...What is Cervical Cancer? Cervical cancer is a form of cancer caused by the growth of malignant cells developing in the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.1 It is possible for women of all ages to develop cervical cancer, although most cases affect women under 50.2 What causes cervical cancer? The major risk factor for cervical cancer is infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV infection is common and is transmitted via skin-to-skin contact and body fluids. HPVs are a group of more than 100 related viruses. About 40 types are sexually transmitted through genital contact.3 What are the symptoms of cervical cancer? At early stages, cervical cancer may not cause any signs or symptoms. At advanced stages, cervical cancer may cause abnormal bleeding (during sex or after menopause), unusual discharges and discomfort or pain...
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...Cervical Cancer Melveyne Aquino Columbia Basin College Cervical Cancer Cervical cancer is a disease in which cells in the lining of the cervix becomes malignant (cancer). There are two parts of the cervix and are covered with two different types of cells. The two main types of cells are the glandular cells, which cover the endocervix, the part closest to the body of the uterus, and squamous cells, which cover the exocervix or ectocervix, the part next to the vagina. The cancer cells that form from the exocervix is called squamous cell carcinomas and the cancer cells that form from the endocervix is called adenocarcinomas. Cervical cancer develops slowly over time and does not occur overnight. Initially, cells in the cervix go through...
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...Discussion Paper on Age of First Invitation for Cervical Screening and Frequency of Invitation of Cervical Screening for Women aged 50 to 64 years Authors: Dr Sharon Hillier, Miss Helen Beer, Dr Shantini Paranjothy, Dr Rosemary Fox, Mr Bryan Rose and Professor Hilary Fielder. Screening Division Public Health Wales NHS Trust Based on papers prepared by Professor Hilary Fielder and Mr Huw Brunt Date: May 2011 Version: 1 Publication/ Distribution: Public Health Wales (Intranet) Welsh Assembly Government Review Date: Review in May 2012 or sooner if new information or evidence is available. Purpose and Summary of Document: The current policy for Wales is that women aged between 20 and 64 years are invited for cervical screening every three years. Scotland invite women aged between 20-60 years every three years. England and Northern Ireland invite women from 25 years of age and reduce the frequency of invitations to every 5 years for those aged between 50 and 64 years. The purpose of this document is to review the evidence on which the age of Cervical Screening Wales, Screening Division, Public Health Wales Discussion paper on age of first invitation and frequency of invitation invitation and frequency of invitation is based and to discuss the implications of changes for the female population of Wales, for Cervical Screening Wales and for NHS Wales. Work Plan reference: Cervical Screening Wales, Screening Division. Date: May 2011 Version 1 Page: 2 of 50 Cervical Screening...
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...Group 6: HPV as a leading cause of Cancer Human papillomavirus (HPV) was founded in the 1950s as a virus infection that is associated to many cancers. It is primarily transmitted through sexual contact and less intimate skin-to-skin contact. Preventions have been implemented to raise awareness of the virus. The first vaccine for HPV approved as a widespread use in the US was in 2006. The virus acts to infect the keratinocytes in the skin and mucosal membrane. Other areas the HPV acts as a carcinogen are the cervix, anus, penis, vulva, vagina, oropharynx, benign genital and cutaneous warts, respiratory papillomatosis, and nasal or oral papilloma. Some researchers have concluded that the HPV infection which is more common during the active period of age is directly related to certain cancers. Researchers have found that HPV is associated with certain types of cancers and also have found that HPV can have no association with certain cancers. The research we did will explain the various cancers associated with HPV and attempt to answer the question “is HPV the leading cause of cancer?” In the United Stated and around the world, cancer is and continues to be a very serious disease that affects millions of people. Head and neck cancers are “the sixth most common cancer in the world” (Lajer et al. 2012). While the link between HPV and cervical cancer has been established; it is still unclear to researchers how HPV is related to head and neck cancer. The authors assert that alcohol...
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...The Significance of Cancer Screening Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States next to heart disease. There were about more than 575, 000 people died of cancer in 2011. More than 1.5 million diagnosed with cancer as per United States Cancer Statistics 1999-2011, Incidence and Mortality Web-based Report (CDC, 2015, p.1). With the increasing rate of cancer, the government created several programs to save the lives of the people. Cancer screening like Papanicolaou smear and breast exam to all Americans can reduce the incidence of cancer and deaths (CDC, 2015, p.2). Every Woman Matters Program Every Woman Matters (EWM) is a federally funded program designed to remove barriers to preventive breast and cervical cancer screening by providing public awareness of the risk women population. EWM also make screening more financially accessible to women who have low-income or no health insurance. EWM program also pays the following check-ups with associated tests like clinical breast examination, Papanicolaou smear, and mammography. They pay at reduced price or no cost to eligible women who are 40 to 74 years of age (Backer et al., 2005, p. 401). These tests will detect early stages of cancer, prevent progression, save lives, reduce health care cost and suffering. A case study was made to see the effectiveness of screening for breast and cervical cancer in Nebraska. However, even with these EWM program, it remained suboptimal despite their awareness...
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...Health disparities of the LGBT community Darlene Poer Grand Canyon University Minerva Gonzales May 15, 2016 Health disparities of the LGBT community Many factors contribute to a person’s health status. Among them are, limited access to care, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), “the social determinants of health as well as race are ethnicity, sex, sexual orientation, age, and disability” (Myers, Yoon, & Kaufman, 2013). The Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community falls into this category. The individuals that belong to this group come from all ethnicities, races, economic and social statuses throughout the United States and the world. The Institute of Medicines report in 2011 states, “lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals have unique health experiences, but as a nation, we do not know exactly what these experiences and needs are ("LGBT health report," 2011, p. 4).For this reason their needs and health care inequities and inequalities should be addressed. The health promotion goal of the LGBT community is to “improve the health, safety, and well-being of lesbian, gay, and transgender individuals” ("," 2014). To understand the current health status of the LGBT community, one must understand some basic definitions. 1. Gender identity-A person’s basic sense of being male or female. 2. Gender expression- Manifestations that are defined as masculine or feminine. 3. Gender role...
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...Women’s Health Ethical Issues Research Paper NURS 318P Women’s Health Care A controversial topic that is currently being considered is the application of an early HPV vaccination in younger girls and boys. This sensitive subject has ethical implications and valid points can be argued both for and against the concept. Individuals that are for early vaccination hold that the vaccine prevents transmission of HPV, decreases chances of developing future complications, and is more cost effective in the long run. Individuals that take a stand against early vaccination will say the vaccine promotes risky sexual behavior, is not safe, takes away from parent’s autonomy, and is not cost effective in the immediate period. The following information will give insight to both sides of the argument and a personal stance on the issue. The first example in support of early vaccination is the prevention of transmission of human papilloma virus (HPV). There are symptoms that can occur as a result of having an HPV infection. Gardasil is found to be successful in preventing HPV infections from types 6, 11, 16, and 18 (Donahou, 2013). A benefit of the HPV vaccine is the provision that there is use of accepted medical technology that will prevent serious diseases when possible and minimize pain and suffering (Donahou, 2013). Vaccinating both young girls and boys is found to reduce HPV transmission (Chen, Shepherd, & Becker, 2012). White states “this vaccination may help prevent...
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...Running head: NURSING, AN INTEGRAL PART OF HEALTH PROMOTION Nursing, an Integral Part of Health Promotion Grand Canyon University: NRS 429V September 18, 2011 Nursing, an Integral Part of Health Promotion Introduction Everyone in this global society has rights. All humans are born free regardless of race, color or creed. Everyone is entitled to these freedoms. In the pursuit of these freedoms, health is encompassed under these dignities. Everyone on this planet has the right to be healthy. This paper will examine the nurses’ role in helping people attain these rights. What and Why of Health Promotion? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is defined as “a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO, 1998, p. 1). Health promotion is the process of empowering people to expand control over, and to improve their health. Health promotion is an encompassing process- it is social, it is political, it is economical, it is ever-changing. It not only embodies measures focused on strengthening the skills and capabilities of individuals to attain their inalienable right to attain optimal health, but it is also directed towards changing global perspective as well. Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over the factors of health, thereby improving their health (WHO, p. 1). Nursing Roles and Responsibilities Involvement is essential to sustain health promotion...
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...population; teenagers. Usually, there are no signs or symptoms associated with HPV so most people do not realize they are infected or that they are exposing a sex partner to the virus. There are more than 40 types of HPV that can infect the genital area, but the two most common types are HPV 16 and 18. These two types are responsible for approximately 70% of all cervical cancers (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). This paper will define epidemiology and describe the epidemiology triangle as it relates to HPV. A specific type of epidemiology, descriptive, will be explained in addition to various levels of prevention. “The word epidemiology comes from the Greek words epi (upon), demos (people), and logos (thought), and it originally referred to the spread of diseases of infectious origin (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012, p. 255). It was not until the twentieth century that the field of epidemiology was recognized as a discipline. The focus of epidemiology is on evidence-based practice and the outcomes are used to guide a change in practice. Due to the many manifestations of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and cancer, and other circumstances related to health, such as injuries, accidents, and violence, the scope and definition of epidemiology have expanded. Today, epidemiology is defined as “the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states or events in specified populations, including the study of the determinants influencing such states, and the...
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...Some of the strands do not cause symptoms at all in the host, so most women and even men do not know they have HPV. Few can cause genital warts that are painful and if they are aggressive, the warts would have to be surgically removed. HPV can cause cancer of the anus, penis, mouth, neck, and lungs (Wiley and Sons, 2005-2012, pg. 271). If the host does have a strand of HPV that caused them to have genital warts, they can have them removed, but the virus remains in the tissue which may recur or form tumors (Wiley and Sons, 2005-2012, pg. 587). As I have mention what it can cause in children, there are few cases that have happened where the child does indeed contract HPV. There are still discoveries of new strands of HPV as time progresses and yet there is no cure for it, but only prevention of the strands that can cause certain...
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...Ethical Principles Paper Nadia Brown University of Phoenix Ethical Principles Paper Henrietta Lacks was born on August 1, 1920, in Roanoke, Virginia and she died due to complications of cervical cancer on October 4, 1951.She had been receiving treatment at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. At the hospital she was treated with radium tube inserts, which is said to be the standard treatment for cervical cancer in 1951. As a matter of routine, samples of her cervix were removed without permission. Henrietta was 31 years old when she died. In this time it was customary for doctors and researchers to remove cells from a person for testing. Likewise cells were taken from Henrietta. The problem was that the cells were taken from her body without her knowledge or consent. These cells were later used to form the HeLa cell. The HeLa cell has been used many times over in medical research since they were removed from the body of Henrietta Lacks. The lack of consent in this case shined a light on the legal and ethical issues involved in medical research. On October 4, 1951 Henrietta Lacks died, but unlike others her cells did not die. Samples of her cells were removed from her body without her permission. During this time doctors frequently removed cells from patients without their permission or consent. Informed consent did not come into practice until the late 1970s due to another controversial case, the infamous Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment of 1932-1972. ...
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...Books were also later written, and even Oprah Winfrey announced plans to develop a film based on Sklott’s book. Henrietta’s sons and her granddaughter consulted on the film and Skloot will be a co-executive producer. Organizations that have profited from HeLa have publicly recognized Henrietta Lack’s contributions as research. The Lacks family has been honored at the Smithsonian Institution and the National Foundation for Cancer Research (Skloot). Morgan State University granted Henrietta a posthumous honorary degree. In 2010, Dr. Roland Pattillo of Morehouse donated a headstone for her unmarked grave. The HeLa case has raised questions about the legality of using genetic materials without permission. Neither Lacks nor her family granted permission to harvest her cells, which were then clones and sold (Skloot). The California Supreme Court upheld the right to commercialize discarded tissue in the 1990 case Moors v Regents of the University of California. In 2013, German researchers published the genome of a strain of HeLa cells without permission from the Lacks family...
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...Ethical dilemmas are everywhere in healthcare. They range from whether to vaccinate children to life and death issues. They cover the lifespan from birth (or I should say conception, as abortion is a big one) to death (no matter what age that may occur). For the purpose of this paper, I purposely stayed away from life and death issues. I have a strong moral and ethical stance on allowing patients to die with dignity. Keeping patients alive or giving treatments to prolong life without quality is so against my morals. If the patient chooses to become a DNR or refuses "recommended" life sustaining treatments, they should have the autonomy to do so. A recent example in the news is the death of Steve Jobs. Now that he has passed away, everyone and their brother are saying that he was a difficult patient. They say he refused lifesaving treatments and surgeries. This is easy to say now that he has passed. We cannot go back now and do a Whipple on him to compare how much longer he would have lived. Whipples are extremely involved procedures and can lead to many complications, with no guarantee of prolonged life. Monday morning quarterbacks are a dime a dozen. The ethical issue that I choose to use for my paper is the recent dilemma of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for boys. Vaccinations in general have always been on the list of ethical topics in healthcare. From parents of newborns who believe in the false link between vaccinations and autism, to pediatricians who refuse...
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...admitted herself into Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore to have doctors look at what she described as a knot on her womb. It turned out Henrietta had an aggressive case of cervical cancer, and almost 9 months after first visiting Hopkins, she died at the age of 31. Before she died, the doctors treating her had taken samples of her tumor and sent them to a man named George Gey who also worked in Hopkins, but was working to create the first “immortal” line of human cells in hopes of helping cancer research. Gey’s lab worked to grow and sustain cells in culture, using cervical cancer tissue samples from numerous women admitted into Hopkins. Although these women’s tissues were being used, it’s very likely that most, if not all, had no idea their tissues and cells were being used. This was the case with Henrietta’s tissue samples. Labeled “HeLa” for the abbreviation of her name, Henrietta’s cells became the first human cells to grow successfully in culture, and soon became known around the world. Gey’s lab sent samples of these HeLa cells all across the globe, eventually leading to the standardization of the field of cell culture. The HeLa cells popularity quickly grew, and soon they were being mass produced, setting the foundation for many of the big biotech companies we have today. The cells use in studies and research led to many big steps in science...
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...The study took place at the Institute for Global Health Technologies in Rice University, Houston. The main purpose of the research is to investigate if chromatography paper can serve as a low-cost medium for accurate spectrophotometric detection of blood hemoglobin concentration (Rebecca et al 2013). Blood samples was obtained through the vein from the participants who gave informed consent. Seven different chromatography papers are used to test the qualitative appearance of uniform spreading of blood spotted on sodium deoxycholate-treated paper and the repeatability of spectrophotometric measurements of these blood samples with high and low hemoglobin concentrations. The results were used to calculate the hemoglobin concentration of samples in each validation set, and the calculated hemoglobin concentrations were compared to the concentrations obtained from HemoCue. HemoCue is known to be the best and accurate method used to detect blood hemoglobin concentration, but this method is expensive. The result of this study shows that blood spotted on paper were correlated with the hemoglobin concentration of the sample obtained with a HemoCue (Rebecca et al 2013). The study showed that chromatography papers can be used to replace HemoCue because it is cheaper and...
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