaction and national cohesion; and presenting cultures. Therefore, every child in Nigeria shall learn the language of the immediate environment. Furthermore, in the interest of national unity it is expedient that every child shall be required to learn ONE of the THREE Major Nigerian Languages; Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba (NPE1998: 8). This view of every child being required to learn one of Hausa, Igbo, or Yoruba is a laudable policy statement by the government in its efforts to see that, these languages are taught and learnt as second languages in Nigeria (NL2). This paper examines the global approach to the teaching and learning of Yoruba as a second language (L2) in Colleges of Education in and the problems and prospects of the teaching of this language as L2 in...
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...Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2012 TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL the global coalition against corruption Contents Introduction About the index Corruption Perceptions Index 2012 1 2 4 Transparency International seeks to provide reliable quantitative diagnostic tools regarding levels of corruption, both at the global and local levels. The Corruption Perceptions Index is one of Transparency International’s indices sponsored by Ernst & Young. 176 countries, 176 scores. How does your country measure up? Transparency International is the global civil society organization leading the fight against corruption. Through more than 90 chapters worldwide and an international secretariat in Berlin, we raise awareness of the damaging effects of corruption and work with partners in government, business and civil society to develop and implement effective measures to tackle it. www.transparency.org Every effort has been made to verify the accuracy of the information contained in this report. All information was believed to be correct as of December 2012. Nevertheless, Transparency International cannot accept responsibility for the consequences of its use for other purposes or in other contexts. ©2012 Transparency International. All rights reserved. Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2012 1 About the index Corruption can happen anywhere. When politicians put their own interests above those of the public. When officials demand...
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...although other international institutions and other organizations occasionally figure as shareholders. The most prominent IFIs are creations of multiple nations, although some bilateral financial institutions exist and are technically IFIs. Many of these are multilateral development banks (MDB). WHAT ARE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (IFI’S)? World Bank Group (WBG): * International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) * International Development Association (IDA) * International Finance Corporation (IFC) * Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) * International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) International Monetary Fund (IMF) Regional development banks, such as: * African Development Bank (AFDB) * Asian Development Bank (ADB) * Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) * Bank of the South * European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) Other regional financial institutions e.g. European Investment Bank (EIB) Export Credit Agencies of individual country governments, such as: 1. US Export Import Bank (EXIM) 2. Japan External Trade Organization Hermes Kreditversicherungs (Germany) INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS: Their common goal…… * to reduce global poverty and improve people's living conditions and standards; * to support sustainable economic, social and institutional development; and * to promote regional cooperation and integration. WORLD BANK...
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...REGENT UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF THE VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT) SCHEME ON THE REVENUE GENERATION CAPACITY IN GHANA A LONG ESSAY PRESENTED TO THE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (SASS), REGENT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN ACCOUNTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS NII TORTO QUAO (022 0207) DECEMBER 2009 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this long essay is the original research undertaken by me, including all references from other books, handouts, internet, magazines, textbooks, etc under the supervision of the under signed lecturer. Mr. Albert Akanferi …………………………….. ……………………………….. (Supervisor) Signature Date Nii Torto Quao …………………………….. ………………………………. (Student) Signature Date i ABSTRACT A strong and efficient tax system provides the basis for enhanced economic growth and development. Ghana’s fiscal structure prior to 1983 had generally been characterised by low tax revenue. As a result Ghana undertook a number of reforms prescribed by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank under the Economic Recovery Programme (ERP) and the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP). Tax reforms constituted one of the essential ingredients of SAP. The tax reform process has assumed diverse dimensions over the pass two and half decades. One of those tax reforms was the Value Added Tax scheme (VATs). The purpose of this study is to assess...
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...is expected to intensify existing problems and create new combinations of risks, particularly in Africa. The situation is made worst due to factors such as widespread poverty, overdependence on rainfed agriculture, inequitable land distribution, limited access to capital and technology, inadequate public infrastructure such as roads, long term weather forecasts and inadequate research and extension. By lessening the severity of key damages to the agricultural sector, adaptation is the key defensive measure. Adaptation to climate change involves changes in agricultural management practices in response to changes in climate conditions. This paper reviews agricultural adaptation strategies employed by farmers in various countries in Africa in cushioning the effects of climate change. The common agricultural adaptation strategies used by farmers were the use of drought resistant varieties of crops, crop diversification, change in cropping pattern and calendar of planting, conserving soil moisture through appropriate tillage methods, improving irrigation efficiency and afforestation and agro-forestry. The paper concluded that improving and strengthening human capital through training, outreach programmes, extension services at all levels may improve capacity to adapt to climate change impact. Key words: Adaptation strategies, agriculture, climate change, impacts and Africa....
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...HSBC’s Investment Bank Profit Falls, U.S. Bad Loans Increase http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-09/hsbc-s-investment-bank-profit-falls-u-s-bad-loans-increase.html Italy Debt Crisis Italy officially the Italian Republic is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries the political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes]The market's lack of confidence in the Italian government is pushing the country to the edge. Rising funding costs threaten to shutdown the country's access to the bond market, a scenario for which neither Italy nor the Euro-zone is ready. Given the country's enormous funding needs relative to the size...
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...ENG 102 – Research Paper The Deadliest War in the World Roy A. Richards Union Institute & University October, 2008 The Deadliest War in the World In this article, I will discuss the battle in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the struggle that thousands of people face as they battle the government for natural resources. This article will show how this country is affected by famine, rape, and murder and what steps the government is taking to eliminate these problems. The Democratic Republic of Congo is the third largest country in Africa and is located in the Central African UN subregion. The word “Congo” means “hunter” and was named after the Bakongo ethnic group who live in the Congo River basin. Following the country’s post-independence the former Belgian Congo was changed to The Democratic Republic of Congo on August 1, 1964 to distinguish it from the Republic of Congo. In 1960 General Joseph Motubu came into power, changed his name to Motubu Sese Seko, and changed the country’s name to the Republic of Zaire. 1997 was the year rebel forces (backed by Laurent Kabila) changed the country’s name back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and this change cased a new rebellion between him...
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...Investigation on Democratic Republic of Congo, Treaties with Mexico and Purchase Contract with a DRC vendor. Student: I.D.: Luz Amairany Garduño Gutiérrez 1580590 Group: 4Di Semester: 4th Classroom: 18 Student: I.D.: Luz Amairany Garduño Gutiérrez 1580590 Group: 4Di Semester: 4th Classroom: 18 Professor: Victor Hugo Moreno San Nicolas de los Garza, Ciudad Universitaria, May 17th 2015 INDEX Introduction………………………………………………………………………….2 LESCANT……………………………………………………………………………3 Treaties………………………………………………………………………………9 Contract of Purchase………………………………………………………………10 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….15 References………………………………………………………………………….16 Introduction Since the beginning of time people have searched for communicate for others, for don’t being on their own. When communication started to fluctuate humans discovered that they had needs and in some cases they had to give in order to receive other thing. Trade started and with the time society established rules and with that the trade law got born. The main purpose of this project is to learn about the Democratic Republic of Congo and how it works...
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