...LITERATURE REVIEW Every child must be protected against all forms of exploitation, indecent or degrading treatment, including child labour, abduction and sale (UNICEF 2000). According to UNICEF, exploiting the labour of a child means employing a person below the age of 15 years and paying him/her less than the minimum standard wage. Olafsen, Corwin and Summit (1993) have argued that cycles of awareness followed by suppression have typified society's response to child sexual abuse. Arguably, this has been society's response to all forms of child abuse and neglect of children they also expressed that mass media education and prevention campaigns present one means of breaking cycles of suppression and denial. The media have played a key role in periodically placing the issue of child abuse on the public agenda The International Labour Organization estimates there are 246 million working children aged between five and seventeen worldwide(Anti-slavery International 2002). At least 179million are estimated to work in the worst form of child labour – one out of the world’s five to seventeen years old. According to the ILO (2006),111 million children under 15 are in hazardous work and should be immediately withdrawn from this work. ILO (1996:12) states that approximately130,000 children work in India’s hand-knotted carpet industry, 80% of whom are located in Uttar Pradesh, the country’s most populous state (over140 million people) and the centre of the rug industry. ILO described...
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...Instead of being fostered and nurtured, they were often taunted and made to feel shame for being a Home Boy or Home Girl. This shame caused many, probably most Home Children to remain silent about their backgrounds their entire lives. Because of this, most Canadians have not even heard of Home Children, yet more than ten percent of Canadians today have Home Children in their family genealogical line. In 1874, there were rumors that children were being treated badly in Canada. So Britain sent an inspector, Andrew Doyle, to investigate the situation. Andrew Doyle did not support the program, even though he praised the staff who worked on the program. He said that the parents were generally honest, but they were indeed hard taskmasters and the children were overworked. As a result of the investigation, some changes were made to the program. But his...
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...Child sweatshop shame threatens Gap's ethical image An Observer investigation into children making clothes has shocked the retail giant and may cause it to withdraw apparel ordered for Christmas • The Observer, Sunday 28 October 2007 A Gap worker straightens up clothing. Photograph: Paul Sakuma/AP Amitosh concentrates as he pulls the loops of thread through tiny plastic beads and sequins on the toddler's blouse he is making. Dripping with sweat, his hair is thinly coated in dust. In Hindi his name means 'happiness'. The hand-embroidered garment on which his tiny needle is working bears the distinctive logo of international fashion chain Gap. Amitosh is 10. The hardships that blight his young life, exposed by an undercover Observer investigation in the back streets of New Delhi, reveal a tragic consequence of the West's demand for cheap clothing. It exposes how, despite Gap's rigorous social audit systems launched in 2004 to weed out child labour in its production processes, the system is being abused by unscrupulous subcontractors. The result is that children, in this case working in conditions close to slavery, appear to still be making some of its clothes. Gap's own policy is that if it discovers children being used by contractors to make its clothes that contractor must remove the child from the workplace, provide it with access to schooling and a wage, and guarantee the opportunity of work on reaching a legal working age. It is a policy to stop the abuse of children...
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...Child Labour, unsolvable? The International Labour Organisation (ILO) defines “Child Labour” as “work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development”. It refers to work that is physically, morally and mentally dangerous for a child to engage in while also often depriving them of some of their basic human rights such as a right to an education. The types of work children are engaging in varies, from children working on a family farm or in the home to situations involving children working in hazardous environments such as manufacturing plants in Asia or mining and quarrying operations in Brazil and Colombia. However there is also a darker side to the child labour problem where many children are forced to engage in activities such as armed conflict, drug trafficking, prostitution and even slavery. It is important to note that child labour is not a thing of the past. It is still a huge problem worldwide. The ILO estimated that in the year 2000 there were as many as 246 million children worldwide engaged in some form of child labour with almost three quarters of these children engaged in the worst forms of child labour such as trafficking and prostitution. As of the year 2012 the worldwide figure has since fallen to approximately 168 million, a huge decrease in the number of children engaged in child labour. Most of these children live within the South East Asia and Pacific region where many children...
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...1.0 Introduction Globalization is usually defined as an ongoing operation where social, economic, political has been combined and there are mutual reliant between people, firms and governments globally. It compels businesses to adapt several of strategies according to new ideological trends that try to balance rights and interests of both individual and community as a whole. Also, globalization has increased the risk of new entrants influencing the consumer but has also increased the market for the domestic companies. When we talk about globalization, there are always some main drivers to drive the market. One of the main drivers will be the free trade in global market, where a worldwide movement of global interaction has taken place to enable countries to develop their economies. Rate of trade within the countries have increased with the removal of trade barriers. Trade protection policy is made which protect the trade. Another force that drives globalization will be the enhanced technology in this new era. Digitalisation and invention of technology at a lower cost have massively integrated national markets. No doubt that it has opened new and better area of expansion to the multinational companies. For example, Mc Donald has seized the chance to expand itself and establish its name in the entire world by using the influence of social media. 2.0 Other Causes of Sweatshop Countries such as China and India are commonly known for their high poverty rate compared to other countries...
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...Revolution in the 19th century till the present day, the shift between tradition and modernity has developed incredibly. The relationship between traditional and modern society, also known as ‘Mass society,’ is distinguished between the past and present, along with continuity and change. The establishment of different inventions and customs from traditional society have been handed down from generations to generations, which help shape modern society. However, one may wonder, what are the main features from traditional society that have made a dramatic impact for life today? Also, is one more sympathetic to one society, than the other? Traditional and modern families have several differences in terms of family honour, gender roles in the labour force and marriage, along with the role of government on legitimate killings and the food markets. Furthermore, technology from the industrial revolution, such as, the automobile, coal mines, and steam engines also played a great role. Thus, through the many different concepts, the role of family, government and technology, one can see that modern society is better developed and more individualistic than traditional society. FAMILY In traditional society, the honour of one’s family is based on the behaviour of the family as a whole. An individual who does something wrong, can affect not only their own honour, but also the honour of the entire family. This results in a downfall of the family’s reputation and how that family is treated in...
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...Child Labor: Threatening the economy and well-being of children Child labor has existed throughout American history and throughout the world for many years. A quote from Lewis Hine in 1980 states: "There is work that profits children, and there is work that brings profits only to employers. The object of employing children is not to train them, but to get high profits from their work.” As factories started to assemble, most owners preferred children as their workers because the owners thought them as “more manageable, cheaper and less likely to strike.” The industries children usually worked for were mines, glass factories, textiles, agriculture, canneries, home industries, newsboys, messengers, bootblack and peddlers. During the Industrial Revolution, children at four years old were employed and dealing with dangerous and sometimes fatal working conditions. Now, because of new child labor laws in the United States, industries are going overseas to produce their product in countries that still use child labor. Developed countries consider these actions to be human rights violations and are illegal, while some undeveloped countries will allow or tolerate child labor. These children who are in these factories in different countries are costing the company less because of their wages, when they could have their factories in the States, producing jobs and cash flow in our economy. Child labor violates the common good by threatening the long-term growth of the economy and the well-being...
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...People can be transformed by the experience of discovery, whether it’s physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual or creative. This is reflected in Ivan O’Mahoney’s documentary Go Back to Where You Came From where six Australians are forced to confront the emotional and provocative issue of asylum seekers. Comparatively in Ernest Hemmingway’s short story Indian Camp we follow the adventure of a young boy named Nick who accompanies his father to a Native American camp to assist him in the delivery of a child, while there he experiences both life and death and through this discovery develops a new perception about the damaging impact of fear on the human spirit. In “Go Back to Where You Came From”, Raye, Racquel and Roderick visit the Masudi...
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...across the border from Cambodia into Thailand to sell fruit – and was then forced into prostitution when her “boss” found the fruit trade not sufficiently lucrative. And Kwame’s young life embraced a dream when his parents were told he would join a sales business. Instead, he was trafficked to the infamous fishing region around Ghana’s Lake Volta where he was forced to do dirty, dangerous jobs for eight long years. These are the human faces, and the sorrow, of just four of the victims whose terrible plight is highlighted by the Global Report on Trafficking in Persons issued by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) – four young people whose sagas can be multiplied several million-fold. According to the UN International Labour Organization (ILO), two million more people are enslaved each year. Rose finally opened the door in suburban Washington, D.C., and ran shoelesss although it was October and bitterly cold. She called the number of a Cameroonian man who visited her slave owner’s house occasionally and seemed concerned about her. He picked her up hours later. Another Cameroonian took her into his home and she was eventually reunited with other young...
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...price, which the final consumer pays. Intermediaries and mandi system will be evicted, hence directly benefiting the farmers and producers: the prices of commodities will automatically be checked. For example, according to Business Standard, Walmart has introduced ―Direct Farm Project‖ at Haider Nagar in Punjab, where 110 farmers have been connected with Bharti Walmart for sourcing fresh vegetables directly. Quality Control and Control over Leakage and Wastage: due to organisation of the sector, 40% of the production does not reach the ultimate consumer. According to the news in Times of India, 42% of the children below the age group of 5 are malnourished and Prime Minister Dr.Manmohan Singh has termed it as ―national shame‖. Food often gets rot in farm, in transit and in state-run warehouses. Cost conscious and highly competitive retailers will try to avoid these wastages and losses and it will be...
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...to house and clothe the wretched men, women and children who came to their doors as a last resort. For few would reside in the workhouse by choice. The conditions made prison seem comfortable in comparison. But the Beadle — the supervisor of the workhouse — cared less for the law than for his own pockets. He could make a small profit from able-bodied adults and children by setting them to work outside the workhouse, while he siphoned off some of the money that was supposed to feed them. Babies, on the other hand, were not profitable. The workhouse gate clanged shut. It was a bitterly cold day and a harsh wind was whistling up Cleveland Street, in the Georgian suburbs of North London. A crowd began to gather as the young woman went into labour on the pavement. They all knew that no newborn baby could survive long in such circumstances. ‘The infant perished during this inhuman scene,’ a local newspaper reported afterwards. What became of the unhappy mother...
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...Home JournalsBooksAbout UsMembershipSubscriptionAllies & FriendsContact us Culture And Child Abuse In Nigeria Charity N. Uzuegbu Department of Social Work, University of Nigeria, Nsukka Abstract Cultural practises have been observed to increase the abuse of children in Nigeria. This paper discusses the effects of cultural practices on the abuse of children in Nigeria. Some of the cultural practices discussed are early marriage, female genital mutilation, and desire for large family size. It was suggested that public enlightenment programmes and free social services should be provided to help control the situation. Introduction The problem of child abuse is very prevalent in the Nigerian society. The problem arose as result of various factors which include economic, social, and cultural. It is accompanied by adverse consequences to the child, family and society. This paper discusses the influence of some of the cultural practices prevalent in Nigeria on child abuse. The aim of the study is to bring to limelight how some cultural practices increase the problem of child abuse in Nigeria, and suggest ways of controlling the situation. Data for the study was collected through the use of participant observation and secondary documents such as previous research works. Child abuse has been defined as the “physical or emotional mistreatment and neglect of children or the sexual exploitation in circumstances for which the parents can be held responsible through acts...
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...I was born in and grew up in the slum of Neza Chalco Itza, I did not have the best up-bringing as I was used for labour, made to transport drugs within the slum and caught up in many robberies. After living in this area for 16 years, my father found a job in the city and my family was lucky enough to have enough money to move out and into a district on the outskirts of Mexico City called Coyoácan. I could barely read or write so my father organised private lessons to make sure I could read and write. Once I had completed these lessons I visited the library most days and gained some general knowledge on Mexico and its problems in society, from these readings I discovered that crime was one of the biggest problems we faced. Neza Chalco Itza...
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...understanding of world and society come from the parents and their interaction with the child. If the parents expose the child to warmth, regularity, and dependable affection, the infant's view of the world will be one of trust. Should the parents fail to provide a secure environment and to meet the child's basic need a sense of mistrust will result. According to Erik Erikson, the major developmental task in infancy is to learn whether or not other people, especially primary caregivers, regularly satisfy basic needs. If caregivers are consistent sources of food, comfort, and affection, an infant learns trust- that others are dependable and reliable. If they are neglectful, or perhaps even abusive, the infant instead learns mistrust- that the world is in an undependable, unpredictable, and possibly dangerous place. [edit]Will: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (Toddlers, 2 to 3 years) * Psychosocial Crisis: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt * Main Question: "Can I do things myself or must I always rely on others?" * Virtue: Will As the child gains control over eliminative functions and motor abilities, they begin to explore their surroundings. The parents still provide a strong base of security from which the child can venture out to assert their will. The parents' patience and encouragement helps foster autonomy in the child. Highly restrictive parents, however, are more likely to instill the child with a sense of doubt and reluctance to attempt new challenges....
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...FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS Examine the different functions performed by the family for individuals and society? The family is a unit of people living together tied down by biological or legal bonds. Functionalists take the family to be an important part on the way society works and therefore emphasise the importance of the function of the family. Functions are the jobs and roles of a particular object. Functionalists and Marxists are social systems, also known as structural thinkers. Structural theories define individuals as being completely shaped by our society and the way it works and is organised. Functionalism visualises society as socialising individuals into the shared norms and values, which dictate the way they will behave. Marxism and a majority of feminist groups are also classed as structural thinkers. Both functionalists and Marxists take a macro approach and make generalisations towards the role the nuclear family plays in society as a whole. However functionalists take a positive view of the role of the nuclear family whereas traditional Marxists and feminists have criticised the view. George Peter Murdock was a functionalist sociologist. From his study of 250 diverse societies he concluded that the family actually performs 4 basic functions, which are essential for social life. The first were sexual and reproductive which are important, as they are the means of producing members of society. Without these two major functions society itself would seize to exist...
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