...biologically important elements (H, C, N, O, K, Na, Ca, Mg, P, S, Cl and some transitional elements) will be explored. Course Learning Outcomes Upon successful completion, students will be able to: • Predict cation and anion concentrations of partially soluble solids dissolved in pure water and in a solution containing a common ion. • Apply knowledge of acids and bases in order to predict the pH of a solution containing a weak acid or base. • Demonstrate the use of common pH and redox indicators in microbiological media. • Select appropriate reagents to make a buffer having a desired pH. • Determine which compounds undergo the process of reduction and which undergo the process of oxidation. • Describe the basic chemistry of the predominant biologically important elements and their function(s) in microbiological systems. Dr. Andrew Baer Office Hours Monday: 10:30 am – 11:20 am Wednesday: 1:30 pm – 2:20 pm Thursday: 9:30 am – 10:20 am or by appointment Email: abaer@centennialcollege.ca Textbook: Hage, D.S and Carr J.D Analytical Chemistry and Quantitative Analysis, Prentice Hall, 2011 (optional) CH 125 Lab Manual (available on eCentennial) Additional References: Harris, Daniel C., Exploring Chemical Analysis, 5th Ed., W. H. Freeman and Company, 2012. Harvey, David, Analytical Chemistry 2.0 (Available Online – Link on eCentennial) Virtual...
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...ions to gain insight into the ways in which metallic or ionic crystals are formed. You will investigate three basic crystal structures which can form if all of the particles are the same size, as would happen in a pure metal: simple cubic (SC), body-centered cubic (BCC), and face-centered cubic (FCC). structures. Using the styrofoam models, you will determine the number of nearest neighbors (the coordination number) of the particles in each of these structures. In a simple crystal structure, all atoms or ions of the same type should have the same coordination number; in other words, any atom or ion of the same element is identical with respect to size and position relative to its neighbors. When ions form crystals, the cations and anions are normally different sizes. Often, the resulting lattice (a term that refers to the repeating layout of particles in the crystal) resembles one of the basic structures, however the difference in size will cause slight alterations in the packing arrangement. The coordination number in an ionic compound refers to the number of nearest neighbors of opposite charge. Another important concept in...
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...Experiment 8 Lab Report Analysis of Oxidizing Capacity of Bleach The goal of this lab is to perform a titration of a sample of bleach with thiosulfate, figuring the end point with a starch indicator. We will determine the percent mass of sodium hypochlorite in bleach by using the volume of sodium thiosulfate needed to reach the end point. This value represents the oxidizing capacity of the unknown bleach. At the end, we will create two redox reactions to determine the overall chemical reaction that occurs during this process. I think that my oxidizing capacity will be 5.0g. Most bleach contains salts with the hypochlorite ion, the oxidizing agent that removes stains and whitens them. The hypochlorite ion usually comes in the form of sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl, or calcium hypochlorite. The two oxidation reduction reactions that occur during this experiment are first the oxidation of iodide to iodine, I2(aq), by the hypochlorite ion and then making the aqueous iodine reduce back to iodide by titrating it with sodium thiosulfate. The overall stoichiometry of the reaction is one mole of hypochlorous acid, formed by placing the sodium hypochlorite into acidic solution, plus two moles of the thiosulfate ion plus hydrogen ions from the solution yielding one mole of chlorite anions, one mole of the tetrasulfur hexoxide anion and one mole of liquid water. We began the titration of aqueous iodine by adding .05M sodium thiosulfate until the brown colored solution began to turn a...
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...contaminate the air? Is it reactive? Over a three week time-span the chemists experimented with the unknown compound to report the findings back to the community. After the unknown compound was identified, the chemists studied its properties and confirmed the identity by synthesizing the compound in the lab and comparing it to the unknown. Experimental Week 1 After a sample of the unknown compound (#21) was retrieved, various experiments were carried out to determine the chemical formula. An anion analysis was first performed on the unknown compound. A solution of the unknown compound was prepared by taking a small amount of the solid on the end of a scoopula and dissolving it in 2 mL of distilled water (DI water) in a test tube. The compound was then tested for the sulfate ion by placing 1 mL of the solution in a test tube and adding 1 mL 6 M HCl and 1 mL of BaCl₂ solution. A white precipitate proves the presence of a sulfate ion. (aq) + (aq) (s) + 2 (aq) A carbonate ion analysis was also performed by adding 1 mL of the unknown solution in a test tube and adding 6 M HCl one drop at a time. If bubbles form after each drop is added, a carbonate ion is present. When anion analysis was completed,...
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...Chemistry 1B Experiment 16 77 16 Qualitative Analysis Introduction The purpose of qualitative analysis is to determine what substances are present in detectable amounts in a sample. This experiment has two parts. In the first part, you will analyze an unknown solution for the presence of seven common ions. In the second part, you will test an unknown solid to determine which of two possible identities is correct. Part I. Spot Tests for Some Common Ions A simple approach to the qualitative analysis of an unknown solution is to test for the presence of each possible ion by adding a reagent which will cause the ion, if it is in the sample, to react in a characteristic way. This method involves a series of “spot” tests, one for each ion, carried out on separate samples of the unknown solution. The difficulty with this way of doing qualitative analysis is that frequently, particularly in complex mixtures, one species may interfere with the analytical test for another. Although interferences are common, there are many ions which can be identified in mixtures by simple spot tests. In this experiment we will use spot tests for the analysis of a mixture which may contain the following commonly encountered ions in solution: CO32– SO42– PO43– SCN Cl – – carbonate sulfate phosphate thiocyanate chloride acetate ammonium C2H3O2– NH4+ 78 Chemistry 1B Experiment 16 The procedures we involve simple acid-base, precipitation, complex ion formation or oxidation-reduction...
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...What is embalming? References: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/embalming References: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/embalming Embalming is the preserving of a corpse from decay which was originally done with spices but now is usually done by arterial injection of preservative. How were mummies embalmed? References: http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/mummies/story/page2.html References: http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/mummies/story/page2.html The mummies body would be taken to the ‘ibu’ or the ‘place of purification’ this is then were the embalmers would wash the body with wine and rinse it with water. Next one of the embalmers would make a cut in the left side of the body to remove the internal organs (they are important to be removed as they are the first part of the body to decompose). The liver, lungs, stomach and intestines are washed and packed in natron to dry them out. The heart however is not taken out of the body. A long hook is used to smash the brain and then it is pulled out through the nose. The body is then covered and stuffed with natron to dry the body out. All of the fluids and rags from the embalming process will be saved and buried along with the body. Once forty days have passed the body is washed again with water and then it is covered with oils to help the skin stay elastic. The dehydrated organs are then wrapped in linen and returned to the body. The body is then filled with dry materials such as saw dust, leaves or linen so it looks...
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...Executive Summary H20 Industries, Inc. (H20 Industries) provides the service of ion exchange portable tanks. This is the process of purifying water for industrial purposes. H20 Industries will take advantage of an unsatisfied market need for segregated resin regeneration on a portable basis. The company will primarily focus its marketing strategies on offering segregated regeneration services to the untapped market of customers who require high-quality regeneration for their deionized (DI) water treatment facilities. The facility that H20 Industries will utilize is located in Newark, California and is already in limited production. Full production will begin at the end of September, with sales growing gradually to near capacity by the end of the first year, with very healthy gross sales in the first year, and increasing in the second and third years. 1.1 Objectives The primary objectives are: 1. To segment the market for portable regeneration service by stressing H20 Industries's capability at providing segregated regeneration. The goal is to reach monthly sales of 1,710 cu ft of segregated resin by the end of the first year. 2. To build up a dealership network of 15 knowledgeable and efficient water service companies who will represent H20 Industries in areas outside direct sales from the factory. 3. To set up a bulk regeneration facility with a capacity of 40 cu ft daily, and sell its full capacity in the large general portable exchange service market through...
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...Acis CHEMICAL REACTIONS: ACID-BASE BUFFERS Short Overview Acids and bases represent two of the most common classes of compounds. Many studies have been done on these compounds, and their reactions are very important. Perhaps the most important reaction is the one in which an acid and base are combined, resulting in the formation of water (in aqueous solution) and a salt; this reaction is called neutralization. A buffer solution is a solution that contains both an acid and a salt containing the conjugate base anion in sufficient concentrations so as to maintain a relatively constant pH when either acid or base is added. In this experiment you will prepare a buffer solution and observe its behavior when mixed both with an acid and a base. You will also compare the behavior with that of solutions containing only the acid. Theory In his theory of ionization in the 1880’s, Svante Arrhenius defined acids are substances which form H+ and bases as substances which form OH- in water. He further defined a salt as a substance other than an acid or base which forms ions in aqueous solution. Such substances are thus capable of producing an electric current and are called electrolytes. The amount of electricity produced is directly proportional to the concentration of ions in solution. With regard to electrolytes we have learned previously that strong acids and strong bases ionize completely, and are therefore strong electrolytes because they...
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...Investigation and Analysis of Mummion Mummion Purification Background: Mummification is when a person has died and the body is treated with a number of naturally occurring preservatives before the body was wrapped. One of the preservatives used was an inorganic solid obtained in dried up lake beds – this substance is called mummion. Equipment used: Bunsen burner – to provide heat to evaporate the solution [1] Conical Flask – holds the funnel better than a beaker [2] Evaporating dish – to evaporate the liquid from the substance [3] Filter paper – to filter the solution [4] Funnel – to hold the filter paper and pour the solution through [5] Glass stirring rod – to stir the solution – easy to clean and does not affect the results of the experiment...
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...existing kosher catering market which is quite stagnant. Most people make the incorrect assumption that kosher means ordinary, boring food. This assumption prevails throughout the Jewish community so there is not much demand for new offerings. Fressen catering will inject new life into the kosher catering market, leveraging Chef Susan Cheflly's culinary skills to develop creative new catering options. Susan's advanced skills, industry insight, and a great market opportunity will allow Fressen Catering to reach profitability by month 11. Catering Marketing Plan Fressen Catering Page 1 2 3 4 5 < Previous Page | Next Page > This sample marketing plan was created with Marketing Plan Pro software. Situation Analysis Fressen Catering is a start-up company. Marketing is critical to its success and future profitability. Fressen offers creative, gourmet kosher catering for a wide range of events. The basic market need is a high quality, creative kosher catering company servicing the Philadelphia Jewish population. Fressen will meet this demand with an ever expanding innovative repertoire of kosher meals. Getting ready to create a marketing plan? Get practical ideas and good models with dozens of examples of successful marketing plans with Sales and Marketing Pro. Finish your own Marketing Plan Market Summary Fressen possesses good information about the market and knows a great deal about the...
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...In order to accomplish that, the titration lab was conducted. First, using a pipet, 10 ml of the base was placed into a volumetric flask. Next 6 drops of the pH indicator, was added into the base. After, the burette was filled up with the known acid, vinegar, up till 50 ml. Using the stopcock, the acid was slowly added to the base, after every few drops of the acid, the colour of the base would change into a green, and the base solution would get mixed. The same process was repeated, until the point, where the green colour did not disappear after the base solution was mixed, but instead the colour of the solution turned into a light green. Once the endpoint was reached, the volume of the acid used was recorded. Afterwards, the base was dumped into a sink, and the volumetric flask was cleaned. The entire process was recorded another two times, and the results were also recorded. Using the collected data from the lab and calculations, the concentration of the base was...
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...Volumetric and Vinegar Analysis Abstract This report presents volumetric and vinegar analysis. In volumetric analysis three trials of a solution. The volumetric analysis was obtained through titration, and chemical analysis, which allowed the molar concentration of a strong acid to be assessed in a standardized solution. The Average molar concentration of NaOH is approximately 0.279mol/L. Vinegar analysis was conducted with the help of three trials to determine the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar instead of a standardized solution. The unknown vinegar being utilized was “Shaggy”. The average percent by mass of CH3COOH “Shaggy” is 1.41%. According to “Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry”, volumetric analysis is a chemical analysis that is performed primarily with the aid of volumetric glassware. For this procedure, a known quantity or carefully measured amount of one substance reacts with a to-be-determined amount of another substance with the reaction occurring in an aqueous solution. This is conducted by a titration procedure. A burette dispenses a liquid called the titrant to a receiving flask containing the analyte (Beran, 133). The reaction is known to be completed when amounts corresponding to the mole ratio of the balanced equation is reached – this is referred to as the stoichiometric point. In the lab, standardization of a sodium hydroxide solution was performed, thus creating the secondary standard solution (Beran, 135)...
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...Critical Pathway: Case Study of Chronic Renal Failure Advanced Pathophysiology NURS 5104 October 4, 2013 Critical Pathway: Case Study of Chronic Renal Failure I. Introduction Mr. P. J., a 38-year-old African American male, presented to the Emergency Department by the rescue squad team, with a six day old complaint of increased swelling of the bilateral lower extremities, unusual weight gain, and a feeling of ‘I can not breathe’ per patient. Patient was sent as a direct admit to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and placed on 2 liters NC with hydration and adult special care monitoring. Vital signs were taken by the paramedic enroute revealing the following: Ambulance Vitals: * BP 202/112 * Pulse 101 * Respirations 20 * O2 86% before O2 * Temp. 98.4 * Height 5’10 Patient stating * Weight 222 lbs. Patient stating (weighed the day before) The paramedic started a 20 gauge IV into Mr. J’s right antecubital and started him on 2 liters nasal cannula; due to the “presence of crackles no Procardia was administered” (J. Madden, personal communication, August 14, 2013). The paramedic monitored the vitals and reported to medical control the situation and estimated time of their arrival in five minutes. Mr. P. J. has been married to K for twenty years and they have one child, a twelve-year-old daughter. Mr. P. J. has worked in construction for twenty years; Mr. J stated working on his feet all day he noticed the swelling six days ago...
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...Soil Fertility for Feeding the World Global population is increasing Land use issues (forests, habitats, etc for food production) Increased demand for more with less input Farming on poor soils Improved management practices- production per acre Technological advances- fertilizer, pest management, seeds, etc. A fertile soil does not equal a productive soil Plants require 16 elements for growth and reproduction Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen are acquired through air and water 13 are from soil Primary= N, P, K Secondary= Ca, Mg, S Micro= Zn, Mn, B, Cu, Cl, Fe, Mo Most NEB soils contain large amounts of all the elements, but only a small % of these total amounts are available to the plant Factors that affect availability: Form and chemical properties of the element Soil pH Interactions with soil colloids Microbial acitivity Soil physical conditions: Aeration Compaction Temperature Moisture Mineral Components of Soil: 1. Silica= Si 2. Quartz= SiO2 3. Hornblende 4. Feldspar 5. Pyrite * Secondary= Montmorillinite, Kaolinite, Illite Structure Net negative charge absorbs positive particles Interactions Soil Minerals Soil Organic Matter Soil H2O Soil Air Broadcast application produces same yields as banded applications Mobile nutrient Wet soil? Band? Optimum moisture (structure aggregation) pH? Highly fertile soil Band applications produce higher yields than broadcast regardless of rate Immobile...
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...Chem 200 (8/28) * Chapter 1 and 2 homework ( paper) turn in next week (wed) pg 217 in lab manual * Quiz 1 in discussion sections next week * Connect homework is live -chapter 1 and 2 due sept 6 * Know common elements and ions-lab manual/syllabus pages 14-16 * Read Chapters for exams Notes Errors in measurements * Radom error: all measurements have some level of random error they can be either positive( measure more than you actually do ) or negative errors( measure less then you usually do ) * Systematic error: always the same direction (either positive or negative) Precision and Accuracy * Precision : how reproducible each measurement is , how close each measurement is to the other measurements * Accuracy : how close the measured values are to the true value. Temperature Conversions (on the exam) Chemical Language * Elements (Na,Cl)- letters of the language * Chemical Formulas (NaCl)- words of the language Water Vs. Hydrogen Peroxide (on the exam) * The use of Hydrogen peroxide: nuclear, bomb, bleach hair,etc * Molecular formula : water: H2O, Hydrogen Peroxide : H2o2 * Empirical Formula: water HO, Hydrogen peroxide: HO * Structural Formula : water HOH, hydrogen peroxide: HOOH quetion: how many atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are present in a single molucule of citric acid C3H5O(CO2H)3 Carbon: 6 Hydrogen :8 Oxygen: 7 Chemical Bonding * Bonds form between atoms when they share electrons *...
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