...Department of Justice Ministère de la Justice Canada Canada WORKING DOCUMENT THE EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN A Selected Literature Review Research and Statistics Division October 1997 WD1998-2e UNEDITED Research and Statistics Division/ Division de la recherche et de la statistique Policy Sector/ Secteur des politiques WORKING DOCUMENT THE EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN A Selected Literature Review Research and Statistics Division October 1997 WD1998-2e UNEDITED The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice Canada. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 2.0 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH .............................................................. 3 3.0 FACTORS AFFECTING CHILDREN’S POSTDIVORCE ADJUSTMENT ................. 6 3.1 Child Characteristics............................................................................ 6 3.1.1 Gender ................................................................................. 6 3.1.2 Age at Divorce ....................................................................... 8 3.2 Family Characteristics.......................................................................... 9 3.2.1 Socio-economic Status .............................................................. 9 3.2.2 Ethno-cultural Background...................................................
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...Custody of Minor Children after Divorce in the State of Vermont Abstract Conflict may seem never ending when two people decide they can no longer live together and want to separate. Children can often be the last ones thought about when a couple is going through a divorce, however, they play a key role in the issues surrounding the divorce and what will happen to them as part of this procedure. The court is ultimately responsible for making sure the children’s best interest is reflected when deciding what happens to them after a divorce. Parents play a key role in this decision making, though if conflict between the parents causes them to fight and not be able to come to an affable arrangement, then the courts must decide for them. This paper explains what the court expects from parents, surrounding divorce and custody issues, how they can best resolve those conflicts, and why it is best to solve those issues in the interest of the children. Keywords: Custody, physical custody, legal custody, temporary custody, joint custody, alternative dispute resolution, child custody mediation, collaborative law, parenting plan, child support, child custody evaluation, visitation, parental rights and responsibilities, temporary order, final order. Custody of Minor Children after Divorce in the State of Vermont When parents decide they no longer want to live together, they separate and if married, usually divorce. There can be many reasons for this, however, they all stem from...
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...Challenges Single Moms Face Liberty University Abstract The purpose of this paper is to inform our society of the significant challenges single mom face. Raising children in this era is a very difficult task for couples and it brings greater challenges when is done by a single parent. This paper explores the emotional, psychological and financial aspect of raising children as a single mom as well as the main reasons why. It will review the causes and consequences in which it affects children, parents and entire families. There is data that has been collected where it indicates the reasons why there has been an increase and the impact that it has on children and adolescents. There are ways single moms overcome challenges. II. Introduction to Challenges Single Mom Face According to DeBell( 2008), about half of American children will spend part of their childhood in a single- parent family. DeBell stated that the absence of a father in a child’s home, the most consequential trend of our time, leads to social disaster(Pg. 427). Goldenberg (2008), states that a dysfunctional family, by definition, has failed to fulfill its purpose of nurturing the growth of its members. Single-parent families are more common in today’s society and are...
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...RUNNING HEADER: SOCIAL HISTORY OF CHILD SUPPORT Abstract A key component of welfare reform involves changes in the assumptions about human behavior which are embedded in social policies. Policy assumptions have been transformed from forcing a belief that social service providers act as guardians, to a stance in which all participants are regarded as self-seeking cons. These ideas are particularly pertinent to policy developments concerning financial obligations for children, and this paper examines these issues in relation to child support policy in the US. It highlights the evident and inevitable failure of this policy to meet its primary stated aim of revenue generation. In the US this failure is compounded by the creation of parallel systems for dealing with children and families, one for financial obligations and the other for care and development, which are founded on downward opposed assumptions about human behavior and capabilities. Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………...4 Social Policy History……………………………………………………….4-6 Research History…………………………………………………………...7-9 Child Support Becomes the Law…………………………………………..10 Child Support Law & It’s Effects…………………………………………11-13 Social Effects: Parents, Children & Child Support………………………..14-15 Child Support System Changes….…………………………………………15-16 Child Support System Remedies….………………………………………..17 Child Supports Outcome on Communities/Government/Family……………17-18 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...
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...How Divorce Impacts Children Under the Age of 18 F. Jeanpierre Psychology Abstract In this research you will see how divorce impacts children under the age of 18. The effects are not universal. Divorce affects children differently based on their age, personality and sexuality. Divorce affects children both mentally and physically. In this research, you will see how divorce can impact children immediately as well as post divorce. I will start with infants, preschool age children, school-aged and then adolescents. Then you will see how divorce affects children spiritually. Furthermore, you will see how the affect of divorce varies based on the child's gender. Finally, in this research paper, you will see ways to help a child adjust after divorce. Infants The first age group is infants. Not too much is known on the affects of divorce for children under the age of 3. Some have speculated that children under the age of 3 does not always suffer from their parents divorced. Thus, sociologist and psychologist agreed that problems in personality can developed if the child had a strong bond between the parents and those bonds are broken due to the divorce. Professionals highly encourage parents to make arrangements so the potential, full affect of the divorce won’t impact the child as much. The conflict of divorce may not be understood by infants, but they can react to changes in the parent’s level of energy and involvement. Infants can lose their appetite, have an upset...
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...The Working Agreement Kathi Chambliss Course/322 August 1,2011 Connie Giles The working agreement has four parts, the assessment, goal setting, contacting, and evaluation. Not only will this paper explain each of these parts it will also apply them to a hypothetical situation known as Freydia. Even though Freydia is a 27, year that has been hooked on crack cocaine for 4 years, her children have been taken from her by Child Protective Services and placed in her mother’s custody, she is in a drug program and wants to get her children back. The purpose of the assessment is to answer some basic questions. Why was Freydia referred and why is she presented for help. In this case Freydia needs help with her drug addiction. This will also answer the “who” part of the question. Next one has to decide what information needs to be gathered from Freydia. How should this information be gathered and what methods would be used to gather the information. Where should the assessment take place, and when will the contract and the plan begin? The family is also assessed to determine how the unit as a whole functions. In the case of Freydia, knowing the family structures will be important because her two children will be placed in her mother’s care. There are many principles regarding a good assessment. First one should consider the relationship between the client and the clinician starts at the first meeting however things change as the relationship continues. Next the clinician...
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...One of the most comprehensive surveys of abuse in foster care was conducted in conjunction with a Baltimore lawsuit. Trudy Festinger, head of the Department of Research at the New York University School of Social Work, determined that over 28 per cent of the children in state care had been abused while in the system. Reviewed cases depicted "a pattern of physical, sexual and emotional abuses" inflicted upon children in the custody of the Baltimore Department. Cases reviewed as the trial progressed revealed children who had suffered continuous sexual and physical abuse or neglect in foster homes known to be inadequate by the Department. Cases included that of sexual abuse of young girls by their foster fathers, and that of a young girl who contracted gonorrhea of the throat as a result of sexual abuse in an unlicenced foster home.[1] In Louisiana, a study conducted in conjunction with a civil suit found that 21 percent of abuse or neglect cases involved foster homes.[2] In another Louisiana case, one in which thousands of pages of evidence were reviewed, and extensive testimony and depositions were taken, it was discovered that hundreds of foster children had been shipped out of the state to Texas. Stephen Berzon of the Children's Defense Fund explained the shocking findings of the court before a Congressional subcommitte, saying: "children were physically abused, handcuffed, beaten, chained, and tied up, kept in cages, and overdrugged with psychotropic medication for institutional...
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...healthy babies available for adoption, going outside the country for a child is a desirable option. It is also desirable from the perspective of the child, who usually comes from a country with more available children than potential adoptive parents. Right away, these seem to be two very compelling reasons to support the idea of inter-country adoption, and work toward its best model. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of inter-country adoption using India as a case study. The paper will give a brief background of ICA and the main problems it both addresses and raises, then look at the case of India in particular, and, finally, provide some directions for policy and further research. Background on ICA ICA began in earnest as a response by North American countries to the post-WWII devastation. At that point, it was a humanitarian reaction to the needs of the newly-orphaned children in Europe. Since that time, ICA has shifted its focus to become a means for individuals in the developed world to have children. In most Western nations, the number of healthy infants available for adoption has been steadily decreasing, due to a number of social and economic factors including widespread use of birth control, an increased number of abortions, and more options available to unwed mothers who want to keep their children. Because of this, ICA is on an upward trend. Who Benefits? This paper approaches ICA with the belief that it is a beneficial and essential practice...
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...Saint Gabriel Academy Araneta Avenue Corner Road, Caloocan City Highschool Department “Fourth Year students’ performance in relation to their family issues” In partial fulfilment of the requirements in English IV Submitted to: Ms. Jhazmyn Reyes English Teacher Submitted by: VIRAY, Patricia Rose A. IV – Saint Augustine February 21, 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deepest gratitude for the fourth year students who serve as the respondent of my surveying to fulfil this study. Despite their busy schedule, they manage to answer my questionnaire properly and relevantly. Because of them, I can think of more realization with the help of their own personal opinion and experiences. Also with their help my study would be relevant because it is based on their real-life experiences. I would also like to thank Ms. Jhazmyn Reyes, my English teacher, for making me do this study because of this experience doing a thesis, it would be a big help for me when I get to college and do another thesis a my requirement. Thank you, for the time you spend to teach me how I will do this step-by-step and for the patience and effort you have exerted every time I will ask questions. To my family, for supporting me in everything I do as long it is in favour of the Almighty God, for being my strength and inspiration, and for teaching me what is wrong from right. God blessed me with a good family so I can be a good person and be a responsible steward of God. ABSTRACT ...
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...CAREER GUIDE TO THE LEGAL PROFESSION INDEX Page 1 THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE IN SOUTH AFRICA.......................2 2 THE LEGAL PROFESSION ...............................................................................5 3 THE ATTORNEYS’ PROFESSION...................................................................7 4 ADMISSION OF ATTORNEYS / SOLICITORS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES ...........................................................................15 5 THE ADVOCATES' PROFESSION .................................................................19 6 THE LEGAL ADVISER ....................................................................................21 7 CAREERS OFFERED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE ...................22 8. ANNEXURE ‘A’ ................................................................................................29 1. THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE IN SOUTH AFRICA The legal administration, i.e. those persons and institutions involved in the application and execution of the law and the judgments of the Court, is no less essential to the administration of justice than is the law, and is as much part of our legal heritage as the law itself.1 The legal administration in South Africa is comprised of: 1.1. The Courts: i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) ix) x) xi) xii) xiii) xiv) Constitutional Court; Supreme Court of Appeal; High Court; Labour Appeal Court; Labour Court; Land Claims Court; Special...
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...The Impact of Foster Care on Child Development Demeka F. Gaddy Liberty University Abstract The foster care system was designed to provide a safe temporary placement for children who can no longer stay in the care of their parents or guardian. The overall goal of foster care is for the children to return home to their caregiver. If the caregiver fails to regain custody the child is placed in other living arrangements, to include foster homes. However there is a controversy over the effectiveness of the foster care system in regards to child development. Foster care has been linked to negative impacts in child development to include; physical and sexual abuse, attachment disorders, and behavioral problems that eventually lead to children being placed in multiple placements and in some cases the juvenile justice system,. Children who are in foster care are a vulnerable group due to the being removed from their home, in some cases abruptly. It has been proven that the longer children living in foster care are subject to negative development more than children who do not live in foster care. Based on these factors the foster care system needs to focus more on the needs of the child so that positive development can occur. Keywords: child welfare, abuse, child development The Negative Impacts of Foster Care on Child Development The foster care system was designed to provide a safety net for children and families and to reunite children with their biological parents if possible...
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...No. 581) TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Objectives 2 1.2. Research Methodology 2 1.3. Hypothesis 2 1.4. Definitions 3 1.4.1. Police 3 1.4.2. Torture 4 CHAPTER 2: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 6 CHAPTER 3: CUSTODIAL TORTURE AND RELATED DIMENSIONS 10 3.1. Categories 10 3.1.1. Physical torture 10 3.1.2. Custodial Death 12 3.1.3. Custodial Rape 13 3.2. Causes 14 3.2.1. Structural 14 3.2.2. Other Causes 15 3.3. Consequences 16 3.3.1. Physical Consequences 16 3.3.2. Psychological Consequences 16 3.3.3. Economic Consequences 16 3.3.4. Social Consequences 16 CHAPTER 4: LEGISLATIVE PROVISIONS 17 4.1. The Constitution of India, 1950 17 4.2. The Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 18 4.3. Indian Evidence Act, 1872 19 4.4. Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 20 4.4.1. The National Human Rights Commission 20 CHAPTER 5: JUDICIAL PRONOUNCEMENTS 22 5.1. Monetary Compensation and Judicial Response 25 5.2. Judgements Awarding Compensation 27 5.3. Judgments Awarding Punishment 28 CHAPTER 6: INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION AGAINST TORTURE 29 6.1. Major International Conventions / Instruments on Torture 30 6.1.1. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1986 30 6.1.2. The Torture Convention, 1984 30 6.1.3. The Optional Protocol 31 6.1.4. The Committee against Torture 32 6.1.5. The Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1987 32 6.1.6. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, 1993 33 6...
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...RESEARCH PAPER “Freedom from Arbitrary Detention is a Fundamental Human Right” WHAT IS DETENTION? Detention is the process when a state, government or citizen lawfully holds a person by removing their freedom of liberty at that time. This can be due to (pending) criminal charges being raised against the individual as part of a prosecution or to protect a person or property. Being detained does not always result in being taken to a particular area (generally called a detention centre), either for interrogation, or as punishment for a crime (prison) The term can also be used in reference to the holding of property, for the same reasons. The process of detainment may or may not have been preceded or followed with an arrest. The prisoners in Guantánamo Bay are for example referred to as "detainees". Detainee is a term used by certain governments and their military to refer to individuals held in custody, such as those it does not classify and treat as either prisoners of war or suspects in criminal cases. It is used to refer to "any person captured or otherwise detained by an armed force."[1] More generally, it is "someone held in custody."[2] Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that, "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile." In wars between nations, detainees are referenced in the Fourth Geneva Convention. ------------------------------------------------- Indefinite Detention: -------------------------------------------------...
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...“The normative assumptions about families that are embedded in family policy have contributed to the production of policy that fails to adequately address some problematic areas of family life.” Discuss. This assignment will discuss how legislation has developed historically and culminated in the family policies of present day and how they have impacted upon some of the problematic areas of family life, namely domestic violence and child abuse. Within the assignment the discursive formation of the ‘ideal’ family will be discussed and how from the late 18th and early 19th centuries these constructions continue to inform and influence family policies. Prior to the 18th century families existed but there was no essential family. The family was under the control of ‘paterfamilias’, meaning father of the family. In the 19th century the concept of the ‘family took on a new meaning, a reflection of rapid industrialization and urbanisation. The family came to signify ‘blood ties’ rather than ‘household’ (Hall, 2001, p. 11). Histographies of the late 18th and early 19th centuries have focused on the development of two distinct social classes. The upper / middle classes and the working classes. Britain had become a nation state comprising of ‘two nations’, rich and poor (Mooney, 2001, pp. 54-55). The language of class described what was new and different about 19th century British society. This language also illustrated the dominant discourse of ‘separate spheres’. Men...
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...PREFACE A separation is a difficult time for both parents. But through the eyes of a child is not only difficult but traumatic and confusing. Anyone of us don’t want to be a victim of this situation, because it has a terrible effect The paper is future-focused; it will apply a social analytical perspective to the issues, and a focus on children’s needs and paternal / parental responsibilities to these needs. The research defined the point of physical parental separation, different effects to the children, the reason why they are affected, and access-related problems like dangers on their part which represent not only legal challenges, but also a “bio-psycho-social-spiritual” affliction for those who suffer the consequences. So, I invite everybody to read this research which can benefit in one way or another to the reader. I would also like to thank the people who inspire me to do this research namely: my classmates, friends, my beloved parents and family and teachers. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………… 1 II. EFFECTS OF SEPARATION …………………………………………… 1 Psychological Problems…………………………………………… 1 B. Myths about Problems…………………………………………… 2 C. Effects of Relocation ……………………………………………… 2 III. WHY CHILDREN ARE IMPACTED BY SEPARATION……………… 8 • Fear of Change…………………………………………………… 8 • Fear of Being Abandoned………………………………………… 8 • Losing Attachment. ………………………………………………...
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