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Determinación de la carga de un electrón por electrólisis

Químicos: * Solución de sulfato de cobre * Acetona * Ácido sulfúrico * Ácido sulfúrico diluido.

Químicos: * Solución de sulfato de cobre * Acetona * Ácido sulfúrico * Ácido sulfúrico diluido.

Objetivo: Determinar la carga de un electrón.
Equipo:
* Cubeta de electrólisis con armadura para conexión * Electrodos de cobre * Transformador * Conectores * Amperímetro * Cronómetro * Balanza electrónica * Probeta de 100 ml.
Diagrama:

Procedimiento:
Se limpiaron los electrodos con lija, se sumergieron en ácido sulfúrico y una vez secos, se midió la masa de cada uno. Se armó el equipo como en el diagrama 1. Se agregaron 200 ml de solución de sulfato de cobre. Se conectó la fuente de energía durante 5 minutos y se midió la corriente cada 15 segundos, intentando mantenerla constante. Se enjuagaron los electrodos, primero con agua destilada y posteriormente con acetona. Se dejó secar por unos minutos y luego se volvió a medir la masa. Se repitió el proceso 2 veces más. Se calculó la corriente promedio que ha fluido por el circuito en los tres casos. Se calculó la carga eléctrica que ha pasado por el circuito, los mol de iones de cobre formados o reducidos, mol de electrones transferidos y por consiguiente la carga de cada electrón.

Resultados: Tiempo en segundos (±1 s) | Corriente en A (± 0.05 A) | Masa inicial de Cu en g (±0.001 g) | Masa final de Cu en g (±0.001 g) | | | Cátodo | Ánodo | Cátodo | Ánodo | 15 | 0.90 | 3.321 | 13.382 | 3.350 | 13.377 | 30 | 0.90 | | | | | 45 | 0.90 | | | | | 60 | 0.90 | | | | | 75 | 0.90 | | | | | 90 | 0.90 | | | | | 105 | 0.90 | | | | | 120 | 0.90 | | | | | 135 | 0.90 | | | | | 150 | 0.90 | | | | | 165 | 0.90 | | | | | 180 | 0.90 | | | | | 195 | 0.90 | | | | | 210 | 0.90 | | | | | 225 | 0.90 | | | | | 240 | 0.90 | | | | | 255 | 0.90 | | | | | 270 | 0.90 | | | | | 285 | 0.90 | | | | | 300 | 0.90 | | | | |
Tabla 1: Datos crudos obtenidos en la primera repetición del experimento

Tiempo en segundos (±1 s) | Corriente en A (± 0.05 A) | Masa inicial de Cu en g (±0.001 g) | Masa final de Cu en g (±0.001 g) | | | Cátodo | Ánodo | Cátodo | Ánodo | 15 | 0.90 | 3.382 | 13.280 | 3.645 | 13.232 | 30 | 0.90 | | | | | 45 | 0.90 | | | | | 60 | 0.90 | | | | | 75 | 0.90 | | | | | 90 | 0.90 | | | | | 105 | 0.90 | | | | | 120 | 0.95 | | | | | 135 | 0.95 | | | | | 150 | 0.95 | | | | | 165 | 0.95 | | | | | 180 | 0.95 | | | | | 195 | 0.95 | | | | | 210 | 0.95 | | | | | 225 | 0.95 | | | | | 240 | 1.00 | | | | | 255 | 1.00 | | | | | 270 | 1.00 | | | | | 285 | 1.00 | | | | | 300 | 1.00 | | | | |
Tabla 2: Datos crudos obtenidos en la segunda repetición del experimento

Tiempo en segundos (±1 s) | Corriente en A (± 0.05 A) | Masa inicial de Cu en g (±0.001 g) | Masa final de Cu en g (±0.001 g) | | | Cátodo | Ánodo | Cátodo | Ánodo | 15 | 1.00 | 3.645 | 13.232 | 3.651 | 13.132 | 30 | 1.00 | | | | | 45 | 1.00 | | | | | 60 | 1.00 | | | | | 75 | 1.00 | | | | | 90 | 1.00 | | | | | 105 | 1.00 | | | | | 120 | 1.00 | | | | | 135 | 1.00 | | | | | 150 | 1.00 | | | | | 165 | 1.00 | | | | | 180 | 1.00 | | | | | 195 | 1.00 | | | | | 210 | 1.00 | | | | | 225 | 1.00 | | | | | 240 | 1.00 | | | | | 255 | 1.00 | | | | | 270 | 1.00 | | | | | 285 | 1.00 | | | | | 300 | 1.00 | | | | |
Tabla 3: Datos crudos obtenidos en la tercera repetición del experimento

Observaciones cualitativas: Los electrodos de cobre eran de un tono café oscuro con una capa de óxido que no se lograba quitar por más que se lijara. En el cátodo se llegó a recubrir por una delgada capa de óxido. El óxido de la capa que se formó en el cátodo no estaba muy fijada al electrodo y se caía en la solución al mover el electrodo, o se pegaba en la servilleta. El vinagre despedía su típico olor y era de un tono amarillento. El sulfato de cobre pentahidratado tenía una tonalidad azul intensa.
Para poder continuar se deben trabajar los datos crudos. Primero se calculará la diferencia de masa que ocurrió en el cátodo y ánodo de cada una de las tres pruebas. Luego se procederá a calcular el promedio de corriente fluida en las tres pruebas. Finalmente se obtendrá la carga eléctrica que fluyó por el circuito, los moles de iones reducidos/formados, el mol de los electrones transferidos y por consiguiente la carga de cada electrón.

Prueba | Diferencia de la masa de Cu en gramos (± 0.002 g) | Promedio de corriente fluida en A (± 0.05 A) | | Cátodo | Ánodo | | #1 | 0.029 | 0.005 | 0.90 | #2 | 0.263 | 0.048 | 0.95 | #3 | 0.006 | 0.100 | 1.00 | Promedio | 0.099 | 0.051 | 0.95 |
Tabla 4: datos calculados en base a los datos crudos Ahora se procederá al cálculo de la carga del electrón. Para eso se utilizará la siguiente fórmula: e-=I×tz×NAV×n Donde:
NAV=6.02×1023mol z= 2 t= 300 s ±1 s I= 0.95 A (± 0.05 A)
Cu2++2e-→Cu Cu→Cu2++2e-
Pero primero se deben calcular los moles de cobre en el cátodo y en el ánodo: cátodo n=0.099g Cu ±2.0%×1 mol Cu63.55 g Cu=1.6×10-3 mol (±2.0%) ánodo n=0.051g Cu ±3.9%×1 mol Cu63.55 g Cu=8.0×10-4 mol (±3.9%)
Ahora al cálculo de la carga del electrón: * Según el valor n del cátodo: e-=0.95 A ±5.3%×300 s (±0.333%)2×(6.02×1023mol)×(1.6×10-3 mol ±2.0%) e-=1.5×10-19 C (±7.6%) * Según el valor n del ánodo: e-=0.95 A ±5.3%×300 s (±0.333%)2×(6.02×1023mol)×(8.0×10-4 mol (±3.9%)) e-=3.0×10-19 C (±9.5%)

Conclusión:
El objetivo de este trabajo era determinar la carga elemental mediante la electrólisis. Como se puede ver, el objetivo fue alcanzado. Se obtuvieron dos valores para la carga elemental. El valor teórico de la carga elemental es el siguiente: e- = 1.6 * 10-19 C.
A continuación se presentará un cálculo del porcentaje de error para ambos valores obtenidos
% error= valor teórico-valor experimentalvalor teórico×100%

% error 1= (1.6 × 10-19 C)-(1.5×10-19 C (±7.6%))(1.6 × 10-19 C)×100%
% error 1=6.3%±7.6%
% error 2= (1.6 × 10-19 C)-(3.0×10-19 C (±9.5%))(1.6 × 10-19 C)×100%
% error 2=88%±9.5%
Se puede ver claramente que el valor experimental del cátodo se acerca más al valor teórico de la carga elemental que el valor experimental del ánodo. Los porcentajes de error muestran que en este experimento hubo una propagación de errores del tipo sistemático, ya que son mayores a los porcentajes de error instrumentales. De entre los errores presentes se pueden mencionar los siguientes:
La inestabilidad de la intensidad de la corriente eléctrica que fluía hasta el transformador. Para obtener una lectura correcta en el amperímetro se debía contar con ciertas condiciones adecuadas, una de esas era que no hubiera fluctuaciones por parte de la corriente eléctrica que llegaba al transformador. Una corriente eléctrica cuya intensidad se hubiera mantenido constante en las tres repeticiones habría dado datos más fiables. Yo no sé mucho acerca del área de la electricidad y las corrientes eléctricas, así que mi única sugerencia es contactar a la proveedora de energía eléctrica y pedirles que mantengan un suministro constante y estable. Otro error fue que parte de la capa de óxido formada en el cátodo quedaba en la servilleta a la hora de secar los electrodos. Esto tenía como consecuencia un dato de masa incorrecto con el cual se llevaba a cabo la siguiente prueba. Esto llevó a una propagación de errores desde la primera prueba. En mi opinión, los electrodos deberían ser sujetados por unas pinzas y dejarlos colgando en algún lugar a temperatura ambiental secando. Otro error relacionado a esto es la pérdida de parte de esa capa de óxido a la hora de remover los electrodos de la cubeta de electrólisis. Esto se debió a la anchura de los electrodos y la estrechez de la cubeta de electrólisis: siempre que se querían remover los electrodos, estos entraban en contacto con las paredes de la cubeta. La solución a esto es usar electrodos más estrechos o una cubeta más ancha, y ser más cuidadoso a la hora de removerlos de la cubeta. Un error en el experimento vino de la lectura del amperímetro. Hubo ciertas medidas que no se supo como leer, al igual que hubo momentos en los que no se sabía si se había puesto la medida correcta en el amperímetro. Lo mejor es aclarar todas las dudas acerca del uso correcto del con la maestra al principio. Un error muy grande tiene relación con el transformador. En los transformadores había una perilla que determinaba algo (porque sigo sin saber muy bien qué es) con respecto a la intensidad de la corriente que fluía hacia la cubeta. Se supone que la perilla debía estar en el mismo en los dos transformadores, pero hubo uno que lo tuvo del otro lado durante todo el experimento. No se sabe con certeza cuales son las consecuencias de este error o su magnitud, pero se sabe que se debe evitar a toda costa. Por eso es que hay que revisar desde un principio que todo lo que se utilizará en el experimento esté calibrado y ajustado de la manera en la cual se indique.

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Ch 220c

...CH 220C ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY Spring, 2015 Section Page 1. General Information 2 2. Safety Information 2 3. Attendance 3 Make-Up Policy 3 4. Laboratory Protocol 3 Assigned Reading 3 Pre-Lab Quizzes 3 Lab Notebook 5 Chemicals 5 Due Dates for Reports 5 5. Orientation 5 In-Lab Information 5 Library Information 5 6. Check-In 6 7. Grading Procedure 6 8. Policy on Cheating 7 9. TA Office Hours 8 10. Faculty Course CoordinatorS 8 11. Course Web Page 8 12. Hints to Minimize Frustration IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 8 13. Work Schedule 10 Lab Report Due Date Schedule 10 Experiments 10 14. Supplements 17 A. Extraction of Unknown 17 B. Recrystallization of Unknown Products 18 C. Methyl Benzoate 19 D. Synthesis of Luminol 20 E. Azo Violet 23 1. GENERAL INFORMATION PRE- and CO-REQUISITES Pre- and co-requisites for CH 220C listed in the Course Schedule. Important: Because the lecture and laboratory courses are co-requisites of each other, dropping one of them requires that you drop the other as well, unless the drop occurs during ...

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