...role of the Nervous and Endocrine system. The endocrine system and the nervous are basic systems in the body of animals that assist in the relaying of impulses or communication from one body part to another. They can both act together for these functions or separately. However, it will be prime for us to understand both functionalities. The nervous system constitutes of the foundation in which the body’s communication system is built. It constitutes of a group and network of neurons that assist in its function. The nervous system is divided into two: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and the spinal cord while the peripheral is made up of the nerves and their entire network throughout the body. On the other hand, the endocrine system is made up of glands that are positioned throughout the body. These glands secrete hormones that control or regulate such processes in the body such as growth, blood flow and pressure, digestion and metabolism. The nervous system deals with body needs that require a quick response such as breathing, while the endocrine system deals with the much slower but vital processes in the body, such as cell growth. As earlier explained, we are going to go further to explain both systems starting with the nervous system. The nervous system as indicated earlier constitutes of a network of neurons that develop much further into nerves. [pic]Nervous system It...
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...| The foundations of psychology | | | Blaine Waddell | 5/29/2011 | PSY/300 Katherine Bowen | Psychology is a science of behavior and mental functioning that uses both quantitative and qualitative research studies to develop and test hypotheses and put forward theories and models that explain human behavior.” (Kowalski & Westen, 2005) When psychology was first founded there were only a few foundations of psychology. The most popularly used in the 1800’s were called, structuralism and functionalism. Structuralism focuses on identifying and analysis basic elements of experiences. These experiences even include mental events like perception. Research for this form of approach to psychology comes from verbal accounts of experiences. Functionalism focuses on the belief that optimal learning conditions can be created by knowing how the brain uses and processes information; thereby it is considered perceptional also. As time went on and the science of psychology progresses more approaches to present day psychology emerged. Behavioral, psychoanalytic, cognitive, social/cultural, humanism, physiological, and clinical are all popular approaches to modern day psychology. The physiological approach is the learning how the brain effects behavior and how behavior can affect the brain. The behavioral approach...
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...The Fluidity of Neuroscience Gender Norms & Racial Bias in the Study of the Modern "Neuroscience" Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system. Traditionally, neuroscience has been seen as a branch of biology. However, it is currently an interdisciplinary science that collaborates with other fields such as chemistry, computer science, engineering, linguistics, mathematics, medicine and allied disciplines, philosophy, physics, and psychology. The term neurobiology is usually used interchangeably with the term neuroscience, although the former refers specifically to the biology of the nervous system, whereas the latter refers to the entire science of the nervous system. The scope of neuroscience has broadened to include different approaches used to study the molecular, cellular, developmental, structural, functional, evolutionary, computational, and medical aspects of the nervous system. The techniques used by neuroscientists have also expanded enormously, from molecular and cellular studies of individual nerve cells to imaging of sensory and motor tasks in the brain. Recent theoretical advances in neuroscience have also been aided by the study of neural networks. Given the increasing number of scientists who study the nervous system, several prominent neuroscience organizations have been formed to provide a forum to all neuroscientists and educators. For example, the International Brain Research Organization was founded in 1960, the International Society...
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...1.1 Introduction Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system, harms the brain's ability to send and receive signals. It is considered one of the common diseases of the central nervous system. It affects in most cases the children and people aged between 20-40 years. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. The exact reason(s) for the inflammation that occurs in MS are not yet known, and this remains an active area of research. We do know that the inflammation damages both neurons and the myelin that protects neuronal processes (called axons). The effect of multiple sclerosis (MS) on the individual and...
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... * What “schools” of psychology are they associated with? Introspection, functionalism, structuralism, humanists * What were their major accomplishments? * Why didn’t some of these schools of thought (e.g., structuralism) stick around longer? * What is the definition of psychology? The science and behavior of mental process * What is the Nature-Nurture question, and what is the currently accepted view on this issue? To what extent are our traits already set in place at birth (our “nature”) and to what extent do our traits develop in response to our environment/experience (our “nurture”) We are born with traits and develop traits from our environments * What is the biopsychosocial model of analysis? What are examples of factors that make up each of the 3 parts? Biology (genes, brain, neuro-transmitters, survival, refluxes, sensations) Psychology (thoughts, emotions, moods, choices, behaviors, traits, motivations, knowledge, perceptions) and Environment (social influences, culture, education, relationships) * What are some of the different perspectives within psychology? How might each interpret a clinical question (e.g., anxiety)? Biological influences: natural selection of adaptive traits, hormonal influences Social-cultural influences: presence of others, cultural, societal and family expectations, peer and other group influences Psychological influences: learned fears and other learned expectations, emotional...
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...Herbal Miscellany Perhaps Moringa really is a miracle tree..? Not only has it provided food, shelter, water filtration, and medicine, but it may also be a source for fuel in the future.9 Moringa is being considered as a potential source for biodiesel (plant based fuel that diesel engines can run off of). This plant grows easily in tropical areas and can easily produce high quantities of biomass for fuel. This can be done without compromising leaf harvest, thus the same Moringa plant can be cultivated for both fuel and as a nutritional supplement for the natural marketplace simultaneously. It is therefore considered a superior feedstock to jatropha (Jatropha sp.) which is commonly grown for biofuel.9 Antioxidant activity - According to the analysis, the powdered leaves of the Moringa tree (which is the way most people consume Moringa) contains 46 types of antioxidants. One serving, in fact, contains 22 percent of our recommended daily intake (RDI) of vitamin C, one of the most important antioxidants on Earth, and a whopping 272...
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...Chapter One: Introduction and Research Methods * Origins of Psychology: 1. PHILOSOPHY; concepts- 2. PHYSIOLOGY; brain and behavior- 3. WILHELM WUNDT; followed psych as a science- 4. EDWARD TICHENER; structuralism, take bare parts down and study each part-5. WILLIAM JAMES AND STUDENTS; functionalism, didn’t care why someone did something he wanted to know the reason for it—one student G. Stanley Hall was the first PHD in US- 6. SIGMUND FREUD; had theories and ideas of psych analysis- 7. JOHN WATSON; behavioralism...treating people for their illnesses instead of just researching about it- 8. CARL ROGERS; client therapy, unconditional positive regard and concern, connecting with your patients * Contemporary Psych: * Biological perspective- biological reason for why things happen and why you do the things you do. * Psychodynamic perspective- directed towards unconscious motivations. How do you see yourself * Behavioral perspective- human behavior * Humanistic perspective- Carl Rogers, look at everything positive * Cognitive perspective- memories of all kinds * Cross-cultural perspectives- studying the different ways of different cultures. Different rules for different cultures. * Evolutionary perspective- how are behaviors adaptable and functional. Changes as time goes on. * Positive psych- maximizing the patients’ strengths. * The Scientific Method: The Scientific Method • The steps of the scientific method – Formulate a...
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...that moves dividends million a year , this is the game industry . Based on a series of scientific studies conducted by several universities , it is confirmed that there is a direct relationship between prolonged use of video games and aggressive behaviors in players . An immoderate exposure to this type of entertainment causes direct damage to the central nervous system, causing the individual to present a state of anxiety. There is a directly proportional correlation between the use of video games and an increase in the consumption of alcohol and drugs in young people aged 13-17 years. Additionally users become more frivolous in their interpersonal relationships , and although this type of entertainment does not promote isolation, if ideologically influence the player , making images witnessed remain in the subconscious and therefore intends to recreate them later. It is for this reason that it is intended to show the evidence that confirms the claims made above, to thereby create awareness in the reader about the impact of video games on human behavior through an increase in aggressive behavior Player . Therefore, the analysis performed below will focus on the negative effects of video games on the development of children and youth and connecting these with the social problems that occur today. Dozens of studies confirm that the...
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...of our thinking, feeling, and acting is the nervous system. The nervous system is the physiological network of intercommunicating cells that forms the basis of our ability to perceive, adapt to, and interact with the world. The brain is the supreme organ of the nervous system and it is the organ that most directly controls our thoughts, emotions, and motivations. The Organization of the Nervous System The Central Nervous System (CNS) o The nervous system consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system. o The central nervous system has two parts: the brain and the spinal cord. Both parts are encased in bone for protection and further protected from shocks by cerebrospinal fluid which circulates throughout the brain and the spinal cord. o The brain responds to information it receives from the rest of the body. Communication within the brain is two-way; (1) the brain receives and processes information and (2) then forwards the information with instructions on how to respond. o In the brain, a network of individual cells called neurons receives information and transmits it to the spinal cord. The spinal cord is a slender, roughly cylindrical rope of interconnected fibers, enclosed within the spinal column, that transmit information from sensory neurons to the brain and from the brain to motor neurons. o One function of the spinal cord is to collect information from the peripheral nervous system and transmit it to the brain and back again...
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...problems, and could be a threat to the lives of these young adults. Metallic mercury exposure is toxic to the central and peripheral nervous systems. The inhalation of mercury vapor, as the case of one of the teens who smoked mercury laced cigarette can produce harmful effects on the nervous, digestive and immune systems, lungs and kidneys, and may be fatal if not properly treated. Mercury on its own is corrosive to the skin, eyes and even gastrointestinal tract, which could induce kidney toxicity if taken orally. For these reasons therefore, I...
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...Generation of pattern and diversity in Central Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS) is composed of brain and the spinal cord. Neurons constitute a major part of the developing CNS. An axon is an extension of a neuron. The brain grows as a swelling at the front (rostal) end of the neural tube and later leads to become a spinal cord (1,2). Development of the CNS involves many complex mechanisms beginning at the onset of transformation of a single layer of ectodermal cells, the neuroectoderm until the end of the differentiation process resulting into highly complex structure involving variety of neural cell types (1,2). A large number of cell types need to be arranged spatially and temporally to form a complex structure during an embryo development. CNS being one such complex structure formed during embryonic development involves many interlinked molecular mechanisms giving rise to interlinked and diversified neuronal circuits. Although a few of the signaling pathways (like shh) have been identified causing cellular diversity in a vertebrate CNS more studies have to be done to identify the involvements of any more of such signals. (1) The nervous system (NS) develops from the ectoderm of a developing embryo. First to develop is the neural plate followed by formation of a neural groove in the neural plate very shortly. This is then followed by joining of the edges of the neural groove to form a neural tube, which later develops into the brain at the frontal part while...
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...proprioception and ataxia. *not everyone who is diagnosed with syphilis develops this disease Neurosyphilis has four forms: Asymptomatic (most common) General Paresis Meningovascular Tabes doralis Asymptomatic simply means that you have no symptoms of the disease. These could be people who contracted the disease, recovered from it and no longer have the symptoms. Or people who have an illness/ condition (early stages) but show no symptoms of it. General Paresis, a disorder which was once diagnosed as a psychiatric disorder around the nineteenth century, is an infection caused by the untreated symptoms of syphilis. If continued to be untreated, it will affect the brain and central nervous system. Meningovascular is a resultant of untreated syphilis where the contagion attacks the Central Nervous System (CNS) and causes cranial nerve palsies and abnormalities of the pupil. 3 Tabes doralis is the bilateral loss of vibration and proprioception in a patient with untreated syphilis In order to be diagnosed with Neurosyphilis the patient must receive a Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) White Blood Cell (WBC) count of 20 cells per µL or greater, or have a reactive CSF Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test result. Symptoms include the following but are not limited to: Weakness diminished reflexes unsteady gait progressive degeneration of the joints loss of coordination episodes of intense pain personality changes urinary incontinence dementia deafness visual impairment Note:...
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...Autonomic Computing: An Overview Manish Parashar1 and Salim Hariri2 The Applied Software Systems Laboratory, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ, USA 2 High Performance Distributed Computing Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA parashar@caip.rutgers.edu, hariri@ece.arizona.edu 1 Abstract. The increasing scale complexity, heterogeneity and dynamism of networks, systems and applications have made our computational and information infrastructure brittle, unmanageable and insecure. This has necessitated the investigation of an alternate paradigm for system and application design, which is based on strategies used by biological systems to deal with similar challenges – a vision that has been referred to as autonomic computing. The overarching goal of autonomic computing is to realize computer and software systems and applications that can manage themselves in accordance with high-level guidance from humans. Meeting the grand challenges of autonomic computing requires scientific and technological advances in a wide variety of fields, as well as new software and system architectures that support the effective integration of the constituent technologies. This paper presents an introduction to autonomic computing, its challenges, and opportunities. 1 Introduction Advances in networking and computing technology and software tools have resulted in an explosive growth in networked applications and information services that cover all aspects of our life. These sophisticated...
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...Multiple Sclerosis is an immune-mediated process. An immune-mediated process is when the immune system attacks the central nervous system. There are many believers that this an autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity means that the immune system is reaching against normal occurring antigens in the body. Although, many believe this, there is no antigen that has been identified in Multiple Sclerosis; therefore, it cannot be classified as an autoimmune disease. In the case with Multiple Sclerosis the immune system attacks and damages certain structures and cells within the CNS. The following structures and cells are: myelin, oligodendrocytes, and underlying nerve fibers. Myelin is a fatty sheath that surrounds and protects nerve fibers. Oligodendrocytes is a myelin producing cell....
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...Chapter 01 Pre Test | 1. | Which of the following is a guideline for doing research with people? | | | a. | Participants cannot just quit without a valid, logical reason. | b. | Deception is never justified. | c. | Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation. | d. | Participants must understand that confidentiality is not guaranteed. | | | | | | | | Grade: | 2 | | | User Responses: | c.Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation. | | | Feedback: | a.Correct. Ethics of Psychological Research, p. 34 | | 2. | A ________ has a medical degree and is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. | | | a. | psychoanalyst | b. | psychiatrist | c. | psychologist | d. | psychiatric social worker | | | | | | | | Grade: | 2 | | | User Responses: | b.psychiatrist | | | Feedback: | a.Correct. Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization, p. 18 | | 3. | Researchers who allow their expectations about what they will see to affect the results of their observation studies are suffering from: | | | a. | controlled observation. | b. | participation observation. | c. | the observer effect. | d. | observer bias. | | | | | | | | Grade: | 2 | | | User Responses: | d.observer bias. | | | Feedback: | a.Correct. Psychology: The Scientific Methodology, p. 23 | | 4. | Researchers...
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