...INTRODUCTION Pregnant teens are less likely to complete high school and attend college than teenagers who avoid pregnancy. Many teenage parents live below the poverty level and rely on welfare. The children of teenage parents receive inadequate medical care, have more problems in school, and spend more time in prison than children of adult parents. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy (NCPTP) claims that teenage childbearing costs society about $6.9 billion annually; this estimate includes welfare and food stamp benefits, medical care expenses, lost tax revenue (teenage childbearing affects the parents’ work patterns), incarceration expenses, and foster care. In an effort to reduce teenage pregnancy and the problems associated with it, policymakers have recently focused on what causes the widespread poverty and welfare dependence that teen moms experience and have attempted to devise solutions to these problems. Some social critics argue that because pregnancy limits a teenager’s opportunities for education and well-paying jobs, many are forced to accept welfare to support themselves and their children. Only 64 percent of teen moms graduate from high school or earn a general education diploma within two years after they would have graduated compared with 94 percent of teenage girls who do not give birth. This lack of education increases the risk of poverty and welfare dependence by severely restricting a young parent’s opportunity for a lucrative job and financial...
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...d) First of all, over four in every ten children are now born outside marriage. This is five times more than in 1971. However, nearly all these births were registered by both parents. In most cases, the parents are cohabitating. One reason for this increase in births outside marriage may be the decline in stigma and increase in cohabitation. For example, only one-third of 18-24 year olds now think marriage should come before parenthood. Secondly, women now have fewer children than in the 1970s. For example, in 2001 the average number of children per women fell to a record low of 1.63. This change in pattern is due to women having children at a later age for reasons such as wanting a career before starting a family. Because of the change in the position of women even over the last 40 years, women now have many more options than just motherhood. They are more independent, and aren’t seen as simply ‘homemakers’ anymore. This is also the reason why many women remain completely childless. Its predicted that a quarter of those born in 1973 will be childless when they reach the age of 45, and this change in pattern is mostly due to woman seeking to establish themselves in a career. Another change in pattern is the number of lone-parent families. Lone-parent families now make up 24% of all families, so one in four children live in this family type. The number of lone-parent families has increased due to the increase in divorce and separation, and more recently, the increase in the...
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...Since the 1970s, many of the traditional idea on how children should be made and brought up have changed or evolved into new concepts that might have been a taboos or stigmatise in the 70s. The reason for and the result of these pattern range widely. One of the greatest changed in childbearing is the growing rate of children born outside of marriage. over four in ten children are now born outside of marriage and that is five time more than it was in 1970, the reason being the fact that we Are now leaving in a seculisation society – so people are less religious and don`t regard marriage as something holy, therefore it is not a sin to have children outside marriage and this today has become part of the norm of society as people don`t look down on it anymore. Another new trend tied to childbearing is that women are having children later in life or even not at all. Between 1971 and 2005 , women average age at the birth of their first child rose by more than three years to 27.3 years, It is predicted that a quarter of women born in 1973 will be childless when they reach the age of 45. The reason being that now women are more concentrate on making a life for themselves, whether be that they want to finished university first and concentrate on getting on their career path or working till they en=sure that they are financially stable, also one of the reason that women put their career first before the role of motherhood is that they don`t want to rely on men. Even that idea may lead...
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...Examine changes in the patterns of childbearing and childrearing in the UK since the 1970s Since the 1970s, there has been less of a need to have as many children because many things have changed since the war. The 1970s rise in lone motherhood was largely a consequence of increasing divorce rates. Many of the traditional ideas on how children should be made and brought up have changed or evolved into new concepts that might have been a taboos or stigmatised in the 70s. The reason for and the result of these patterns range widely. Infant mortality rate lowered a lot of births in the UK because more births were successful and more children were surviving to childhood and adulthood. This caused more parents to have less children so they can focus their love and attention on the children they have. When the IMR was high in the UK, the parent would have many children for work purpose and they would not care if the one child died because they could just replace that one. Children were used for mostly work and to get money, but since the act that stopped children working under a age, children were then becoming the child centre of the home, the parents would see their child more and the child would then need the mother or father to help the when they are at home, this lead to lower IMR. Childbearing is having children and one of the greatest changes is the growing rate of children being born outside of marriage. Over four in ten children are now born outside of marriage...
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...A DIVISION OF LOXAFAMOSITY The Bible and Childbearing ABORT73.COM PO BOX 9291 - MOSCOW, ID - 83843 Overview: Even though the Bible has nothing directly to say about abortion, it has plenty to say about pregnancy and childbearing. One way to address the issue of abortion is to compare the place of childbearing in the Bible to the place of childbearing in a worldview that accepts abortion. Thus, an appropriate question to ask is: does the practice of abortion, the deliberate termination of a pregnancy, fit well with or sharply conflict with childbearing in the Biblical worldview? (1) Childbearing in Creation The significance of childbearing in the Biblical story becomes apparent starting in the first chapter of Genesis. Genesis 1:26-28 [26] Then God said, “Let us make man in our image, after our likeness. And let them have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over the livestock and over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth.” [27] So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. [28] And God blessed them. And God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth and subdue it and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over every living thing that moves on the earth.” Observations • “Be fruitful and multiply,” a command to bear children, is the very first command given to human beings. • There is a connection...
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...adolescent pregnancy prevention is to become a priority, then our strategy, as advocates, must contain two key elements: civic engagement and education"(Fonda Screen 1). In her book, Kids Having Kids, Maynard, encourages teenagers to wait until they are adults to have children. She explains in great detail, the cost and effects of having children at a young age. "Each year, about 1 million teenagers in the United States- approximately 10 percent of all 15-to- 19-year-old women become pregnant. Of these pregnancies only 13 percent are intended"(Maynard 1). This quote infers that teenagers are un aware of the consequences when having unprotected sex. "[Maynard argues] that the relevant one for assessing both the extent to which the teenage childbearing, per se, is the reason young mothers appear to fare so poorly over their subsequent lives and the source of the substantial costs government currently bears"(Maynard 53). There is a compelling statistical association between the age at which a woman has her first...
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...Jena Holmes Paper- First Draft 3/14/2015 A Woman’s Worth In the Bible, childbirth is highly accredited in the community. A woman is defined by her ability to conceive and give birth. In these times, the only way to leave your mark in the world was to produce children. This is because children were represented as a blessing to the family and a link to the future. There are many instances throughout the Bible where women become distraught over the thought of not being able to reproduce. By looking at how the Bible demonstrates the importance of childbearing and why it thinks childbearing is so important, we can see how the Bible emphasizes that a woman’s primary purpose in life is to bear children. Now we will take a look at how the Bible demonstrates the importance of childbearing and how this leads to the emphasis the Bible puts of childbearing being a woman’s primary purpose in life. In the story of Genesis, Lot’s daughters perform a sinful act because they believe it is their duty to preserve offspring through their father. Lot and his two daughters flee their city and decide to reside in a cave up in the mountains. The daughters believe that there are no longer any men on earth. “And the firstborn said to the younger, ‘our father is old, and there is not a man on earth to come in to us after the manner of all the world. Come, let us make our father drink wine, and we will lie with him, so that we may preserve offspring through our father.’” (Genesis 19:31-33) In this passage...
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...HINDU CHILDBEARING WOMEN 2 The Culture Beliefs and Practices of Hindu Childbearing Women Nurse's have a major role in providing safe and evidence-based care to promote optimal birth outcomes for all women. Maternity nurse's have a responsibility to be aware of the array of childbirth traditions practiced in America's societies. Although childbirth occurs in every culture, in each culture there are unique meanings and customs associated with pregnancy, childbirth, and neonatal period (Lewallen, 2011, p. 4). Because childbearing women cope with the stress of pregnancy and birth, as well as making the psychosocial and physical adaptations to motherhood, culturally diverse women particularly need expert, culturally sensitive nursing care (Corbett and Callister, 2012, p. 299). Hinduism is the world's oldest known religion, having been practiced over 8000 years as evidenced by ancient Hindu scriptures and is the largest Asian religion in the United States (Thrane, 2010, p. 337; Hodge, 2004, p.27). Without knowledge of Hindu child bearing woman’s practices and traditions effective nursing care is impeded and their cultural differences may affect patient-nurse interaction. To develop and improve culturally sensitive nursing care, interventions, and outcomes, it is important to explore woman’s beliefs and practices in regards to pregnancy, labor, delivery, and the neonatal period. ...
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...Transition Axinn, W.G., and Barber, J.S. (Aug 2001) Mass Education and Fertility Transition. American Sociological Review, 66, 4, 481-505 Us humans see fertility and childbearing as a normal part of our society. Although society has many trends, there was one trend that seems to have a contradictory reaction. Education and fertility have been seen as a topic of debate through the sociological field study for many years. According to the article Mask Education and Fertility Transition, the biggest effect on fertility was the access to education for families; however, there were also differences in fertility when the parents were educated and even more so when wives/mothers were educated. “Using survey data from a sample of 5,271 residents of 171 neighborhoods in rural Nepal, the individual-level mechanisms linking community level changes in educational opportunity to a fertility behavior are tested (Axinn, 2001).” The study found that the spread of mass education created a downward trend in fertility. The closer a family lived to school, the fertility rate would drop. The inventions that spearheaded this decline in fertility were permanent contraceptives, but the highest education-related effect on fertility were sending children to school (Axinn, 2001). Before mass education was introduced, unlimited childbearing was the norm in the rural Nepalese areas. Although sending children to school is the main factor to fertility, parents with an education, whether the father or the...
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...Frost Disseminating Evidence Dianna Frost Grand Canyon University Professional Development NRS-441V November 04, 2012 Frost Disseminating Evidence Disseminating the evidence from this program to community health nurses (CHM) is vital. The CHMs in this ASU nurse-managed health clinic (NMHC) in downtown Phoenix are in particular advantageous position to help address the problem of maternal obesity, because their primary cliental is college age students as well as other women of childbearing age in the local community. This evidence supporting preconception care will be presented to the clinical board for the ASU-NMHC, as well as financial supporters for the unique position they are in to drive this cost effective program to improve the health of future generations. These CHM encounter women of childbearing age during clinical visits and can begin to provide preconception education during clinical visits. They can be proactive in identifying those whom are at high risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Education about the effects of high risk health behaviors early before pregnancy and the effect on future children will reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes. Women who are appropriately informed with evidenced-based education will be empowered to make better choices about their health. They will be more likely to adapt positive health strategies to reduce a BMI greater than 30 with improved nutrition and physical activity, as well as decrease high risk behaviors. CHMs can also...
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...ideology has caused a cry of help of many women by the sort of tyranny and abuse women feel being controlled by their partner. “The story of an hour” represents the feeling of mixed emotions a woman who has been mentally and physically controlled would feel when her spouse has perished. Mrs. Mallard feels an instant feeling of sorrow because she is now alone in the world. This agonizing feeling of loneliness is promptly ended when she understands she is now entirely free. The roles women were challenged with in the 1800s and now face are not polar opposite. This is because the ideology of a womans responsibilities have not changed. The requirements consist of childbearing, household duties, submitting to your husband....
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...Married, with one child, which is a lifestyle in its own respect, and I have a steady job. While I wouldn’t consider it mastery; I believe I have a thorough understanding of what’s expected of me at this point in my current life stage; the steps I needed to complete in my previous stage to get to where I am currently, and where my current steps will lead me. Maturation and mastery go hand in hand I believe because mastery of the issues in the adjoining stages come from having the maturity to wait for when the stage calls for the mastery of a developmental task. For example, childbearing is expected in the early adulthood stage; however it can occur as early as early adolescence. The psychosocial theory is all about society’s views and expectations of the individual so having intimate relationships and children at 15 wouldn’t be considered a norm. The first thing in question is your maturity level, and whether or not you can master later tasks in earlier stages. On the other hand, maturity also comes with the understanding that you may not master earlier tasks until later stages. With that said, my confidence with regard to the adjoining stages come with my understanding and maturation during each stage and developmental task; rather than my mastery of...
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...American Values 1841 Broadway, Suite 211 New York, NY 10023 Tel: (212) 246-3942 Fax: (212) 541-6665 info@americanvalues.org www.americanvalues.org The Age of Unwed Mothers Is Teen Pregnancy the Problem? Executive Summary Why have three decades of intensive national effort to reduce teen pregnancy not been more successful? Largely because for three decades, we have framed the problem falsely. What we have called our “teen pregnancy” crisis is not really about teenagers. Nor is it really about pregnancy. It is about the decline of marriage. What has changed most in recent decades is not who gets pregnant, but who gets married. Demographically, our “teen pregnancy” problem is inseparable from the disconnect between marriage and childbearing that increasingly...
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...When marriages fail or fail to take place, women and children become vulnerable and dependent. Those women, along with their friends and relatives, are inexorably drawn toward the Party of Government. And research shows it is not only women of childbearing age that are made more dependent on government, but aging men and women in general. To expect a nation of fragmented families to turn away from an expanding welfare state is to expect a miracle. The original social democrats of Europe saw this quite clearly, which is why (especially in Sweden) they crafted social-welfare proposals with an eye to deinstitutionalizing marriage, making mothers less dependent on fathers but more dependent on government. We are at a key crossroads now. Half or more of all children will grow up outside of intact marriages. Yet through arduous effort and public debate we have managed to slow the rate of divorce and halt the growth in unmarried childbearing. Government policy is not everything. But effective changes in welfare policy could help. How? Here are three eminently practical suggestions, supported by research, taken from a recent Institute for American Values policy brief (see www.americanvalues.org). 1) Expand marriage education for low-income couples. Right now, the government suggests to mothers and fathers that the height of responsible fathering is signing paternity papers. Why not ask couples who apply for welfare if they are interested in marriage? If they say no, they say...
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...The traditional social and political systems in the South African countries are structured based on the institutions of kinship and marriage. Due to inherited social structure rules, different genders in the South African countries hold different roles in the communities. One of the most important roles of women in the South African countries is reproducers. According to the article “Gender Roles, Marriage and Family”, “Childbearing is the most crucial function of the family. The birth of a child confirms the bridewealth contract between the woman’s family and that of her husband and validates her status as an adult and a complete woman” (Afolayan, p.190). After marriage, several rights of women transfer from women’s father to her husband and his family. Those rights include sexual access which now exclusively preserved to her husband and his family, control over the woman’s labor and productive powers domestically as well as in the fields, and procreative power. Besides childbearing, women have to take the responsibility of rearing, cooking, and how to better take care of the expanded family. Afolayan also mentioned the changing status of women in the South African countries: “Due to the labor migration, the discovery of minerals, industrialization, and urbanization, rural South African communities became settlements of old men, children, and women.” Women perform duties traditionally reserved for the men, be considered as heads of household and become mainly responsible...
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