...PEST CONTROL Pest control is as a minimum as vintage as agriculture, as there has continually been a need to keep crops loose from pests. So one can maximize meals production, it is effective to protect plants from competing species of flowers, in addition to from herbivores competing with humans. Pest manage Pests are organisms that lessen the first-rate or yield of a crop or plant (Biology AS textbook, Indge, Rowland, Baker). Pest manage uses various strategies to cast off populations of specific pests to boom productiveness of plants. The two maximum not unusual techniques are the use of insecticides and organic Pest manage. This essay will display how and why biological Pest control is favored over using insecticides. organic Pest manage is using a mainly chosen organism to devour, kill, or otherwise harm a selected pest, and frequently referred to as 'natural enemies' in line with the object organic control of Pest Insecticides are used international to manipulate agricultural pests. They kill and repel unwanted pests, but also cause many human deaths each yr. This lesson explores the huge use of pesticides in agriculture and compares the advantages and issues related to those beneficial but dangerous chemical compounds. What do you suspect is the primary aim of agriculture? Agriculture became advanced to provide crops and farm animals for human intake. Because the human population increases, the amount of food produced could be very critical. Sadly, there are different...
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...CPROT 106.6 CULTURAL CONTROL Is the practice Of modifying The growing environment of the crop or habitat of the unwanted pests to reduce their prevalence. It is also defined as the deliberate alteration of the production system, either the cropping system itself or a specific crop production practices to reduce pest populations Or avoid pest injury to crops. >It differs from physicomech'lcontrol Because the effect of these tactics are mediated through the crop or the crop environment rather than having an impact on the pestItself Drawbacks Being indirect, makes it slow acting has limitation where immediate action is needed as the lone method, cultural method may not eradicate pests; implementation must be in tandem with another or as part of the whole management program. Cultural Control _ Mechanics 1. Impediment to pest colonization of the crop 2. Creation of adverse biotic conditions that reduce survival of individuals or populations of the pest 3. Modification of the crop in such a way that pest infestation results in reduced injury to the crop 4. Enhancement of natural enemies by manipulating the environment CROP ROTATION Effective when used against Pests that attack biennial or annual crops Pests that have relatively narrow host range Pests that have restricted movement Pests that are present prior to planting CULTIVATION MODES cause Mechanical injury, starvation, dessication and exposure TRAP CROPS VSANTAGONISTIC PLANTS USE OF HEALTHY ...
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...THE CONCEPT OF PEST A pest can be defined as any organism which injures man, his property, or his environment, or which just causes him annoyance. Such organisms include principally certain insects, nematodes, fungi, weeds, birds and rodents, or any other terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life, or virus, bacteria, etc. In agriculture, concern is normally expressed when the damage done to a crop by a specific crop pest or a group of pests causes a loss in yield or quality because this would mean a reduction in profit. When a loss in yield reaches certain proportions, the pest can be designated an economic pest. According to Edward and Heath (1964), the pest status is reached when there is a 5 percent loss in yield in a particular crop. In pest management, the economic appraisal of the pest status and justification of the need to embark on control measures is defined in relation to the following concepts: economic damage, economic injury level and economic threshold. Economic damage can be defined as the amount of injury done to a crop that will justify the cost of artificial control measures. Economic injury level is the lowest pest population density that can cause economic damage, which will vary from crop to crop, season to season, and area to area. For practical purposes, there is an economic threshold defined by Stern et al. (1959) as the pest population density at which control measures should be initiated or started to prevent an ever increasing pest population from...
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...may be not. It was an idea that I played around with a lot in my head. It was back in February of 2009 when I finally made the decision that it was best for me to return to school and obtain a degree. I have been working since I was 16 years of age and with all the jobs and experience that I have under my belt I have never seemed to be fulfilled with any of my pass jobs. I noticed how some of my co workers would get better opportunities within the company before I did simply because they had a degree. I would often wonder if I went back to school and got my degree that could be me but I just could not fathom the thought of sitting in a classroom or just going back to school. I remember working for a company called Orkin Pest Control and anytime they would post management, leadership, or trainer positions I would get so excited at the chance to apply. After being with the company two years I always figured that it would be easy for me to get the job just based off of my experience and performance. After applying for the different positions and never being selected for one I decided to sit down with my manager and find out why I hadn’t gotten selected and if I were doing something wrong. It was then that I found out that although I had the skills and I was performing well it was because the other candidates not only had the...
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...Executive Summary Our topic of research was Enterprise Resource Planning and this was chosen as we felt like it would be easier for the company to allot resources in a better way. The company is relatively small with a workforce of 27 people. The customer base is large and our project was to help Resources generate efficient and quality work with the right amount of people sent out to each site. We suggested how an ERP system could save a lot of time, reduce operational cost & increase profitability. Resources has a large customer base which includes companies like ABB, Arabtec, JLT, Al Futtaim, Mediclinics (14 hospitals), GEMS Group (43 schools), Etihad Catering, Emrill, Al Naboodah, American Embassy, Ireland Embassy, Deyaar, Dubai Mens College, Dubai Real Estate Centre, First Gulf Bank, Kanoo Group, Proclad. We worked on some marketing techniques and suggested few prospects they could look into since they do not use any kind of advertising or promotional techniques. They have been getting their clients through word of mouth and we see a greater chance of growth if they indulge in more advertising. This project includes the suggestions we gave them to improve on all aspects. We introduced them to an ERP system called as Epicor (SaaS) Solutions. We made sure they were informed about the changes it could bring in the company avoiding a lot of paperwork they currently have. The benefits, the reasons as to why they need one were explained in detail and the project...
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...conformation of a mousetrap?" They needed to know that the product was the answer to a cry coming from the marketplace. Trap-Ease mission statement. Trap-ease America believes it has developed a product that fulfills a great need in the mousetrap product arena. We have worked hard to develop a trap that eliminates the need to be "involved" with the trapped subject. The company's aim is to provide a seamless experience in pest control. Our product is made to insure an "out of sight, out of mind" experience for the user. The user is not invested in the caught object as it is with more conventional traps. We believe that our product is great for the individual who wants pest control without seeing the pest. My mission statement: Pests are a fact of life. The fact is , pests invade the dwellings of people more than we like to think. The distaste of the presence of pests in a dwelling is unacceptable. Trap-Ease has made as its goal, the production and sales of pest-control devices that meet the need of sense-disengaging pest control devices. This is the main goal of our enterprise. 2. The target market - The chosen target was not well thought out. It was too general. It did not address actual need which had not been discovered. It could have ben broadened by segmenting it into different sorts of women. She could have broadened it with professionals, students, environmentally concerned invividuals, etc. 3. The product doesn't seem to...
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...GENERAL SERVICES NIST/001 /2015/2016 - supply of fresh meat NIST/002/2015/2016 - supply of fresh bread (block) NIST/003/2015/2016 - supply of fresh milk NIST/004/2015/2016 supply of dry beans, dry maize and Ndengu green-Women & Disability NIST/005/2015/2016 - supply of sugar -Youth NIST/006/2015/2016 - supply of fresh fruits, potatoes and vegetables-Women NIST/007/2015/2016 - Supply of rice, tea leaves, cooking fat, blue band- NIST/008/2015/2016 Supply of maize flour and wheat flour-Women NIST/009/2015/2016 - supply of cleaning material, toiletries, detergents and soaps-Disability NIST/ 010/2015/2016 - supply of sanitary, and fumigation materials (pest control) NIST/011/2015/2016 - Supply of newspaper, journals and magazines-Youth NIST/012/2015/2016 - Supply of IT equipment, computers, laptop, printers, and scanners NIST/013/2015/2016 - Supply of general office stationary & printing services-Youth NIST/014/2015/2016 - Supply of Hardware materials, tools and paints. NIST/015/2015/2016 - Supply of electrical materials, and appliances NIST/016/2015/2016 - Supply of uniforms, protective clothes and equipment NIST/017/2015/2016 - Supply of games and sports equipment NIST/018/2015/2016 - Supply of building materials (sand, stones, hardcore, etc) NIST/019/2015/2016 - Supply of farm inputs (fertilizers, seeds, pesticides, etc)...
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...| Roaches | The Apartment pest | | Timothy Osborne | 12/3/2012 | Roaches and other pest seem to be immune to most pesticides nowadays. In the past few years I have notice that regardless how much you bomb, spray or put out traps they always come back, sometimes with a vengeance. In most communities, mainly apartment complexes, management hire exterminators for preventative measures. But in most cases it’s already too late for that. In recent years there have been studies performed to see why this is and what can be done to fix this ongoing problem. Entomologists by the name of Jules Silverman and Donald N. Bieman conducted an experiment with German cockroaches that were gathered from apartments and a control group of cockroaches that were reared in a lab. Their findings were quite surprising as the insects grown in the lab had no preconceived notion that the poison/bait was dangerous the ones collected from the apartments would touch the bait with their antennas and quickly back off. The evidence gathered showed that the roaches that had been exposed to the different types of poison before were more weary and seemed to not be attracted to the glucose or sugar that had been contaminated by poison. Very few animals avoid glucose (Silverman 1993). This leads me to believe that over time insects and other pest are adapting to the use of pesticides that are normal used in apartments. The developments of other types of pesticides are being created and should be...
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...Corn Integrated Pest Management Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a holistic approach to monitoring pest lifecycles and prevalence in farmer’s fields to determine the best pest control methods to protect crop yield potential in the current and following growing seasons. IPM is a continuum of pest management evaluations, decisions, and controls that encompass pest lifecycles and prevalence, agronomic practices such as crop rotation, seed selection, soil management, and timely use of pesticides to minimize pest damage and protect environmental resources. Red Root Rot a Late Season Disease of Corn * Roots and basal stalk tissue infected with red root rot characteristically have reddish-pink, rotted roots. * Stalks are weakened and susceptible to lodging. * Premature plant death is common and can occur quickly and yield losses can be as high as 15-20%. * Genetic resistance to red root rot is uncommon and breeding for disease resistance is difficult. Management Management options are limited. Crop rotation with a non-host such as soybean can provide some control.1 Genetic resistance has been difficult to incorporate into corn products, although the rate of disease development varies greatly between corn products. Research on inheritance of disease resistance indicates that it is a polygenic trait with additive gene action, which has complicated breeding efforts.1 Environmental stress during the season may contribute to disease infection and severity...
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...summaries and information provided by manufacturers. Minor differences between various formulations of the same or similar active ingredients are detailed so that the competency of each product may be compared. The old days of smothering everything with one pesticide such as waste oil are gone, and mosquito control is rapidly approaching an age of prescription applications where a competent operator will apply one or a combination of larvicides in an environmentally friendly manner under a given set of conditions. Commercial pesticide sections summarize data found in manufacturers’ current product literature and labels. Two of many additional sources of information on mosquito larvicides are: • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/PESTICIDES/HEALTH/MOSQUITOES/LARVICIDES4MOSQUITOES.HTM • Alameda County, California Mosquito Control HTTP://WWW.MOSQUITOES.ORG/BIORAT.HTML The University of Florida published a handbook (Dean and Nesheim 1998) on correct pesticide applications which covers in depth many topics presented here. 5.1 INTRODUCTION Larviciding is a general term for killing immature mosquitoes by applying agents, collectively called larvicides, to control mosquito larvae and/or pupae. Larval Source Management (LSM) involves both the modification of water habitats, often referred to as Source Reduction...
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...http://www.planetnatural.com/pest-problem-solver/houseplant-pests/whitefly-control/ DescriptionCommon on houseplants and in greenhouses, the whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) is a sap-sucking insect that is often found in thick crowds on the undersides of leaves. When infested plants are disturbed, great clouds of the winged adults fly into the air. Both nymphs and adults damage plants by sucking the juices from new growth causing stunted growth, leaf yellowing and reduced yields. Plants become weak and susceptible to disease. Like aphids, whiteflies secrete honeydew, so leaves maybe sticky or covered with a black sooty mold. They are also responsible for transmitting several plant viruses. In southern and coastal states whiteflies are found year-round in outdoor gardens. In northern areas year-round infestations are possible only indoors. Host plants include more than 250 ornamental and vegetable plants. Citrus, squash, poinsettia, potato, cucumber, grape, tomato and hibiscus are commonly infested. Adults (1/16 inch long) are moth-like insects with powdery white wings and short antenna. They are easily recognized and often found near the tops of plants or on stem ends. Wingless nymphs are flattened, oval and almost scale-like in appearance. After the first instar, or crawler stage, they settle down and attach themselves to the underside of leaves and begin feeding. Life CycleYoung nymphs overwinter on the leaves of host plants. In late spring adult females deposit 200-400...
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... Firstly, the researcher would like to thank God for granting her wisdom and understanding needed to complete this project. Secondly, t he researcher would like to thank her parents for their encouragements while carrying out this S.B.A. Thirdly, the researcher would like to thank her subject teacher for guiding her through this project. INTRODUCTION This S.B.A. is based on pests that affect rice crop production and methods in which they can be controlled. TITLE To investigate the effects of pests on agricultural crop RESEARCH QUESTION Rice (orizasativa) is locally grown on large scale. It is a high yielding crop and produces a lot without being affected by pest if affected by pest, the productivity level decreases....
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...Agricultural ecosystems are made up of largely domesticated animals and plants to be used as food for mankind. There are considerable losses of energy at each trophic level of a food chain and since humans are often at the third or fourth trophic level, the energy we receive is only a small proportion available from the sun at the start of the food chain. Agriculture tries to ensure that as much of the available energy from the sun is transferred to human by increasing the productivity of a food chain. Productivity is defined as: the rate at which something is produced e.g. Plants are called producers because they produce chemical energy. The rate at which plants assimilate this chemical energy is called gross productivity. Gross productivity is measured for a given area during a given period of time, usually in kJm-2 year-1. Typically around 20% of this chemical energy is used by the plant for respiration. The remainder is known as net productivity which is available to the primary consumer in the food chain Net productivity: Net productivity = Gross productivity - Respiratory losses. There are two main factors affecting net productivity: - Efficiency of the crop carrying out photosynthesis: efficiency is improved if all the necessary conditions are supplied and there are no limiting factors. - Area of ground covered by leaves of the crop. In a natural ecosystem, productivity is relatively low as there is only solar energy and no additional energy input whereas...
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...Evaluation of Various Botanical Insecticides to Control Insect Pests of Pechay ( Brassica chinensis ) Introduction : Many plants and minerals have insecticidal properties which are toxic to insects. Botanical insecticides are naturally occurring chemicals (insect toxins) extracted or derived from plants or animals. They also called natural insecticides.http://landscapeipm.tamu.edu/types-of-pest-control/chemical-control/organic/botanical/ As a response to such health concerns, the use of botanical pesticides is now fast gaining wider acceptance among farmers.Eric Vinje of Planet Natural wrote that natural pest controls like the botanicals are safer to the user and the environment because they break down into harmless compounds within hours or days in the presence of sunlight. According to Gaby Stoll a german agrobiologist and author of Natural Crop Protection that botanical pesticides is one answer to the pest problem in developing countries, He also says the move from chemical to botanical pesticides is, an important step in the search for a balanced, self-regulating agricultural system.”http://www.gaiadiscovery.com/agriculture-industry/organic-botanical-pesticides-cheaper-effective-pest-control.html Botanical insecticides are derived from plants which have been shown to have insecticidal properties. Natural pest controls like the botanicals are safer to the user and the environment because they break down into...
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...economy and contributes 18% to the GDP. Ensuring food security for more than 1.27 billions Indian populations with diminishing cultivable land resource is a herculean task. In the process of achieving the target pesticides play an important role in Indian agriculture. Pesticides, the agrochemicals, are one of the invaluable inputs in sustaining the agricultural production as substantial food production is lost due to insect pests, plant pathogens, weeds etc. However since the green revolution (1966) has been started in India, the application of these chemicals increased more than hundred times and causing tremendous loss to environment and human health. Internationally big effort is made to safe use of chemicals which are reflected in which identified the elements for the sound management of the chemicals. In India Nearly 65% of the workforce derives livelihood from agriculture and are therefore exposed to chemical pesticides (Asian Monitor Resource Centre). The rampant use of pesticides has played havoc with living beings and the environment as these chemicals persist and seep in environment for a long time because of more water solubility, tendency to adsorb to the soil (soil adsorption) and more half-life that is tendency to persistence in the environment. The term pesticide covers a wide range of compounds including insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, molluscicides, nematicides, plant growth regulators and others. Among these, organochlorine (OC) insecticides...
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