...Markus Christen, Ganesh Iyer, & David Soberman Job Satisfaction, Job Performance, and Effort: A Reexamination Using Agency Theory The objective of this article is to clarify ambiguities in the literature regarding the relationships among three key constructs of work relationships: effort, job performance, and job satisfaction. The relationship between job performance and job satisfaction is of central interest to research in organizational psychology. However, empirical research in that area finds that the link between these constructs is weak at best. A negative effect of effort on job satisfaction is consistent with agency theory, but there is limited empirical evidence to support this assumption. Moreover, some studies have found a positive effect of effort on job satisfaction. Using a model that incorporates the main constructs from agency theory and organizational psychology, the current study finds a negative, direct effect of effort and a positive, direct effect of job performance on job satisfaction. The authors show that conflicting findings in the literature are the result of inconsistency in both the measurement and the definition of constructs across studies that do not fully account for all the relationships between constructs. The current findings emphasize the need to distinguish clearly between factors that represent employees’ inputs in a work relationship (i.e., effort) and those that represent their outputs (i.e., job performance). The article also demonstrates...
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...Algebra I Suggested Teaching Strategies The curriculum guide is a set of suggested teaching strategies designed to be only a starting point for innovative teaching. The teaching strategies are optional, not mandatory. A teaching strategy in this guide could be a task, activity, or suggested method that is part of an instructional unit. It should not be considered sufficient to teach the competency and the associated objective(s); the teaching strategy could be one small component of the unit. There may not be enough instructional time to utilize every strategy in the curriculum guide. The 2007 Mississippi Mathematics Framework Revised includes the Depthof-Knowledge (DOK) level for each objective. As closely as possible, each strategy addresses the DOK level specified for that objective or a higher level. Suggestions or techniques for increasing the level of thinking may be included in the strategy(ies). In addition, the process strands (problem solving, communication, connections, reasoning and proof, and representation) are included in the strategies. The purpose of the suggested teaching strategies is to assist school districts and teachers in the development of possible methods of organizing the competencies and objectives to be taught. Since the competencies and objectives require multiple assessment methods, some assessment ideas may be included in the strategy. October 2007 2007 Mississippi Mathematics Framework Revised Strategies Comp. 1 2 Obj. a g ...
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...this small scale, researchers rely on molecular dynamic simulation which has the given macroscopic flow of equations in which the experimental approach of this study depends. However, seeing the study in theoretical view is still limited. This viewpoint considers the material to be a continuum one in an ensemble-averaged, rather than a spatial-averaged. For a material to be continuum, the molecules must be very small in relation to the problem scale that implies a spatial averaging. A small region of space, which contains many particles, but is still much smaller than the problem scale, must be chosen. Here, quantities which smoothly vary from spatial averaging can be defined using limits. On the other hand, ensemble averaging is used to determine the value of an expected parameter. From a large number of trials in a certain point of space, average quantities are determined at this point for the trials. From a schematic diagram, researchers had found that the thick film region varies linearly with the line from Elasto-hydrodynamic Lubrication (EHL) predictions, while the thin film region levels off progressively as the thickness decreases. The thinner the film is, the more the difference can be seen. Decreasing the thickness in TFL leads to a failure region which kills the lubricant’s mobility. Thus, TFL is the last of the lubrication regimes where the Reynolds equation can be applied. In TFL, lubricating performances can be determined by its ordered layers. This state can...
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...This is page i Printer: Opaque this A Mathematical Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Alexandre Chorin Department of Mathematics University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA Jerrold E. Marsden Control and Dynamical Systems, 107-81 California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91125, USA ii iii A Mathematical Introduction to Fluid Mechanics iv Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Chorin, Alexandre A Mathematical Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Third Edition (Texts in Applied Mathematics) Bibliography: in frontmatter Includes. 1. Fluid dynamics (Mathematics) 2. Dynamics (Mathematics) I. Marsden, Jerrold E. II. Title. III. Series. ISBN 0-387 97300-1 American Mathematics Society (MOS) Subject Classification (1980): 76-01, 76C05, 76D05, 76N05, 76N15 Copyright 1992 by Springer-Verlag Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Springer-Verlag Publishing Company, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010. Typesetting and illustrations prepared by June Meyermann, Gregory Kubota, and Wendy McKay The cover illustration shows a computer simulation of a shock diffraction by a pair of cylinders, by John Bell, Phillip Colella, William Crutchfield, Richard Pember, and Michael Welcome...
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...Software Requirements LabVIEW VI Libraries and Project and Problem Folders and Files Unit 1. Elementary Circuit Analysis for Analog Electronics Section 1.1. Resistor Voltage Divider and MOSFET DC Gate Voltage Section 1.2. Output Circuit and DC Drain Voltage Section 1.3. Frequency Response of the Amplifier Stage Section 1.4. Summary of Equations Section 1.5. Exercises and Projects Unit 2. Transistors and Voltage Amplification Section 2.1. BJT and MOSFET Schematic Symbols, Terminal Voltages, and Branch Currents Section 2.2. Fundamentals of Signal Amplification: The Linear Circuit Section 2.3. Basic NMOS Common-Source Amplifier Section 2.4. Transistor Output Resistance and Limiting Gain Section 2.5. Summary of Equations Section 2.6. Exercises and Projects Section 2.7. References to the Electronics Book Sequence Unit 3. Characterization of MOS Transistors for Circuit Simulation Section 3.1. Physical Description of the MOSFET Section 3.2. Output and Transfer Characteristics of the MOSFET Section 3.3. Body Effect and Threshold Voltage Section 3.4. Derivation of the Linear-Region Current – Voltage Relation Section 3.5. Summary of Equations Section 3.6. Exercises and Projects Unit 4. Signal Conductance Parameters for Circuit Simulation Section 4.1. Amplifier Circuit and Signal Equivalent Circuits Section 4.2. Transistor Variable Incremental Relationships Section 4.3. Transconductance Parameter Section 4.4. Body-Effect Transconductance Parameter Section 4.5. Output...
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...exactly to know WHY the model gives the estimates it does. The model was first published by Dr. Barry Boehm in 1981, and reflected the software development practices of these days. The name of this model was COCOMO I or COCOMO ’81. Since this time many efforts were done in the improvement of the software development techniques. Some of the changes were moving away from mainframe overnight batch processing to real time applications, strenuousness in effort in building software for reusing, new kind of system development in including off-the-shelf software components (COTS) and spending as much effort on designing and managing the software development process as was once spent creating the software product. This advanced version at present time is known as COCOMO II. The work for COCOMO II has been supported financially and technically by the COCOMO II Program Affiliates: Aerospace, Air Force Cost Analysis Agency, Allied Signal, DARPA, DISA, Draper Lab, EDS, E-Systems, FAA, Fidelity, GDE Systems, Hughes, IDA, IBM, JPL, Litton, Lockheed Martin, Loral, Lucent, MCC, MDAC, Microsoft, Motorola, Northrop Grumman, ONR, Rational, Raytheon, Rockwell, SAIC, SEI, SPC, Sun, TASC, Teledyne, TI, TRW, USAF Rome Lab, US Army Research Labs, US Army TACOM, Telcordia, and Xerox. COCOMO I Boehm proposed three levels of the model: basic, intermediate, detailed. The basic COCOMO'81 model is a single-valued, static model that computes software development effort (and cost) as a function of program size...
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...ME 3456 Technical memorandum Report to: | TA | from: | HN, 3.36 | subject: | Vibration due to rotational Unbalance | date: | 3/27/2014 | Date Submitted: | 4/20/2014 | | | Introduction This experiment was conducted in order to study the relationship between rotational unbalance and , the basic attributes of a rotational system. This involves determining equivalent rotational quantities such as deflection, natural frequency, stiffness, moment of inertia, equivalent damping constant, logarithmic decrement and other attributes of this rotational system to determine the effect of rotational unbalance on a larger mass system. The experiment involved use of a bar fixed at one end, with suspension by a spring in the vicinity of the opposite end, as well as a dashpot to remove energy from the system. The aim of the investigation is to determine the relationship between the voltage, frequency, and amplitude in relation to the natural and damped frequencies: especially in terms of approaching and leaving the resonance. Equipment Description Equipment used included: I. Vibrating beam apparatus (in diagram, A-D) II. Power supply (2) III. Motor with power supply (C, G) IV. Contact tachometer (to measure rpm) V. LVDT (linear variable differential transformer) with voltage source from power supply (F, I) VI. Oscilloscope (H) VII. Fixed Mass of 500g (E) The LVDT measured the motion of the beam end with a range of ±2 inches. The voltage source...
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...Strategic Management Journal Strat. Mgmt. J., 23: 707–725 (2002) Published online 1 May 2002 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/smj.249 DO FORMAL CONTRACTS AND RELATIONAL GOVERNANCE FUNCTION AS SUBSTITUTES OR COMPLEMENTS? LAURA POPPO1 * and TODD ZENGER2 1 2 Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.A. John M. Olin School of Business, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. Relational exchange arrangements supported by trust are commonly viewed as substitutes for complex contracts in interorganizational exchanges. Many argue that formal contracts actually undermine trust and thereby encourage the opportunistic behavior they are designed to discourage. In this paper, we develop and test an alternative perspective: that formal contracts and relational governance function as complements. Using data from a sample of information service exchanges, we find empirical support for this proposition of complementarity. Managers appear to couple their increasingly customized contracts with high levels of relational governance (and vice versa). Moreover, this interdependence underlies their ability to generate improvements in exchange performance. Our results concerning the determinants of these governance choices show their distinct origins, which further augments their complementarity in practice. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Transaction cost economics (TCE) has emerged as a common framework for understanding...
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...Pathumtanee 12121, Thailand; bDepartment of Management, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-6009, USA; cJon M. Huntsman School of Business, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-3555, USA (Received 17 December 2008; final version received 3 August 2009) A key element of successful organisations is the alignment of their strategy and tactics. This study explores the relationship between a firm’s competitive strategy and its operations practices in the context of a developing economy. Two competitive strategies are examined; a niche market strategy characterised by targeting specific market segments, and a broad market strategy characterised by serving a wide range of market segments. Three sets of operations practices consistent with the adoption of lean manufacturing, Total Quality Management, and relationship development in a supply chain context, are explored. Using survey data from senior managers in Thailand, results show that for firms adopting a niche market focus, competitive strategy directly influences process management and relationship development, which in turn affect workforce commitment. Only workforce commitment has a direct effect on operational performance. In contrast, for firms adopting a broad market focus, competitive strategy directly influences workforce commitment, which in turn affects process management and relationship development practices. It is the latter practices that directly influence operational performance. Keywords: competitive...
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...structures through a traction power system, which causes accelerated corrosion Also the coupling of this model to a inhome developed reliability software package, Prob2B, is described. This coupling allows to determine the significance of the input parameters on the accelerated corrosion rate. First preliminary calculations show that uncertainty in the soil resistivity and the train power consumption contribute most in the uncertainty in the maximum interference current density. Keywords: Stray current, corrosion, DC traction power, finite element, reliability calculations. dominant uncertainty is assumed to stem from the train power consumption, which depends on whether it is accelerating or breaking. Of all parameters of the processes occurring in the soil probably the natural corrosion rate, which is accelerated by stray current interference, and the acceleration factor are most influential. Therefore these parameters will be assessed specifically, using reliability analysis tools. 2. Stray Current Corrosion Model An electrical circuit analogue, devoid of the spatial distribution of the problem, of traction power induced stray current interference is given in figure 1. RW 1. Introduction Contact wire path Rint Traction power systems leak currents into the soil, where they add up to the so-called stray currents present there. Especially in case of DC current, as for the Dutch railway power system, stray current induced corrosion is...
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...http://www.eco.uc3m.es/~jgonzalo/teaching/EconometriaII/cointegration.htm Cointegration and Error Correction Definition: If there exists a stationary linear combination of nonstationary random variables, the variables combined are said to be cointegrated. | | The old woman and the boy are unrelated to one another, except that they are both on a random walk in the park. Information about the boy's location tells us nothing about the old woman's location. | | The old man and the dog are joined by one of those leashes that has the cord rolled up inside the handle on a spring. Individually, the dog and the man are each on a random walk. They cannot wander too far from one another because of the leash. We say that the random processes describing their paths are cointegrated. | The notion of cointegration arose out of the concern about spurious or nonsense regressions in time series. Specifying a relation in terms of levels of the economic variables, say , often produces empirical results in which the R2 is quite high, but the Durbin-Watson statistic is quite low. This happens because economic time series are dominated by smooth, long term trends. That is, the variables behave individually as nonstationary random walks. In a model which includes two such variables it is possible to choose coefficients which makeappear to be stationary. But such an empirical result tells us little of the short run relationship between yt and xt. In fact, if the two series are...
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...Correspondence: JJ Reuer, Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina, McColl Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Tel: þ 1 919 962 4514; Fax: þ 1 919 962 4266; E-mail: reuer@unc.edu Abstract In this study, we investigate how multinationality affects firms’ risk levels. Our investigation builds on the idea from real options theory that international operations offer switching options to multinational corporations, yet we also emphasize different sources of coordination costs that can mitigate the benefits of operational flexibility. The findings from Tobit models accounting for selfselection underscore the importance of unobserved heterogeneity in the relationships between international investments and risk levels. Consistent with the coordination costs surrounding international operations, we find that the relationship between multinationality and downside risk is curvilinear: risk first declines and then increases as a firm’s portfolio of international investments becomes extensive. In addition, downside risk is an increasing function of the average cultural distance between a firm’s home base and the host countries in which its foreign subsidiaries operate. Journal of International Business Studies (2007) 38, 215–230. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400260 Keywords: real options; multinational corporations; foreign direct investment; downside risk Received: 31 December...
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...The Effects of Culture on International Banking Disclosures George Hooia* aGriffith University, Australia Abstract This paper investigates the influence of national culture on banking disclosures. Seventeen developed and developing countries with a representative sample of 37 listed domestic commercial banks were examined in 2004. Long-term orientation is found to be a non-significant cultural value with banking disclosures. The explanatory power for banking disclosures is found to be similar to the findings in Gray and Vint (1995) with a cross-section of industries. More importantly, this study recommends that long-term orientation should not be used as part of the cultural framework for disclosures due to bias data. Hence, Gray’s (1988) hypothesis on the secrecy / transparency dimension should be maintained with respect to the original four cultural values. JEL Classification: G21, M41, O57 Keywords: Culture, banking disclosures, transparency 1. Introduction The objective of this paper is to report on the empirical findings of the two research questions proposed by Hooi (2004) that may improve the Gray and Vint (1995) model of cultural influence on accounting disclosures. The first proposal was that extending the Gray and Vint study with the new inclusion of Hofstede and Bond’s (1988) cultural value of long-term orientation gives the opportunity to better understand the association between national culture and accounting disclosures. The second proposal...
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...RAND Journal of Economics Vol. 31, No. 3, Autumn 2000 pp. 395–421 Mergers with differentiated products: the case of the ready-to-eat cereal industry Aviv Nevo* Traditional merger analysis is difficult to implement when evaluating mergers in industries with differentiated products. I discuss an alternative, which consists of demand estimation and the use of a model of postmerger conduct to simulate the competitive effects of a merger. I estimate a brand-level demand system for ready-to-eat cereal using supermarket scanner data and use the estimates to (1) recover marginal costs, (2) simulate postmerger price equilibria, and (3) compute welfare effects, under a variety of assumptions. The methodology is applied to five mergers, two of which occurred and for which I compare predicted to actual outcomes. 1. Introduction Traditional analysis of horizontal mergers is based primarily on industryconcentration measures. The market is defined and pre- and postmerger market shares of the relevant firms are used to compute pre- and postmerger concentration measures, which give rise to presumptions of illegality. Using this approach to evaluate mergers in industries with differentiated, or closely related but not identical, products is problematic. In many cases the product offerings make it difficult to define the relevant product (or geographic) market. Even if the relevant market can easily be defined, the computed concentration index provides a reasonable standard by which to judge...
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...J. of Multi. Fin. Manag. 13 (2003) 123 Á/139 www.elsevier.com/locate/econbase Foreign-denominated debt and foreign currency derivatives: complements or substitutes in hedging foreign currency risk? William B. Elliott a,*, Stephen P. Huffman b, Stephen D. Makar b a Department of Finance, Oklahoma State University, 224 Business, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA b University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, USA Received 30 June 2001; accepted 20 April 2002 Abstract Using a unique dataset, this study examines the relationship between foreign-denominated debt (FDD), foreign currency exposure and foreign currency derivative (FCD) use, for a sample of US multinational corporations. We find a positive relationship between the exposure to foreign currency risk and the level of FDD, indicating that this debt may be used as a hedge. Moreover, FDD is negatively related to the use of FCD. We interpret this as further evidence that FDD is used as a hedge, and substitutes for the use of FCD in reducing currency risk. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: F23 Keywords: Hedging; Foreign debt; Currency derivatives 1. Introduction US multinational corporations (MNCs) employ a variety of financial and nonfinancial techniques to reduce or hedge their exposure to changing exchange rates (e.g. Bodnar et al., 1998; Marshall, 2000). Financial techniques include foreign- * Corresponding author. Tel.: '/1-405-744-8639; fax: '/1-405-744-5180 E-mail address: elliowb@okstate...
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