...Impacts of Profitability and Financial Leverage on Firm’s Capital Structure By [Your Name] [Instructor’s Name] [Institution’s Name] [Date] Declaration While conducting the proposed research work, I, being a hard-working, innovative and conscientious researcher, come up with the factual severity of consequences allied with an act of plagiarising content from others’ work. Moreover, I do comprehend the rules and regulations my university encompasses against submitting a plagiarised document. Adhering to all these strict and restricted rules and regulations against plagiarism, I have made all possible endeavours to keep my research report under the level of allowed percentage of plagiarism. Before presenting my research report to my esteemed research guiders and professors, I, hereby declare the authenticity and uniqueness of the presented dissertation, which is, by all means, an innovative piece of writing and is an outcome of hypothetically and logically researched facts and figures allied with the project subject matter which I meticulously researched during my investigative course project. Although, this dissertation is an original piece of research but still, there are some ideas, concepts and theories that are being taken and inspired from previously presented works in this particular domain for endowing my researched topic with a literal and theoretical support as well as for influencing the analyzed outcomes of the proposed research-based exposition...
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...Monroe-Gaskins Chapter 13 Summary Leverage and Capital Structure Leverage refers to the effects that fixed costs have on the returns that shareholders earn. “Fixed costs” refer to costs that do not rise and fall with changes in a firm’s sales. Capital structure is the mix of long-term debt and equity maintained by the firm. Breakeven analysis is used to indicate the level of operations necessary to cover all costs and to evaluate the profitability associated with various levels of sales; also called cost-volume-profit analysis. Operating breakeven point is the level of sales necessary to cover all operating costs; the point at which EBIT = $0. Algebraic Approach: EBIT = (P x Q) – FC (VC x Q) Operating leverage is the use of fixed operating costs to magnify the effects of changes in sales on the firm’s earnings before interest and taxes. The degree of operating leverage (DOL) is a numerical measure of the firm’s operating leverage. It is: DOL = % change in EBIT/% change in sales. Financial leverage is the use of fixed financial costs to magnify the effects of changes in earnings before interest and taxes on the firm’s earnings per share. The degree of financial leverage (DFL) is a numerical measure of the firm’s financial leverage. DFL: % change in EPS/% change in EBIT Total leverage is the use of fixed costs, both operating and financial, to magnify the effects of changes in sales on the firm’s earnings per share. The degree of total leverage (DTL) is...
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...------------------------------------------------- Chapter 15 Capital Structure Decisions ------------------------------------------------- ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS 15-1 a. Capital structure is the manner in which a firm’s assets are financed; that is, the right-hand side of the balance sheet. Capital structure is normally expressed as the percentage of each type of capital used by the firm--debt, preferred stock, and common equity. Business risk is the risk inherent in the operations of the firm, prior to the financing decision. Thus, business risk is the uncertainty inherent in a total risk sense, future operating income, or earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT). Business risk is caused by many factors. Two of the most important are sales variability and operating leverage. Financial risk is the risk added by the use of debt financing. Debt financing increases the variability of earnings before taxes (but after interest); thus, along with business risk, it contributes to the uncertainty of net income and earnings per share. Business risk plus financial risk equals total corporate risk. b. Operating leverage is the extent to which fixed costs are used in a firm’s operations. If a high percentage of a firm’s total costs are fixed costs, then the firm is said to have a high degree of operating leverage. Operating leverage is a measure of one element of business risk, but does not include the second major element, sales variability. Financial leverage is the...
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...FINA 351 – Managerial Finance, Chapter 13, Capital Structure, Notes 1. What is Capital Structure (CS)? It is the mix of debt and equity on the balance sheet. The basic capital structure question is: How much debt is right for this company? Contrary to what your momma may have taught you, according to the so-called finance experts too little debt may be just as costly as too much debt, because debt financing is usually the cheapest source. This is why it is often said that debt is a two-edged sword: too much is bad but so is too little. 2. Why is CS important? It directly impacts the cost of capital and therefore directly affects the value and profitability of the company. For example, at one time Hershey Foods determined that its cost of capital was 13%, significantly more than the cost of capital of its competitors, which put Hershey at a significant competitive disadvantage. It might have even put Hershey out of business if steps were not taken to address this issue. 3. Can a company choose its CS? If so, how? Yes, within reasonable limits. If it wants more equity, the company can issue stock and pay off debt. If it wants more debt, it can borrow and with the proceeds buy back stock. The last step was what Hershey Foods did to raise its debt/equity ratio and thereby reduce its cost of capital from 13% to 11%. Because of aggressive cost of capital management, Hershey was able to reduce its WACC from being one of the highest in its industry to being one...
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...Community College of City University CM20269 Financial Management – Semester B 2012/13 |Name |Office (AC 2) |Office Phone No. |E-mail | |Mr. Toby Butt |Room: 6217 |3442 4969 |mkbutt@cityu.edu.hk | |Mr. Joe Pong |Room: 5429 |3442 6943 |hkpong@cityu.edu.hk | |Mr. Kennix Chiu |Room: 5416 |3442 7585 |swchiu@cityu.edu.hk | |Ms. Maria Wong |Room: 5423 |3442 9762 |laikwong@cityu.edu.hk | Course Aims: Provide students with some fundamental concepts of modern financial management theory relevant to making operating and investment decisions. The course also introduces some of the core financial management and decision making techniques used in the business world. Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Upon successful completion of this course, students should be able to: 1. Describe the financial environment, agency costs, the goals of the participants, and the basic structure of Hong Kong financial and banking systems 2. Explain working capital policies and apply working capital management tools 3. Apply the concepts of risk-return trade-off and time value of money in financial management decisions, and in...
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...jberman@jbglobal.com Description: In this introduction to corporate finance, emphasis is on utilizing long-term debt, preferred stock, common stock, and convertibles in the financial structure of a corporation. Learn to analyze methods of financing using internal and external funds. Topics include: financial management; corporate growth; business failures; return on investment; risk leverage; the time value of money; dividend policy; debt policy; and leasing. Instructor Biography: James Berman, the president and founder of JBGlobal.com LLC, a Registered Investment Advisory Firm, specializes in asset management for high-net-worth individuals and trusts. With over thirteen years of experience managing client portfolios, Mr. Berman is a professional analyst of financial vehicles, including equity and bond mutual funds, and is an expert in global investment, asset allocation and modern portfolio theory. As the president of JBGlobal LLC, the general partner of the JBGlobal Fund LP, Mr. Berman manages a global equities fund that invests in the United States, Europe and Asia. Mr. Berman is a faculty member in the Finance Department of the NYU School of Continuing and Professional Studies where he teaches corporate finance. He serves as sub-advisor to Eitan Ventures LLC, a venture capital fund based in New York. Mr. Berman has appeared on CNBC and the Fox Business Channel and is regularly published and quoted in a variety of publications, including Barron's, Fortune,...
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...Aims: Provide students with some fundamental concepts of modern financial management theory relevant to making operating and investment decisions. The course also introduces some of the core financial management and decision making techniques used in the business world. Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) Upon successful completion of this course, students should be able to: 1. Describe the financial environment, agency costs, the goals of the participants, and the basic structure of Hong Kong financial and banking systems 2. Explain working capital policies and apply working capital management tools 3. Apply the concepts of risk-return trade-off and time value of money in financial management decisions, and in stock, bond, and asset valuation; 4. Describe the meaning & implications of efficient capital markets; 5. Evaluate competing sources, uses and costs of finance available to corporations in corporate financing decisions; 6. Evaluate corporate investment decisions using capital budgeting techniques with consideration to ethics and corporate governance. Academic Honesty (Extracted from...
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...Chapter 12 Leverage and Capital Structure Solution to Problems P12-1. LG 1: Breakeven Point–Algebraic Basic FC (P − VC) $12, 350 Q= = 1, 300 ($24.95 − $15.45) Q= P12-2. LG 1: Breakeven Comparisons–Algebraic Basic (a) Q = FC (P − VC) Q= Q= Q= $45, 000 = 4, 000 units ( $18.00 − $6.75) $30, 000 = 4, 000 units ( $21.00 − $13.50 ) $90, 000 = 5, 000 units $30.00 − $12.00 ) ( Firm F: Firm G: Firm H: (b) From least risky to most risky: F and G are of equal risk, then H. It is important to recognize that operating leverage is only one measure of risk. P12-3. LG 1: Breakeven Point–Algebraic and Graphic Intermediate (a) Q = FC ÷ (P − VC) Q = $473,000 ÷ ($129 − $86) Q = 11,000 units 302 Part 4 Long-Term Financial Decisions (b) Graphic Operating Breakeven Analysis 3000 Profits Breakeven Point Sales Revenue Total Operating Cost 2500 2000 Cost/Revenue ($000) Losses 1500 1000 500 Fixed Cost 0 0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000 Sales (Units) P12-4. LG 1: Breakeven Analysis Intermediate (a) Q = $73, 500 = 21, 000 CDs ( $13.98 − $10.48) (b) Total operating costs = FC + (Q × VC) Total operating costs = $73,500 + (21,000 × $10.48) Total operating costs = $293,580 (c) 2,000 × 12 = 24,000 CDs per year. 2,000 records per month exceeds the operating breakeven by 3,000 records per year. Barry should go into the CD business. (d) EBIT = (P × Q) − FC − (VC × Q) EBIT = ($13.98 × 24,000) − $73,500 − ($10.48 × 24,000) EBIT = $335,520 − $73,500...
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...Mekelle University College of Business and Economics Department of Accounting and Finance THE DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE Evidence from Commercial Banks in Ethiopia By K i b ro m M e h a ri F i s s e h a Reg.No.-CBE/PR0025/01 Research Project Submitted to the Department of Accounting and Finance, College of Business and Economics, Mekelle University, for the partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Finance and Investment Under the Guidance of Aregawi Gebremichael (Ph.D. Candidate) Assistant Professor May, 2010 Mekelle, Ethiopia i THE DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE Evidence from Commercial Banks in Ethiopia By Kibrom Mehari Fisseha Reg. No. CBE/PR0025/01 ii DECLARATION I, Kibrom Mehari Fisseha, hereby declare that the project work entitled “The Determinants of Capital Structure: Evidence from Commercial Banks in Ethiopia” submitted by me for the award of the degree of Master of Science in Finance and Investment of Mekelle University, is original work and it hasn’t been presented for the award of any other Degree, Diploma, Fellowship or other similar titles of any other university or institution. Place: Mekelle Signature: Date: May, 2010 ………………….. KIBROM MEHARI FISSEHA iii CERTIFICATION I certify that the project work entitled “The Determinants of Capital Structure” is a bona-fide work of Mr. Kibrom Mehari who carried out the research under my guidance. Certified further, that to the best of my...
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...Chapter 13 What is operating leverage, and how does it affect a firm’s business risk? Operating leverage is the use of fixed costs rather than variable costs. If most costs are fixed, hence do not decline when demand falls, then the firm has high operating leverage. Effect of operating leverage More operating leverage leads to more business risk, for then a small sales decline causes a big profit decline Typical situation: Can use operating leverage to get higher EBIT or operating income with higher quantity sold, but risk also increases. Operating Breakeven EBIT = PQ – VQ – F = 0 P = price per unit Q = units of output V = variable cost per unit F = Fixed operating cost QBE = Breakeven Quantity QBE = F / P - V Total Operating Cost = VQ + F Higher QBE higher operating leverage 1. A company estimates that its fixed operating costs are $500,000, and its variable costs are $3 per unit. Each unit produced sells for $4. What is the company’s breakeven point? 2. The Weaver Watch Company manufacturers ladies’ watches that are sold through discount houses. Each watch is sold for $25, the fixed costs are $140,000 for 30,000 watches or less; variable costs are $15 per watch. a. What is the firm’s gain or loss at sales of 8,000 watches? 18,000 watches? b. What is the breakeven point? Illustrate with a graph. Financial risk is the additional risk placed on common stock holders as...
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...UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT Report on Capstone Project “Impact of financial risk on capital structure decision in cement industry of India” Submitted to Lovely Professional University In partial fulfilment of the Requirements for the award of Degree of Master of Business Administration Supervisor: Mr. Rohit Bansal Submitted by: Shalini Sahay 10808654 Khalid Anwar 10805151 Suman Saurabh 10808885 Varun Kakkar 10810014 Gurpreet Singh 10806126 DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY JALANDHAR NEW DELHI GT ROAD PHAGWARA PUNJAB 1 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project report titled “Impact of financial risk on capital structure in cement industry of India” carried out by Miss. Shalini sahay has been accomplished under my guidance & supervision as a duly registered MBA student of the Lovely Professional University, Phagwara. This project is being submitted by him/her in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Master of Business Administration from Lovely Professional University. Her dissertation represents her original work and is worthy of consideration for the award of the degree of Master of Business Administration. ___________________________________ (Name & Signature of the Faculty Advisor) Date: 2 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project report titled “Impact of financial risk on capital structure in cement industry of India” carried out by Mr.Khalid anwar has been accomplished under...
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...Unit 6 Assignment GB550: Financial Management Alberto Silveira Kaplan University Prof: Ana Machuca April 11, 2011 Chapter 13: Problem 13-5: How is it possible for an employee stock option to be valuable even if the firm's stock price fails to meet shareholders' expectations? Solution: Employees are given the option of buying stocks at a specified time at a specified price without investing any money. For example, if the price of stock is $10 today and the employee is given the option to buy 1000 shares at the price of $10 per share two years from now. If the stock price increases to $12 per share in two years, then the employee will gain $2,000 ($2 x 1000) from these stock options. Let’s say that the expected capital appreciation was 20%, the value of the stock would have increased to $14.4 per stock. Even though the stock price fell short of the expected value, it still created additional income of $2,000 for the employee. The options pay off if, at the time of option expiration, the stock price is higher than the option’s strike price, even if the company failed to meet shareholders’ expectations. Chapter 15: Problem 15-8: The Rivoli Company has no outstanding debt and its financial position is given with the following data: Assets (book=market) $3,000,000 EBIT $500,000 Cost of equity, rs 10% Stock price, P0 $15 Shares outstanding n0 200,000 Tax rate, T (federal plus...
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...Determinants of firm Short term Financing behavior: Evidence from Listed firms in Pakistan Muhammad Shahbaz 0132-BH-BAF-10 Faizan Saeed 1091-BH-BAF-10 Session: 2010---2014 Department Of Economics GC University, Lahore Determinants of firm short term financing behavior:Evidence of Listed firms in Pakistan | Submitted to GC University, Lahore in Partial fulfillment to the requirement For the award of degree of BS (Hons) In Business Accounting and Finance By Muhammad Shahbaz Faizan Saeed Roll No | 0132 | BH | BAF | 10 | Roll No | 1091 | BH | BAF | 10 | Session: 2010-2014 Department Of Economics GC University, Lahore RESEARCH COMPLETION CERTIFICATE It is certified that the research contained in this dissertation titled “Determinants of firm short term Financing behavior: Evidence from Listed Firms in Pakistan”, has been carried out and completed by Mr. Muhammad Shahbaz (Roll No 0132-BH-BAF-10) and Mr. Faizan Saeed (Roll No 1091-BH-BAF-10) under my guidance and supervision. The quantum and the quality of the work, contained in this dissertation, are adequate for the award of Degree of BS (Hons.) in Business Accounting and Finance Date: ______________________ ___________________ Mr. Nisar Ahmed Supervisor Department of Economics ...
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...1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Financial strategy is the largest corporate financial decisions that are made by the financial management committee and it is the most crucial for all organization or company for their strategy to make profit to their firms. Financial strategy also will influence the capital structure. The theory of Capital structure is closely related to the firm’s cost of capital. It is one of the effective tools of management to manage the cost of capital. Capital structure is the mix of the long-term sources of funds used by the firm. The primary objective of capital structure decisions is to maximize the market value of the firm or achieving the maximization of shareholders wealth through an appropriate mix of long-term sources of funds and an optimal capital structure is reached at a point where the cost of the capital is minimum. To design the capital structure, the element that should consider is first, the wealth maximization is attained and second, is the best approximation to the optimal capital structure. In finance, capital structure refers to the way a corporation finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities (Saad, 2010). In short, capital structure is a mixture of a company's debts (long-term and short-term), common equity and preferred equity in financing its assets. Capital structure is essential on how a firm finances its overall operations and growth by...
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...2015-2016 CHAPTER 13 LEVERAGE AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions 1. Explain what is meant by business and financial risk. Suppose Firm A has greater risk than Firm B. Is it true that Firm A also has a higher cost of equity capital? Explain. Business risk is the equity risk arising from the nature of the firm’s operating activity, and is directly related to the systematic risk of the firm’s assets. Financial risk is the equity risk that is due entirely to the firm’s chosen capital structure. As financial leverage, or the use of debt financing, increases, so does financial risk and hence the overall risk of the equity. Thus, Firm B could have a higher cost of equity if it uses greater leverage. 3. Is there an easily identifiable debt equity ratio that will maximize the value of a firm? Why or why not? Because many relevant factors such as bankruptcy costs, tax asymmetries, and agency costs cannot easily be identified or quantified, it’s practically impossible to determine the precise debt/equity ratio that maximizes the value of the firm. However, if the firm’s cost of new debt suddenly becomes much more expensive, it’s probably true that the firm is too highly leveraged. 10. What is the basic goal of financial management with regards to capital structure? As with any management decision, the goal is to maximize the value of shareholder equity. To accomplish this with respect to the capital structure decision,...
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