...High Speed Centrifuges | Page | |Physics and | | | |Geology | | | | | | 1-3 | | Prepared By | |Date | |Jason C. Hurlbert April| |13, 2010 | 1. OBJECTIVE The goal of this SOP is to train personnel in the safe operation of high speed centrifuges, both fixed rotor and swinging bucket rotor types. This SOP does not apply to microcentrifuge units. 2. SCOPE SOP applies to everyone who is working with centrifuges. 3. MATERIALS...
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...response to gravity. Centrifugal force (measured as xg, times gravity) is used to increase this settling rate in an instrument called centrifuge. Centrifuges are devices used in a variety of application which spin carrier vessels (centrifuge tubes) at high rotation speeds and very high centrifugal force. The centrifugal force generated is proportional to the rotation rate of the rotor (in revolution per minute, rpm) and the distance between the rotor center and the centrifuge tube. Therefore, a given centrifuge may use multiple rotor sizes to give flexibility in choosing centrifugation conditions. Each centrifugation has a special graph, a nomograph, or a table which relates rotation rate (rpm) to centrifugal force (xg) for each size of rotor it accepts. Centrifuges come in three general classes: low speed, up to about 5000 rpm, high speed machines of up to about 25000 rpm and ultracentrifuges which will turn up to 1000000 rpm. Another form of centrifuge very common in laboratories is the microcentrifuge. These are simple machines used with 0.5 or 1.5 mL disposal plastic tubes. Most of these machines generates between 10000 and 13000 rpm. Certain procedures necessitate precise centrifugation conditions, which must be specified in terms of relative centrifugal force (rcf) expressed in units of gravity (times gravity or ×g). Many micro centrifuges only have settings for speed (rpm), not relative centrifugal force. Consequently, a formula for conversion is required to ensure that...
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...separation or concentrate due to the effect of gravity. Particles with different density and masses are settled at different rates in a tube which are response to gravity. Centrifuge is an instrument which can spin carrier vessels at high rotation speed and very high centrifugal force to allow centrifugation. The centrifugal force generated is proportional to the rotation rate of the rotor and the distance between the rotor center and the centrifuge tube. There are three general classes of centrifuges: low speed, about 5000 rpm, high speed machine can up to about 25000 rpm and ultracentrifuges turn at up to 1000000 rpm. Microcentrifuge are common in laboratories which generate between 10000 rpm and 13000 rpm and 0.5 or 1.5 mL of disposable plastic tubes are used. Microcentrifuge can only setting for speed (rpm) but not relative centrifugal force (rcf): relative centrifugal force, g=(1.118× 10-5)rs2 (r=radius of the rotor in cm, s=speed of centrifuge in rpm) Objective(s): 1. To separate coagulated milk from mixture of fresh milk and Acetic Acid by Centrifugation. 2. To determine the relationship of speed of centrifugation with the coagulation of milk which separate from mixture 3. To study the process of centrifugation Materials: Centrifuge, Falcon tube (50mL), Centrifuge tubes (15mL), Microcentrifuge tubes (1.5mL), Micropipettes, blue tips (P-1000), Pipettes (10mL & 5mL), Plastic Pipette Pump, Fresh Milk, 50% Acetic Acid Procedure: 1. ...
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...Description: A centrifuge is a piece of equipment that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis (spins it in a circle), applying a potentially strong force perpendicular to the axis of spin (outward). The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal acceleration causes denser substances and particles to move outward in the radial direction. At the same time, objects that are less dense are displaced and move to the center. In a laboratory centrifuge that uses sample tubes, the radial acceleration causes denser particles to settle to the bottom of the tube, while low-density substances rise to the top.[1] There are 3 types of centrifuge designed for different applications. Industrial scale centrifuges are commonly used in manufacturing and waste processing to sediment suspended solids, or to separate immiscible liquids. An example is the cream separator found in dairies. Very high speed centrifuges and ultracentrifuges able to provide very high accelerations can separate fine particles down to the nano-scale, and molecules of different masses. Large centrifuges are used to simulate high gravity or acceleration environments (for example, high-G training for test pilots). Medium-sized centrifuges are used in washing machines and at some swimming pools to wring water out of fabrics. Gas centrifuges are used for isotope separation, such as to enrich nuclear fuelfor fissile isotopes. From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifuge Advantages •...
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...rotation rate of the rotor and the distance between the rotor centre and the centrifuge tube. There are three general classes of centrifugation which is low speed, up to about 5000rpm, high speed machines of up to about 25000rpm and ultracentrifuges which will turn at up to 100000rpm. Another form of centrifuge in laboratories is microcentrifuge. It is very common and simple machine used with 0.5 or 1.5ml disposable plastic tubes. Most of these machines generate between 10000 and 13000rpm. Many microcentrifuges only have settings for speed (rpm), not relative centrifugal force (rcf). Consequently, a formula for conversion is required to ensure that the appropriate setting is used in an experiment. The relationship between rpm and rcf is as follow, g=1.118 x 10ˆ-5 rs² where g is the relative centrifugal force, r is the radius of the rotor in centimeters and s is the speed of centrifuge in rpm. Objective: 1. To determine the relationship of speed of centrifugation with the coagulation of milk which separate from the mixture. 2. To separate coagulated milk from the mixture of fresh milk and acetic acid by centrifugation. Materials: Centrifuge, 15ml centrifuge tubes, 1.5ml microcentrifuge tubes, micropipettes, fresh milk, 50% of acetic acid, Falcon tube Procedure: 1. 5ml of fresh milk is drawn by the pipette into centrifuge tube which contains 50% of 10ml acetic acid. 2. Centrifuge tube was inverted gently for a few times to mix both solutions. 3...
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...rates in response to gravity. Centrifugal force (measured as xg, times gravity) is used to increase this settling rate in an instrument called a centrifuge. Centrifuges are devices used in a variety of applications which spin carrier vessels (centrifuge tubes) at high centrifugal force. The centrifugal force generated is proportional to the rotation rate of the rotor (in revolutions per minute, rpm) and the distance between the rotor centre and the centrifuge tube. Therefore, a given centrifuge may use multiple rotor sizes to give flexibility in choosing centrifugation conditions. Each centrifuge has a special graph, a nomograph, or a table which relates rotation rate (rpm) to centrifugal force (xg) for each size of rotor it accepts. Centrifuges come in three general classes: low speed, up to about 5000 rpm, high speed machines of up to about 25,000 rpm and ultracentrifuges which will turn at up to 100,000 rpm. Another form of centrifuge very common in laboratories is the micro centrifuge. These are simple machines used with 0.5 or 1.5 mL disposable plastic tubes. Most of these machines generate between 10,000 and 13,000 rpm. Certain procedures necessitate precise centrifugation conditions, which must be specified in terms of relative centrifugal force (rcf) expressed in units of gravity (times gravity or × g). Many micro centrifuges only have settings for speed (rpm), not relative centrifugal force. Consequently, a formula for conversion is required to ensure that the appropriate...
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...the speed the material that I will use, my choices vary. For example if I use glass tubes for a speed above 3.000 RMP, the glass will break. Although there some kind of tubes that can withstand f much higher speeds, such as the Corex glass that is used for speeds up to 18000 RPM, or the preparative centrifuge tubes that are made of polypropylene and can withstand up to 20.000 RPM and the Nitrocellulose tubes that are suitable for speeds up to 10.0000 RPM. In addition we have the Polyallomer tubes that are chemically inert and are slippery and can be used for precipitation...
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...Cation Analysis Approximately 0.5 grams of the unknown ionic solid was gathered and was dissolved with 5 mL of distilled water in a clean, dry centrifuge tube. The solution dissolved in water and became our stock solution for testing. All the steps from Part 1 of this experiment were then repeated on our stock solution to analyze the cation in the unknown solid. Anion Analysis Approximately 0.1 grams of our unknown ionic solid and 0.5 grams of anhydrous sodium carbonate were weighed out and placed in a 50 mL beaker with 5mL of water and a boiling chip prior to heating the mixture. A pencil was used to mark a line on the beaker to show the initial level for the solvent. The solution was then heated for 10 minutes on a hot plate, making sure to maintain a 5mL level of solvent with the addition of distilled water. The mixture was then transferred equally into two centrifuge tubes and was centrifuged to isolate any left over precipitate and remove it from the solution entirely. The liquid solution that we were left with after removing the precipitate was the stock solution we used for testing. All the steps from Part 2 of this experiment were then repeated on our stock solution to analyze the anion in the unknown...
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...Comparative Fat Analysis of Different Drinks Available in Good Samaritan’s Cafeteria A Project Paper submitted to the Course Subject Analytical Chemistry (Chem II) College of Allied Health Professions Good Samaritan Colleges In Partial Fulfillment Of the Course Subject Requirements for the Degree Bachelor Medical Laboratory Science by Bulandan. Rosebelle Ann T. Hernandez, Angelica Q. Linsangan, Ma. Cristina Palon, Kristine B. Pascual, Katrina Paula P. Taruc, Kenneth Mae A. 2016 Review of Related Literature Nutrition, nourishment, or aliment, is the supply of materials - food - required by organisms and cells to stay alive. In science and human medicine, nutrition is the science or practice of consuming and utilizing foods. Eating too much fat can increase the risk for a number of health threats. Fat contains 9 calories per gram. That means fat packs more than twice as many calories as carbohydrates and protein, which both have 4 calories per gram. The body needs fat to survive, but it’s wise to eat this important nutrient in moderation. (Mehmetz, O. 2010) Milk fat has the most complex fatty acid composition of the edible fats. Milk products contain up to 16 nutrients that are essential for health. Calcium, vitamin D and protein are some of the nutrients in milk products that keep the body functioning properly and could help reduce the risk of certain diseases. (DairyNutrition. Consulted 2010.) Cultured Milk Cultured Milk is a probiotic dairy product made by fermenting a...
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...Exp’t 112 Isolation of Casein, Lactose, and Albumin from Milk Adapted by R. Minard (Penn State Univ.) from Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques: A Microscale Approach, Pavia, Lampman, Kriz & Engel, Saunders, 1990. Revised 3/20/2000 PreLab Exercise: Draw a mechanism for the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the acetal bond in lactose; see reaction below. Hint: your textbook may be of some help; first identify the functional group that is undergoing a reaction and consider the catalyzed used. H HO OH CH2OH O O H OH H2C OH O HO HO OH OH H2C OH O HO HO + HO OH H2O OH CH2OH O HO H + D -Galactose D -Glucose OH α-Lactose: D -Galactose+ D -Glucose Introduction: The Chemistry of Milk Milk is a food of exceptional interest. Not only is milk an excellent food for the very young, but humans have also adapted milk, specifically cow’s milk, as a food substance for persons of all ages. Many specialized milk products like cheese, yogurt, butter, and ice cream are staples of our diet. Milk is probably the most nutritionally-complete food that can be found in nature. This property is important for milk, since it is the only food young mammals consume in the nutritionally significant weeks following birth. Whole milk contains vitamins (principally thiamine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and vitamins A, D, and K), minerals (calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, and trace metals), proteins (which include all the essential amino acids), carbohydrates (chiefly lactose), and lipids...
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...Separation techniques Chromatography Chromatography is a separation technique used to separate the different components in a liquid mixture. It was introduced by a Russian Scientist Michael Tswett. Chromatography involves the sample being dissolved in a particular solvent called mobile phase. The mobile phase may be a gas or liquid. The mobile phase is then passed through another phase called stationary phase. The stationary phase may be a solid packed in a glass plate or a piece of chromatography paper. The various components of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to separate. There are different types of chromatographic techniques such as column chromatography, TLC, paper chromatography, and gas chromatography. Paper chromatography is one of the important chromatographic methods. Paper chromatography uses paper as the stationary phase and a liquid solvent as the mobile phase. In paper chromatography, the sample is placed on a spot on the paper and the paper is carefully dipped into a solvent. The solvent rises up the paper due to capillary action and the components of the mixture rise up at different rates and thus are separated from one another. Distillation Simple distillation is a method used for the separation of components of a mixture containing two miscible liquids that boil without decomposition and have sufficient difference in their boiling points. The distillation process involves heating a liquid to its boiling points, and transferring...
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...Langner, an independent computer security expert, solved Stuxnet. The Dimona complex in the Negev desert is famous as the heavily guarded heart of Israel’s never-acknowledged nuclear arms program, where neat rows of factories make atomic fuel for the arsenal. Over the past two years, according to intelligence and military experts familiar with its operations, Dimona has taken on a new, equally secret role — as a critical testing ground in a joint American and Israeli effort to undermine Iran’s efforts to make a bomb of its own. Behind Dimona’s barbed wire, the experts say, Israel has spun nuclear centrifuges virtually identical to Iran’s at Natanz, where Iranian scientists are struggling to enrich uranium. They say Dimona tested the effectiveness of the Stuxnet computer worm, a destructive program that appears to have wiped out roughly a fifth of Iran’s nuclear centrifuges and helped delay, though not destroy, Tehran’s ability to make its first nuclear arms. “To check out the worm, you have to know the machines,” said an American expert on nuclear intelligence. “The reason the worm has been effective is that the Israelis tried it out.” Though American and Israeli officials refuse to talk publicly about what goes on at Dimona, the operations there, as well as related efforts in the United States, are among the newest and strongest clues suggesting that the virus was designed as an American-Israeli project to sabotage the Iranian program. In recent days, the retiring...
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...theory is called the Endosymbiotic Theory. This theory is proven by the fact that chloroplast and mitochondrion are the only organelles, within a cell, that have their own DNA. They also use this DNA to produce their own enzymes and proteins. Further proof is shown by the fact that both these organelles have a double layer of membrane surrounding them, and that they replicate as a bacteria does. Purpose: * Prepare a supernatant of spinach leaf * Demonstrate proper techniques involved in using centrifuge * Using filtration and centrifugation, separate the chloroplast from other organelles in a spinach leaf * Identify mitochondrion in an onion cell Materials: * Fresh spinach leaves * Grinding solution * 0.33 M sorbitol * 10mM sodium pyrophosphate (NaPO) * 4mMMgCl * 2mM Ascorbic Acid * Adjust pH to 6.5 with HCl * Chopping board and knife * Chilled mortar and pestle * Cheesecloth * Refrigerated preparative centrifuge * Suspension solution * 0.33 M Sorbitol * 2mMEDTA * 1rnMMgCl * 50rnMHEPES * Adjust pH to 7.6 with NaOH * Hematocytometer and microscope * Ice bath * Sprig of elodea Procedures: Part 1: Choroplasts from Spinach Leaves 1. Prepare an ice bath and pre-cool all glassware to be used. 2. Select several fresh spinach leaves and remove the large veins by tearing them loose from the leaves. Weigh out 4.0 grams of...
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...Today Iran’s government is an Islamic theocracy. On the surface, the U.S. and Iranian governments have much in common: a president who is popularly elected, a legislature, and a powerful judiciary. The main difference in Iran’s government is that one man, the Supreme Leader, (who today is Ayatollah Ali Khamenei) uses ideological and political control over a system dominated by clergy who back every major function of the state. The president is the 2nd highest-ranking authority, who is responsible for setting the country's economic policies. Iran’s government also includes a Parliament, which is a unicameral legislative body that drafts legislation, ratifies international treaties, and approves the country's budget. There’s also The Assembly of Experts, which consists of 86 educated clerics who elect the Supreme Leader from within their own ranks and periodically reconfirm him. The Council of Guardians has the authority to interpret the constitution and determine if the laws passed by Parliament are in line with sharia, Islamic law (which means they have veto power over Parliament). Additionally, there is an Expediency Council (currently headed by Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani) who serves as an advisory body to the Supreme Leader, making it one of the most powerful governing bodies in the country. The US and Islam’s governments had numerous issues with each other in the past, and now they are gradually trying to improve their relations. The United States had long-standing concerns...
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...1. Part A.2. What is the formula and the color of the gas that is evolved? The name of the brown colored gas is nitrite, and its formula is NO2 (Beran, 2014). 2. Part B.1. When the NaOH solution is added, Cu(OH)2 does not precipitate immediately. What else present in the reaction mixture from Part A reacts with the NaOH before the copper(II) ion? Explain. The other compound present within the reaction mixture that came from Part A is water, H2O, which reacts with the NaOH before the copper(II) ion (Beran, 2014). 3. Part C.1. The sample in Part B was not centrifuges. Why? Perhaps the student chemist had to be across campus for another appointment. Because of the student’s “other priorities” the percent recovery of copper will decrease. Explain why....
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