...APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL SENSORS IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING A chemical sensor is a device that transforms chemical information, ranging from the concentration of a specific sample component to total composition analysis, into an analytically useful signal. The chemical information, mentioned above, may originate from a chemical reaction of the analyte or from a physical property of the system investigated. Chemical sensors its application in various fields of engineering like civil, environment, medical, biotechnology and mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of physics and materials science for analysis, design,manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It implements core principles along with tools like computer-aided engineering and product lifecycle management to design and analyze manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and machinery, heating and cooling systems, transportsystems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices and more. There are a lot of potential areas where chemical sensors play a key role in innumerable processes concerning to functioning and safety in manufacturing plants , transport, aerospace, automobiles , combustion engines which are a few applications of mechanical engineering concepts. The monitoring and control of combustion-related emissions is a top priority in many Industries. The real challenge is not only to develop highly sensitive and selective sensors, but...
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...my brother and me through college but they imbibed the value of knowledge in us from a young age. I took up engineering as a career due to my innate interest but I was the first in my family to attend a univeristy with diversified community or to choose chemical engineering. So, transition into university was one the hardest things I had to do. I could overcome this and turn things around thanks to the support from faculty, friends and mentors I met later...
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...Chemical Product and Process Modeling Volume 2, Issue 3 2007 Article 12 Nonlinear Modelling Application in Distillation Column Zalizawati Abdullah, Universiti Sains Malaysia Norashid Aziz, Universiti Sains Malaysia Zainal Ahmad, Universiti Sains Malaysia Recommended Citation: Abdullah, Zalizawati; Aziz, Norashid; and Ahmad, Zainal (2007) "Nonlinear Modelling Application in Distillation Column," Chemical Product and Process Modeling: Vol. 2 : Iss. 3, Article 12. Available at: http://www.bepress.com/cppm/vol2/iss3/12 DOI: 10.2202/1934-2659.1082 ©2007 Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. Nonlinear Modelling Application in Distillation Column Zalizawati Abdullah, Norashid Aziz, and Zainal Ahmad Abstract Distillation columns are widely used in chemical processes and exhibit nonlinear dynamic behavior. In order to gain optimum performance of the distillation column, an effective control strategy is needed. In recent years, model based control strategies such as internal model control (IMC) and model predictive control (MPC) have been revealed as better control systems compared to the conventional method. But one of the major challenges in developing this effective control strategy is to construct a model which is utilized to describe the process under consideration. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the models that have been implemented in continuous distillation columns. These models are categorized under three major groups: fundamental...
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...CN5010 Mathematical Methods in Chemical and Environmental Engineering Modular Credits: 4 Workload: 3-0-0-1-6 Prerequisite(s): Nil Preclusion(s): Nil Cross-listing(s): Nil This module is targeted at postgraduate students, who are interested in process modelling and simulation for various chemical and environmental engineering processes. The course covers both analytical and numerical techniques in solving the associated algebraic as well as differential equations. Analytical methods such as eigenvalue-eigenvector and Green’s function method, and numerical methods such as finite difference, collocation and finite element methods are discussed. All fundamental concepts are introduced with applications related to chemical and environmental engineering using modern software tools. Some background knowledge in analytical methods and numerical analysis from undergraduate modules will be beneficial. CN5020 Advanced Reaction Engineering Modular Credits: 4 Workload: 3-0-0-0-7 Prerequisite(s): Nil Preclusion(s): Nil Cross-listing(s): Nil The module aims to train the students in the fundamentals of reaction engineering and their application to the design and analysis of reactor. The concepts and theory in reaction kinetics are applied to reactor design of single phase reaction system. These are extended to multiphase reaction systems, incorporating the effects of physical rate processes and the interfacial equilibrium leading to the formulation of procedure for the...
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...My group was the first TAPTL group to meet. On September 18, four freshman chemical engineering majors got the chance to talk with Dr. Stephanie Loveland. Talking with someone who did all three of their degrees at Iowa State was eye-opening. We were only able to talk to her for an hour because she had to go to a conference for her children but we all meet at the art café and ate behind the building. I was pleasantly surprised to see my friend Ploi Learner in our group and got the chance to meet two more new people, Vincent Anderson and Drake Martin. Dr. Loveland had the unique experience of getting her bachelor, masters, and doctorate at Iowa State, all in chemical engineering. She shared her past fear of not having ISU employ her as a professor because they traditionally do not employ their own students as professors. But she got the job and has been here for a long time. She called herself boomerang student. Her professors gave her that nickname because after getting each degree she would work a few years and then come back to Iowa State again to further her education. I’m a part of TEAM and give the Sweeney stop on both the EIS and daily tours and found out that the study aboard and labs I always talk about are taught by Dr. Loveland. That made the experience even better for me because I got to learn more about them. I got to ask her tons of questions and now my tours are even better than before. Besides learning about the distillation experiment, we learned about her...
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...International Journal of Chemical Sciences and Applications ISSN 0976-2590. Vol 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp 232-240 http://www.bipublication.com SIMULATION OF BIOMASS GASIFICATION REACTOR FOR FUEL IN GAS TURBINE Ratnadip R Joshi1, B D Kulkarni2 1 Dept. of Petrochemical Engineering, MAEER's Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Paud Road, Pune. PIN 411038 Maharashtra, India. 2 Distinguished Scientist, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India. 1 Corresponding author: Email: ratnadip.joshi@mitpune.edu.in, Tel: +91-9423332754; ABSTRACT Energy produced from biofuels or there conversion products represent an important part among today’s energy sources. As biofuels are renewable, abundant and has domestic usage, the sources of biofuels can help the world reduce its dependence on petroleum products and natural gas. Biofuels can be converted into liquid, solid and gaseous fuels with the help of some physical, chemical and biological conversion processes. The conversion of biofuel material has a precise objective to transform a carbonaceous solid material, which is originally difficult to handle, bulky and of low energy concentration, into fuels having physico-chemical characteristics that permit economic storage and transferability through pumping systems. The use of biofuel products provides substantial benefits as far as the environment is concerned. A simulation study has been carried out to arrive at the power output under limiting conditions as well as perform...
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... | | | |Mann, F. G. and Saunders, B. C.: | |ICET, PU. | | |Practical Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., Longmans, Green and | |547 | | |Co., Ltd., 1960. | |MAN-4 | | | |Biochemical Engineering | | |Bailey, J. E. and Ollis, D. F.: | |ICET, PU | | |Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill,| |660.6 | | |Inc., 1986. |...
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...Chemical Process Diagrams Chapter 1 Department of Chemical Engineering West Virginia University From Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Fourth Edition, by Richard Turton, Richard C. Bailie, Wallace B. Whiting, Joseph Shaeiwitz, and Debangsu Bhattacharyya (ISBN-13: 978-0-13-261812-0) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 3 Levels of Diagram • Block Flow Diagram (BFD) • Process Flow Diagram (PFD) • Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) – often referred to as Mechanical Flow Diagram Complexity Conceptual increases understanding Increases As chemical engineers, we are most familiar with BFD and PFD. From Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Fourth Edition, by Richard Turton, Richard C. Bailie, Wallace B. Whiting, Joseph Shaeiwitz, and Debangsu Bhattacharyya (ISBN-13: 978-0-13-261812-0) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 1 The Block Flow Diagram (BFD) • BFD shows overall processing picture of a chemical complex – Flow of raw materials and products may be included on a BFD – BFD is a superficial view of facility – ChE information is missing From Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Fourth Edition, by Richard Turton, Richard C. Bailie, Wallace B. Whiting, Joseph Shaeiwitz, and Debangsu Bhattacharyya (ISBN-13: 978-0-13-261812-0) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Definitions of BFD • Block Flow...
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... This is the process diagram of the treatment plant: [pic] Process flow - step 1 Preliminary treatment bar screen Removal of large objects As wastewater enters LMWQCC, it is screened through bar screens for the removal of objects that could damage or interfere with the process and equipment. Chemical addition Ferrous chloride (FeCl2, an industrial by-product), and lime are added to the sewage before it enters the grit tanks, to improve the subsequent chemical treatment process. Grit removal The effectiveness of the chemicals added in the pre-treatment stage is improved by extra mixing in the grit tanks, and by introducing compressed air into the tanks (aeration). The grit (approx 1.5 tonnes/day) is then pumped to a grit classifier where the wastewater is separated, then further treated. Process flow - step 2 Primary treatment The next stage of treatment takes place in the primary sedimentation tanks. The chemical treatment precipitates phosphates, organics and heavy metals dissolved in the sewage. It is at this stage of the process that polymer is added to cause flocculation (or binding together) of precipitated particles as suspended solids. This assists in settling of the solids to the...
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...CONTROL OF DISTILLATION COLUMN USING ASPEN DYNAMICS Abhishankar Kumar*, Basudeb Munshi** *M.Tech. Student, abhiengg05@gmail.com ** Associate Professor, basudeb@nitrkl.ac.in Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Rourkela- 769 008 (Orissa) ABSTRACT This paper deals with the control of binary distillation column of propane and iso-butane mixture. The column has 32 trays including reboiler and condenser. The simulation work has been carried out by Aspen Dynamics software a licensed product of Aspen Tech. The basic controllers are used for controlling sump level, reflux level and molar feed flow rate. Three strategies for controlling the distillate purities are: (1) controlling the temperature of the tray where the maximum variation of temperature is observed due to change in reboiler heat input which is used as a manipulated variable, (2) controlling the purity of iso-butane in the distillate and (3) cascade control where both composition controller and tray temperature controllers are used as primary controller and secondary controller respectively. The Proportional Integral (PI) controller used in temperature and composition control configuration is tuned by Tyreus –Lubyben method. The location of the tray, where temperature is controlled, is obtained by steady state gain value. The design value of integral time constant, [pic] of temperature control and composition control configurations are found as 2.64 sec and 68.64 sec respectively. Thus, the temperature controller...
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...U.S. CHEMIC AL S AFETY AND H AZ ARD INVESTIG ATION BOARD INVESTIGATION REPORT LPG FIRE AT VALERO – MCKEE REFINERY (Four Injured, Total Refinery Evacuation, and Extended Shutdown) Photo: Associated Press VALERO ENERGY CORPORATION SUNRAY, TEXAS FEBRUARY 16, 2007 KEY ISSUES: • FREEZE PROTECTION OF DEAD-LEGS • EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF EQUIPMENT • FIREPROOFING OF SUPPORT STEEL • FIRE PROTECTION FOR HIGH PRESSURE LPG SERVICE • CHLORINE RELEASE REPORT NO. 2007-05-I-TX JULY 2008 Valero - Sunray July 2008 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................6 1.0 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................10 1.1 1.2 2.0 Background....................................................................................................................... 10 Investigative Process......................................................................................................... 10 VALERO ENERGY CORPORATION.........................................................................................11 2.1 2.2 McKee Refinery................................................................................................................ 11 2.3 3.0 Company History .......................................................................................
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...Oxygen transfer Abstract (193 words) This practical was carried out with the aim of determining the KLa value for oxygen transfer as well as examining the relationship between KLa and other fermenter variables like speed of the impeller and air flow rate, thereby calculating the values α and β in the KLa correlation: KLa = K[Pg/V]α (Vs)β KLa is the volumetric liquid phase mass transfer coefficient indicative of the mass transfer of oxygen dissolved in the liquid to the cell. It is calculated using the dynamic method which is usually used for vessels which are less than 1m in height because there is nitrogen gas hold-up in the vessel when air is reintroduced and the measurement of concentration of oxygen in the liquid does not reflect the kinetics of simple oxygen transfer until a hold-up of air in established. The measured parameters included gassed power (Pg), impeller speed, flow rate (indirectly superficial gas velocity) and DOT%. It was seen that as the power input was increased, the KLa increased for the same flow rate and that this increase was greater than increase in the flow rate of the gas, which shows confirms the results described in the literature. Introduction (326 words) Cells in aerobic cultures require oxygen for metabolism and growth. The rate of oxygen transfer from aerated liquid to the cell is especially important at high cell densities, when cell growth is likely to be limited by the availability of oxygen in the medium. The solubility of oxygen...
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...SELECTING A DISTILLATION COLUMN CONTROL STRATEGY (a basic guide). Dr. M.J. Willis Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Newcastle e-mail: mark.willis@ncl.ac.uk Written: December, 1999 - March, 2000 Aims and objectives The aim of these notes is to provide some basic ideas and rules that may be used to select a distillation control strategy. Separate notes will discuss more complex mathematical techniques that may also be used as part of a 'toolbox' of methods that have evolved as aids in distillation control strategy selection. Introduction The effective operation of a binary distillation column is determined by the control of many variables. Generally, the variables in table 1 need to be controlled. cv reason composition of the distillate stream, xD composition of the bottoms stream, xB. liquid level in the reflux drum. liquid level at the base of the column. pressure in the column product quality product quality maintain inventory (ensure material balance) maintain inventory (ensure material balance) maintain inventory (ensure energy balance). Equilibrium relationship is affected by changes in pressure. Table 1. Typical variables that have to be maintained in a distillation column. The two main disturbances that affect a column are: • feed flowrate, F • feed composition, zf 1 So called 'manipulated variables' are adjusted to counter-act the effect of disturbances and ensure desired operation. But...
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...DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR Che492-Unit Operations Laboratory II Experiment no. 5 Calandria Evaporator Instructors: Dr. Siddhartha Panda Dr. Deepak Kunzru Name of TA: Abir Ghosh Date of experiment: 23/9/2013 Date of submission: 30/9/2013 Group No: 2 Roll no. 10059 10062 10067 Name Akshay Bansal Akshit Gupta Aman Jain 1 Index Introduction Objective Theory and formulae Apparatus required Details required Observations and Calculations Sample calculation Results and Discussion Conclusion Precautions Sources of error Nomenclature Reference 3 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 2 Introduction The functional requirement of an evaporator is to vaporize a chemical liquid in order to achieve certain industrial benchmarks such as concentrating a solution, purification or retaining a number of useful solvents or to carry out crystallization on an industrial scale by achieving the limiting concentration. The fundamental working principle of an evaporator is characterized by heating the solution up to the boiling point of the solvent (in case of solid solute) or to the dew point of the solution (in case of liquid solute). The various types of industrially applicable evaporators are described as under: 1.) Direct heating evaporators-In these units, direct heating of the solution is carried out using solar energy or the heat energy of the gases which are brought to very high temperature using natural gas combustion. These are mainly used to extract salt...
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...GRAIN BASED DISTILLERY OPERATION : 86 KLPD WATER BALANCE ALL FIGURES IN METRIC TONNES (MT) INPUTS PROCESS WATER IN LIQN BOILER FEED WATER DM WATER for DISTILLATION SOFT WATER for COOLING TOWER DM WATER BLENDING RW for BOTTLE WASHING SOFT WATER DISTILLATION SOFT WATER PUMPS SEALING FERMENTER WASHING FLOOR WASHING DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION OUTPUTS 473 533 659 774 50 65 129 129 22 20 5 MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT 2860 RECYLCE STREAMS STEAM CONDENSATE THIN SLOPS R/E to DISTILLATION PR LEES TO FERMETATION STEAM CONDENSATE SPENT LEES PR SPENT LEES RECTIFER SPENT WASH (GRAIN SLOPS) WATER IN PRODUCT CASES WATER IN BY PRODUCT BOTTLE WASHING CT EVAPORATION & DRIFT LOSSES PUMP SEALING PROCESS CONDENSATE MT BOILER BLOWDOWN DM & SOFT WATER REGENERATION MT 420 112 659 137 MT MT MT MT 50 155 65 774 129 322 16 22 2860 MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT ` 420 137 573 22 BOTTLE WAHING PUMP SEALING Total Recycling /Re-utilisations of water per day 50 129 1331 MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT TOTAL FRESH WATER INPUT 1163 WASTE STREAMS FOR TREATMENT PROCESS CONDENSATE 322 COOLING TOWER BLOWDOWN 93 BOILER BLOW DOWN 16 DM & SOFT WATER REGENERATION 22 FLOOR WASHING 20 BOTTLE WASHING 15 PRC LEES 69 TOTAL WASTE STREAMS FOR TREATMENT 488 REUSE WASTE STREAMS AFTER TREATMENT 366 WATER FOR GREEN BELT 122 MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT NOTE : FIGURES GIVEN ABOVE ARE ONLY INDICATIVE AND SHALL VARY BASED ON GRAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND OVERALL PLANT OPERATING PARAMETERS...
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